MR Basics – Pulse Sequences

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Agenda

§ Spin Echo Sequences

§ Simple Spin Echo Sequence
§ Double-/Multi- Spin Echo Sequence
§ Turbo Spin Echo Sequence
§ HASTE
§ Inversion Recovery Spin Echo
§ Gradient Echo Sequences
§ FLASH 2D
§ FLASH 3D
§ VIBE
§ Echo Planar Imaging
§ EPI_SE, EPI_FID
§ RESOLVE

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 Pulse Sequences General

§ Pulse sequences define the

90° 180° basic timing of the transmitter,
RF
receiver and gradients during
the scan.
GS § The specific combination of RF
and gradient pulses determines
GR the pulse sequence.
§ The pulse sequence together
GP with the measurement para-
meters from the protocol
MR
determine the final images that
are produced.

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Pulse Sequences

Basic Sequences Other Features:

§ Spin Echo
§ Magnetization Preparation Pulses
§ Turbo Spin Echo
§ 3D Volume
§ Gradient Echo

§ Spoiling versus Non-spoiling

§ Echo Planar

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 Simple Spin Echo Sequence

90° 180° 90° § One excitation RF-pulse

RF (90°)
§ One or more refocusing RF-
GS
pulses (180°)
GR § One phase encoding table
GP per excitation pulse
§ One echo measured per
MR
Spin echo refocusing pulse
FID FID
TR TE
TE - -
TR S SpinEcho ~ M 0 × (1 - e T1
)×e T2

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 Simple Spin Echo Sequence

90° 180° 90° § Each echo is acquired at

RF same TE
§ The signal from the tissue is
GS
the same for all echoes
GR § The contrast is “pure”
GP

MR § Scan time
FID Spin echo FID = TR * NPE * NAV * NCONC

TE PE = Phase-Encoding
TR AV = Average
Conc = Concatenation

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 Multiple Slices

raw data matrix (1st slice)

1st line
2nd line
1st slice
1st line 2nd line 256th line

t
TE
TR 256th line

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 Multiple Slices

Long waiting time → can be used to acquire

additional slices in an interleaved technique raw data matrix (1st slice)
1st line
2nd line
1st slice
1st line 2nd line 256th line

t
TE
TR 256th line

2nd slice

3rd slice

4th slice

t
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Simple Spin Echo Sequence – Example

Measurement parameters:
§ TR: 500 ms; TE: 15 ms
§ Contrast: T1-weighted
§ Field strength: 1.5 T
§ Slice thickness: 5 mm, FoV: 230 mm x 230 mm
§ 256 phase-encoding steps, 256 readout data points

→ Fat: bright
→ Grey matter darker than white matter
→ CSF: dark

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 Double- (Multi-) Echo

90° 180° 180° § Multiple 180°refocusing RF-

RF pulses
§ One echo is measured per
GS
refocusing pulse
GR § One phase-encoding table is
GP applied per excitation pulse
§ The difference in echo
MR
Spin echo 1 Spin echo 2 signals arises from the
FID
difference in the TE
TE 1 § The contrast is “pure”
TE 2
TR

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Double- (Multi-) Echo

Measurement parameters:

§ TR: 2850 ms
§ TE: 11 ms and 95 ms
§ Contrast: PD- and T2-
weighted
§ Field strength: 1.5 T
§ Slice thickness: 5 mm
§ FoV: 230 mm x 230 mm
§ Matrix: 256 x 320
Double Echo I: TE: 11 ms Double Echo II: TE: 95 ms
PD-weighted T2-weighted
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 Turbo Spin Echo (TSE)

90° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180° § Multiple 180°refocusing RF-
pulses

T2 § One echo is measured per

refocusing pulse
§ One phase-encoding table is
* applied for each refocussing
pulse
FID Echo 1 Echo 2 Echo 3 Echo 4 Echo 5 Echo 6 Echo 7
§ The raw data space is
PE
acquired in a segmented
fashion
§ Each segment is acquired at a
TEeff different phase encoding
* = influence of PE gradients amplitude and a different TE

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 Turbo Spin Echo (TSE)

90° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180°

Segmentation of k-space
T2

FID Echo 1 Echo 2 Echo 3 Echo 4 Echo 5 Echo 6 Echo 7

PE

TEeff

* = influence of PE gradients

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 Turbo Spin Echo (TSE)

90° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180° 180°

Segmentation of k-space
T2
Echo 1
Echo 2
*
Echo 3
FID Echo 1 Echo 2 Echo 3 Echo 4 Echo 5 Echo 6 Echo 7 Echo 4
Echo 5
PE Echo 6
Echo 7
TEeff

* = influence of PE gradients

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 Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) – Image Examples

Measurement parameters:
§ TR: 2800 ms
§ TE1: 14 ms (PD-contrast)
§ TE2: 116 ms (T2-contrast)
§ Field strength: 1.5 T
§ Slice thickness: 3 mm
§ FoV: 280 mm x 258 mm
§ Matrix: 320 x 320
§ Turbofactor = 5 (i.e. for each contrast, total
number of echoes (= Echo Train) =10)
2800/14 – PD-contrast 2800/116 – T2-contrast
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 Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) – Summary

STRENGTHS

§ Speed:
Scan Time =
TR * NAV * NCONC * NPE / TF

§ Allows long TRs in reasonable measurement time

WEAKNESSES
§ Relation between TE / TF / bandwidth is difficult
§ Longer slice loops – more time per slice
§ Because of the effective TE the contrast is
“impure”
2800/14 – PD-contrast 2800/116 – T2-contrast
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 Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) – RESTORE

§ Residual transverse
90o 180o 180o 180o 180o 180o 180o 180o 180° 90° magnetization after
data collection is
converted into
longitudinal
90° restoring pulse magnetization
T2water
T2tissue § That means, using a
RESTORE pulse will
increase the T2
contrast even if
relatively short
repetition times are
used

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Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) – RESTORE

§ Residual transverse
magnetization after
data collection is
converted into
longitudinal
magnetization
§ That means, using a
RESTORE pulse will
increase the T2
contrast even if
relatively short
repetition times are
used
*tse2d1_29 *tseR2d1_29 with RESTORE
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Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) – Compensate T2 decay

SI

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ky

1. average 2. average

Segment 1
Segment 2
Segment 3
Segment 4
Segment 5
Segment 6
Segment 7
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Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) – Compensate T2 decay

SI

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ky

1. average 2. average

Segment 1 Segment 1
Segment 2 Segment 2
Segment 3 Segment 3
Segment 4 Segment 4
Segment 5 Segment 5
Segment 6 Segment 6
Segment 7 Segment 7
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Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) – Reduce Motion Sensitivity

Without: Each segment is filled linearly

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Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) – Reduce Motion Sensitivity

With: Each segment is filled randomly

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 HASTE – Half Fourier Acquisition Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo

RF

GS

GF

GP

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 HASTE – Half Fourier Acquisition Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo

RF

GS

GF

GP

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 HASTE – Half Fourier Acquisition Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo

RF

GS

GF

GP

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 HASTE – Half Fourier Acquisition Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo

RF

GS

GF

GP

§ Combines half Fourier and TSE as a single shot

§ Each slice is acquired before the next slice acquisition has begun (TA < 2 seconds per slice)
§ High bandwidth necessary: slightly lower SNR but reduction of blurring

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HASTE – Half Fourier Acquisition Single Shot Turbo Spin Echo

T2 HASTE coronal T2 HASTE with FatSat transversal

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Inversion Recovery Spin Echo

§ SE with magnetization
preparation pulse,
here: 180°
§ The time between 180°
and 90° is the Inversion
Time TI
§ Application: e.g. for
significant T1-contrast,
tissue suppression
§ Addition to TSE produces
TIR(M) = Turbo Inversion
Recovery (Magnitude)

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Inversion Recovery Spin Echo – STIR

§ IR Magnitude with short TI of ~

170 ms:
STIR – Contrast
(Short Tau Inversion Recovery)
→ for fat-suppression
→ T1 contrast is inverted!

TI/TR/TE = 170/3000/39

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Inversion Recovery Spin Echo – TIRM with medium TI

§ IR Magnitude with
medium TI
of ~ 860 ms:
§ Increased
T1 – Contrast

TIRM, TR=1700, TE=17, TI=860 SE, TR=500, TE=9.5

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Inversion Recovery Spin Echo – Dark Fluid (FLAIR)

§ Inversion Recovery
Magnitude with long TI of
~2000 ms
§ for suppression of CSF
(Fluid Attenuated
Inversion Recovery,
FLAIR)
§ Result: T2 – Contrast
with dark CSF

TI/TR/TE = 2500/9000/108

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Inversion Recovery Spin Echo – Dark Fluid (FLAIR)

Freeze suppressed tissue

§ The theoretical TR for full T1

relaxation of CSF would be
much longer than 9000ms
(> 5x T1 > 15000ms)
§ To avoid too long TR (and
hence scan time) we use the
option ‘Freeze suppressed
tissue’, which adapts the TI to
the selected TR accordingly

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Inversion Recovery Spin Echo – Comparison T2 Contrast - FLAIR

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Inversion Recovery Spin Echo – Comparison T2 Contrast - FLAIR

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Inversion Recovery Spin Echo – Comparison T2 Contrast - FLAIR

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Inversion Recovery Spin Echo – Comparison T2 Contrast - FLAIR

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Inversion Recovery Spin Echo – Phase Sensitive Inversion Recovery (PSIR)

§ Phase Sensitive Inversion

Recovery:
Phase and amplitude of
magnetization at time of
90°-pulse define the
brightness
§ Phase corrected real part
Image with enhanced T1
contrast
§ Positive and negative pixel
values in the images,
TI/TR/TE = 350/7000/60
Background is gray

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The Gradient Echo

90° 90°
RF § No 180°refocusing pulse

GS
§ Rephasing of echo only through
gradient reversal
GR
§ TE controls T2*- rather than T2-
weighting
GP § The flip angle is an important
contrast variable
MR
FID Gradient Echo FID

TE
TR

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The Gradient Echo

90° 90°
RF § No 180°refocusing pulse

GS
§ Rephasing of echo only through
jS gradient reversal
GR
§ TE controls T2*- rather than T2-
jR
weighting
GP § The flip angle is an important
jP contrast variable
MR
FID Gradient Echo FID

TE
TR

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FLASH 2D

RF spoiling: + , +2 , + 3 ,…
, 1 , 2 RF spoiling:
RF § Due to very short TR, residual
transverse magnetization might be still
GS present before the next RF pulse
§ Spoiling is the method by which
GR residual transverse magnetization is
destroyed prior to the application of
the next RF pulse, instead of waiting
GP for this magnetization to decay away
§ RF spoiling involves applying a phase
MR offset to each successive RF
FID Gradient Echo FID excitation pulse preventing any build
up towards a steady state
TE
TR § Only with RF spoiling pure T1 or T2*
contrast possible!
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FLASH 2D

RF spoiling: + , +2 , + 3 ,…
, 1 , 2 RF spoiling:
RF § Due to very short TR, residual
transverse magnetization might be still
GS present before the next RF pulse
§ Spoiling is the method by which
GR residual transverse magnetization is
destroyed prior to the application of
the next RF pulse, instead of waiting
GP for this magnetization to decay away
§ RF spoiling involves applying a phase
MR offset to each successive RF
FID Gradient Echo FID excitation pulse preventing any build
up towards a steady state
TE
TR § Only with RF spoiling pure T1 or T2*
contrast possible!
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FLASH 2D – Images

FLASH 2D, T1- Contrast. TR/TE = 100/4.8 ms, FLASH 2D, T1- Contrast with Fatsat. TR/TE = 100/3.0 ms,
FL=70, SL 6.0 mm, FOV 263x350 mm, MA: 192 x 320, FL=70, SL 6.0 mm, FOV 263x350 mm, MA: 326 x 512 interpolated
20 Slices in 2* 19.10s. 20 Slices in 3* 16.20s.

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FLASH 2D – Images

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FLASH 2D – Images

TR=716 ms, TE=19.9 ms, Flip angle = 20°.. Because of the long TR and the long TE in combination
with the low flip angle, the images are T2*- weighted. Arrows indicate susceptibility artifacts.

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Gradient Echo – Susceptibility

§ The combination local

field - inhomogeneity,
large Voxel and long TE
results in a loss of signal
§ The higher the field
strength, the stronger the
effect
§ Thinner slices help to
Flash2D, T2*- Contrast, Flash2D, T2*- Contrast, reduce susceptibility
TR = 500 ms, TE = 35 ms, TR = 500 ms, TE = 35 ms, artifacts
Thickness = 7 mm Thickness = 3 mm

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FLASH 2D – Comparison with Spin Echo

Spin Echo, T1 FLASH 2D, T1

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3D Imaging

§ Mostly GRE because of short TR

§ Large volumes of tissue are
excited (volume acquisition)
§ Phase Encoding in Phase and
Slice direction:
→ More echoes are measured:
NPE * NSL
→ 3 Fourier Transformations
§ Contiguous slices are produced –
there are no gaps
§ Scan time = TR * NAV * NPE * NSL
§ Recommended when many thin
slices are required

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3D Imaging – Reconstructions

Multiplanar
Reconstructions
(MPR)

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3D Imaging – Reconstructions

Multiplanar Maximum Intensity

Reconstructions Projections
(MPR) (MIP)

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FLASH 3D

, 1 , 2
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR
FID Gradient Echo FID

TE
TR

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FLASH 3D

, 1 , 2
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR
FID Gradient Echo FID

TE
TR

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VIBE – Volume Interpolated Breath-hold Examination

k-space FLASH 3D

kz

ky

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VIBE – Volume Interpolated Breath-hold Examination

k-space FLASH 3D k-space VIBE

kz kz

Zero-filling

ky ky

Zero-filling

Slice resolution 50%

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VIBE – Volume Interpolated Breath-hold Examination

k-space FLASH 3D k-space VIBE k-space VIBE

kz kz kz

Zero-filling Zero-filling

Zero-filling
ky ky ky

Zero-filling Zero-filling

Slice resolution 50%

Slice resolution 50%
Slice- and Phase- Partial Fourier

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 VIBE – Volume Interpolated Breath-hold Examination

k-space FLASH 3D k-space VIBE k-space VIBE

kz kz kz

Zero-filling Zero-filling

Zero-filling
ky ky ky

Zero-filling Zero-filling

Reduced slice resolution, slice-/ phase- Slice resolution 50%

Slice resolution 50%
partial fourier also availible for FLASH Slice- and Phase- Partial Fourier

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VIBE – Volume Interpolated Breath-hold Examination

Omitting data collection of signal outside the raw data causes

truncation artifacts (Gibbs ringing).

Filling these data lines with zeros improves the image appearance:
Gp
Gs § Equivalent to an interpolation, i.e. voxel-shifted images are
calculated
§ The zero filling approach improves the partial volume effect
GR § it does not improve spatial or volume resolution
§ it does reduce artifacts caused by the shape and size of pixels
in the image

Zero-filling VIBE is used for dynamic liver, pancreas, pelvis, thorax, orbita
imaging and MR colonoscopy.

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VIBE – Image Examples

Dynamic contrast enhanced liver imaging

Coronal VIBE

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VIBE – Special Options: Incr. Gradient spoiling and Excitation Slab-sel. PE

“Increased Gradient spoiling”

§ Especially within a 3D sequence, high number
of excitations to acquire the 3D k-space
§ With VIBE, contributions of undesired echo
pathways get reduced by RF and gradient
spoiling
§ However, for certain protocols, some residual
signal from undesired pathways might remain
§ With “incr. Gradient spoiling”, the sequence will
use stronger and longer spoiling gradients to
further reduce contributions of undesired echo
pathways

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VIBE – Special Options: Excitation Slab-sel. PE

Slab selective:
§ usually in 3D Imaging, slab selection is performed in slice
Slab-selective encoding direction (i.e. through plane)
§ That means in coronal imaging, the whole volume in “head
– feet” and “left – right” direction seen by the coil is excited
§ Requires large FOV and/or phase oversampling to avoid
wrap-around from the arms

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VIBE – Special Options: Excitation Slab-sel. PE

Slab selective:
§ usually in 3D Imaging, slab selection is performed in slice
Slab-selective encoding direction (i.e. through plane)
§ That means in coronal imaging, the whole volume in “head
– feet” and “left – right” direction seen by the coil is excited
§ Requires large FOV and/or phase oversampling to avoid
wrap-around from the arms
Slab selective PE:
§ Means excitation is performed in phase encoding
direction
§ Allows smaller FOV in phase encoding direction (i.e. less
Slab-selective PE
phase encoding steps!)
§ Needs full coverage through-plane to avoid wrap-around
in slice direction

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VIBE – Special Options: Incr. Gradient spoiling and Excitation Slab-sel. PE

slab selective slab selective PE slab selective slab selective PE

weak spoiling weak spoiling strong spoiling strong spoiling

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 Chemical Shift

Signal Fat molecule Water molecule

H H H H
water O System Field Chemical Shift
HO C C C H
Concerto 0.2 T 28 Hz
H H H
Aera 1.5 T 216 Hz
fat
Skyra 3.0 T 420 Hz

3.4 ppm f
(chemical shift)

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 Chemical Shift – Fat-Water Shift

GR
object:

water
fat
fat and water superimposed
no signal

Image:

-322 -230 -138 -46 0 46 138 230 322 Hz

Chemical Shift, given in Pixels N:

Chemical Shift
N=
Pixel Bandwidth

Routine Imaging without fat sat: N should be less than 2!

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 Chemical Shift – Fat-Water Shift

GR
object:

water read
fat out
fat and water superimposed
no signal

Image:

-322 -230 -138 -46 0 46 138 230 322 Hz

Chemical Shift, given in Pixels N:

Chemical Shift
N=
Pixel Bandwidth

Routine Imaging without fat sat: N should be less than 2!

The fat image is shifted with respect to
the water image in readout direction!
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Chemical Shift – Fat-Water Shift

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Chemical Shift – Fat-Water Shift

Readout direction

Spinecho, T1-Contrast

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Chemical Shift – Fat-Water Shift

Readout direction Readout direction

Spinecho, T1-Contrast Turbo Spin Echo, T2-Contrast

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Setting the chemical shift 1

1.5T 3.0T
§ Due to the doubled field
strength also the
chemical shift is doubled
at 3T compared to 1.5T

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Setting the chemical shift 1

1.5T 3.0T
§ Due to the doubled field
strength also the
chemical shift is doubled
at 3T compared to 1.5T

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Page 69 2014-09-15 Stefan Weber / Siemens Healthcare Training Center
Setting the chemical shift 1

1.5T 3.0T
§ Due to the doubled field
strength also the
chemical shift is doubled
at 3T compared to 1.5T
§ Doubling the readout
bandwidth will
counteract the increased
doubled chemical shift
§ However, due to the
higher bandwidth, the
SNR is reduced

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Chemical Shift and Gradient Echo – „in phase“ – „opposed phase“ Effect

With gradient echo imaging an

S
additional effect is observed:
In phase → “in phase“ – “opposed phase“
→ Depending on TE, the magnetization
of water and fat will add or subtract
In phase
→ “in phase“ echo-times (maximum
Opposed phase signal) are multiples of the inverse
chemical shift

Opposed phase Example for 1.5T:

4.6 9.2 13.8 18.4
TE ms § the shift is 3.4 * 63.6Hz = 216Hz.
|F+W| exp (-t/T2*) |F-W| exp (-t/T2*) 1/216Hz = 4.6ms.
Resulting signal of a voxel containing FAT and WATER
§ Hence, the “in phase“ echo-times
are: 4.6ms, 9.2ms, …

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Chemical Shift and Gradient Echo – „in phase“ – „opposed phase“ Effect

With gradient echo imaging an

opposed phase in phase additional effect is observed:
→ “in phase“ – “opposed phase“
→ Depending on TE, the magnetization
of water and fat will add or subtract
→ “in phase“ echo-times (maximum
signal) are multiples of the inverse
chemical shift
Example for 1.5T:
§ the shift is 3.4 * 63.6Hz = 216Hz.
1/216Hz = 4.6ms.
TE = 2.3 ms TE = 4.6 ms § Hence, the “in phase“ echo-times
are: 4.6ms, 9.2ms, …

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Chemical Shift – Facts and Tips

§ The Shift is in read out direction

§ The higher the field strength, the lower the
receiver bandwidth – the larger the shift
§ Adapt receiver bandwidth to chemical shift –
avoid very low bandwidths
§ Gradient Echo Imaging: generate in-phase
and opposed-phase images
§ Alternatively: Apply Fat Saturation (Inversion
recovery or spectral FatSat)

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 EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) – the fast path through k-space

90° 180°
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

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 EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) – the fast path through k-space

Example:
90° 180°
EPI_SE with Partial Fourier 6/8
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

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 EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) – the fast path through k-space

Example:
90° 180°
EPI_SE with Partial Fourier 6/8
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

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 EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) – the fast path through k-space

Example:
90° 180°
EPI_SE with Partial Fourier 6/8
RF

GS 1
1
GR
Preparation

GP

MR

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 EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) – the fast path through k-space

Example:
90° 180° 2
EPI_SE with Partial Fourier 6/8
RF

GS 1
1
GR
Preparation

GP

MR
2

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 EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) – the fast path through k-space

Example:
90° 180° 2
EPI_SE with Partial Fourier 6/8
RF

3 4
GS 1
1
GR
Preparation

GP
4
MR
2 3

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Page 79 2014-09-15 Stefan Weber / Siemens Healthcare Training Center
 EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) – the fast path through k-space

Example:
90° 180°
EPI_SE with Partial Fourier 6/8
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

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 EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) – the fast path through k-space

Example:
90° 180°
EPI_SE with Partial Fourier 6/8
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

echo spacing

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 EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) – EPI-FID

Example:
90°
EPI_FID (→ BOLD1, DSC2)
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

1 Blood Oxygen Level Dependent,

2 Dynamic susceptibility weighted Contrast
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 EPI (Echo Planar Imaging) – EPI-FID

Example:
90°
EPI_FID (→ BOLD1, DSC2)
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

1 Blood Oxygen Level Dependent,

2 Dynamic susceptibility weighted Contrast
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Page 83 2014-09-15 Stefan Weber / Siemens Healthcare Training Center
 Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) – Single-Shot Spin Echo EPI

Example:
90° 180°
EPI_SE with Partial Fourier 6/8
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

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 Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) – Single-Shot Spin Echo EPI

Example:
90° 180°
EPI_SE with Partial Fourier 6/8
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

Diffusion Encoding
Gradients

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 Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) – Single-Shot Spin Echo EPI

Example:
90° 180°
EPI_SE with Partial Fourier 6/8
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

Diffusion Encoding
Gradients

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Page 86 2014-09-15 Stefan Weber / Siemens Healthcare Training Center
 RESOLVE – Readout Segmentation of Long Variable Echo-trains

RESOLVE
90° 180° 180°
e.g. with 5 readout segments
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

Imaging echo Navigator echo

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 RESOLVE – Readout Segmentation of Long Variable Echo-trains

one readout segment / shot per TR

RESOLVE
90° 180° 180°
e.g. with 5 readout segments
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

Imaging echo Navigator echo

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 RESOLVE – Readout Segmentation of Long Variable Echo-trains

one readout segment / shot per TR

RESOLVE
90° 180° 180°
e.g. with 5 readout segments
RF

GS

GR

GP

MR

Imaging echo Navigator echo

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 RESOLVE – Readout Segmentation of Long Variable Echo-trains

one readout segment / shot per TR

2D navigator phase correction
90° 180° 180° with automatic re-acquisition of
RF
data with large phase error

GS

GR Shot-to-shot phase variations in DWI

GP

MR

Imaging echo Navigator echo

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 RESOLVE – Readout Segmentation of Long Variable Echo-trains

one readout segment / shot per TR

2D navigator phase correction
90° 180° 180° with automatic re-acquisition of
RF
data with large phase error

GS

GR Shot-to-shot phase variations in DWI

§ For each segment, the center

segment is measured additionally
GP
§ With that, the phase differences
from shot to shot can be
MR measured and corrected
§ For large phase differences, the
Imaging echo Navigator echo
sequence can re-acquire the shot

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RESOLVE – 2D Navigator phase correction

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RESOLVE – 2D Navigator phase correction

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 DWI – Single-Shot EPI vs. RESOLVE
SS-EPI
RESOLVE

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 DWI – Single-Shot EPI vs. RESOLVE
SS-EPI
RESOLVE

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Page 95 2014-09-15 Stefan Weber / Siemens Healthcare Training Center
 DWI – Single-Shot EPI vs. RESOLVE
SS-EPI
RESOLVE

Courtesy of Dr Richard Jones, Children‘s Hospital of Atlanta

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Page 96 2014-09-15 Stefan Weber / Siemens Healthcare Training Center
Contact page

Dr. Stefan Weber

Application Trainer MR
H CX CS TC AN MR

Allee am Roethelheimpark 3a
91052 Erlangen
Phone +49 (0) 91 31 / 84 26 13
E-Mail: [email protected]

Answers for life.

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