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Lecture 2

This document provides an overview of compound propositions and truth tables. It defines compound propositions as those formed using logical operators such as negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, biconditional on existing propositions. Truth tables are presented as a way to systematically represent all possible combinations of truth values of the component propositions and the truth value of the compound proposition. Specific truth tables are given for negation, conjunction, disjunction, and conditional. Conditional statements are also discussed, defining terms like converse, contrapositive, and inverse.

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36 views

Lecture 2

This document provides an overview of compound propositions and truth tables. It defines compound propositions as those formed using logical operators such as negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, biconditional on existing propositions. Truth tables are presented as a way to systematically represent all possible combinations of truth values of the component propositions and the truth value of the compound proposition. Specific truth tables are given for negation, conjunction, disjunction, and conditional. Conditional statements are also discussed, defining terms like converse, contrapositive, and inverse.

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Lecture 2

Compound Propositions, Truth Table


Compound Propositions
Propositions can be denoted by propositional variables such as p, q, r, s, etc.

Examples:

p = New Delhi is the capital of India.


q = 45 is a prime number.

We will now focus on producing new propositions from existing propositions.

De nition: A compound proposition is formed from existing propositions using logical


operators such as ¬, ∨ , ∧ , → , and ↔.
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Negation
De nition: Let p be a proposition. The negation of p, denoted by ¬p, is the statement
“It is not the case that p”.
¬p is read as “not p.” The truth value of ¬p is the opposite of the truth value of p.

Examples:
p = Sam uses an Android phone.
¬p = It is not the case that Sam uses an Android phone.
¬p = Sam does not use an Android phone. (more simply expressed negation.)

q = Emma’s PC has at least 256 GB of memory.


¬q = It is not the case that Emma’s PC has at least 256 GB of memory.
¬q = Emma’s PC has less than 256 GB of memory. (more simply expressed negation.)
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Truth Table

De nition: A truth table of a compound proposition is a structured representation that


presents all possible combinations of truth values of propositions used in that compound
proposition and the corresponding truth value of it.

Truth Table of negation (¬):

p ¬p
T F
F T
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Conjunction

De nition: Let p and q be propositions. The conjunction of p and q, denoted by p ∧ q, is the


statement “p and q”.

The conjunction “p and q” is true when both p and q are true and is false otherwise.

Example:

p = Sam uses an Android phone.


q = Sam uses a Macbook.
p ∧ q = Sam uses an Android phone and Sam uses a Macbook.
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Disjunction
De nition: Let p and q be propositions. The disjunction of p and q, denoted by p ∨ q, is the
statement “p or q”.
The disjunction “p or q” is false when both p and q are false and is true otherwise.
Example:
p = Sam uses an Android phone.
q = Sam uses a Macbook.
p ∨ q = Sam uses an Android phone or Sam uses a Macbook.
Note: Disjunction corresponds to “inclusive or” of English, not “exclusive or”.

Students who have taken calculus or analysis can take this class.

Soup or salad comes with the main course.


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Truth Tables of Conjunction and Disjunction

Truth Table of conjunction (∧) Truth Table of disjunction (∨)

p q p∧q p q p∨q
F F F F F F
F T F F T T
T F F T F T
T T T T T T
Conditional Statements
De nition: Let p and q be propositions. The conditional statement, denoted by p → q,
is the statement “if p, then q”.
p is called the hypothesis and q is called the conclusion.

Truth Table of conditional statement (→)

p q p→q
F F T
F T T
T F F
T T T
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Conditional Statements
Example 1:

p = Alice scores 100% in Major.


q = Alice gets an A.
p → q = If Alice scores 100% in Major, then Alice gets an A.

Example 2:

p = Jack inserts a coin of 5 in vending machine.


q = Vending machine gives a chocolate.
p → q = If Jack inserts a coin of 5 in vending machine, then vending machine gives a
chocolate.
Conditional Statements
Some more ways to express p → q.
‣ If p, then q.
‣ q if p.
‣ p is su cient for q.
‣ p implies q.
‣ q is necessary for p.
‣ Etc.

Is the below proposition true? Yes.

If 5 is a prime number, then 2 + 2 = 4.

Note: Conditional statements in logic do not have a cause-and-e ect relationship.


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Conditional Statements
De nition: For a proposition p → q:
‣ q → p is called the converse of p → q.
‣ ¬q → ¬p is called the contrapositive of p → q.
‣ ¬p → ¬q is called the inverse of p → q.
p q p→q q→p ¬p ¬q ¬p → ¬q ¬q → ¬p
F F T T T T T T
F T T F T F F T
T F F T F T T F
T T T T F F T T
Same truth values.

Same truth values.


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