Dr.

Hiran Ekanayake

DIGITAL ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS – PART 1

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References
• Tutorials on Logic Gates
• https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/category/logic

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Lesson Outline
• AND, OR, and NOT logic functions
• Digital logic ICs

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LOGIC AND

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Logic AND Function
• Describe the logic AND function.
• The Logic AND Function output is only true when all of its inputs
are true, otherwise the output is false.
• It states that two or more events must occur together and at the
same time for an output action to occur. The order in which
these actions occur is unimportant.
• Give an example to demonstrate the logic AND function.

In the given series

circuit, both switch A
AND switch B must
be closed (Logic “1”)
in order to put the
lamp on.

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Logic AND Function
• Give the truth table of the logic AND function.

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Logic AND Function
• Which electronic component provides logic AND
function?
• IC (integrated circuit) packages

Quad 2-Input AND Gates Triple 3-Input AND Gates Dual 4-Input AND Gates

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Logic AND Function
• Give a test circuit to test a 2-input AND gate.

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Logic AND Function
• Give an equivalent transistor-based circuit for
the AND gate.

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Logic AND Function
• How would you construct a 6-input AND gate
using 2-input and/or 3-input AND gates?

Boolean Expression:

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LOGIC OR

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Logic OR Function
• Describe the logic OR function.
• The Logic OR function output is only true if one or
more of its inputs are true, otherwise the output is
false.
• Also called “Inclusive-OR”
• Give an example to demonstrate the logic OR
function.
Here the two switches
A and B are connected
in parallel and either
Switch A OR Switch B
can be closed in order
to put the lamp on.
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Logic OR Function
• Give the truth table of the logic OR function.

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 Logic OR Function
• Which IC packages • How would you
provide the logic OR construct a 6-input OR
function? gate using 2-input
and/or 3-input OR
gates?

Quad 2-Input OR Gates

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Logic OR Function
• Give an equivalent transistor-based circuit for
the OR gate.

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LOGIC NOT (INVERTER)

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Logic NOT Function
• Describe the logic NOT function.
• It “inverts” (complements) its input signal.
• Give an equivalent transistor-based circuit for
the NOT gate.

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Logic NOT Function
• Give the truth table of the logic NOT function.

Inversion Bubble

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Input/Out Inversion
• Describe the use of inversion bubble in the
following logic elements.

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 Logic NOT Function
• Which IC packages provide the logic NOT
function?

Hex Inverter Hex Schmitt Inverter Hex Inverter

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DIGITAL ICS

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Digital Logic Gates
• What is the difference between
74XX and 4XXX IC packages?
• Are they compatible with each
other?
• What is the convention used in
the labelling of IC packages?

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Main Families of Logic Gates
• Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)
• Mainly the 7400 series of chips
• Use NPN and PNP type Bipolar
Junction Transistors to implement
the logic
• Complementary Metal-Oxide-
Silicon (CMOS)
• Mainly the 4000 series of chips
• Use complementary MOSFET or
JFET type Field Effect Transistors

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Classification of ICs
• Small Scale Integration or (SSI)
• 10 or few transistors in a package to form simple gates
like AND, OR, and NOT
• Medium Scale Integration or (MSI)
• 10 – 100 transistors to perform digital operations such
as adders, decoders, counters, flip-flops and
multiplexers
• Large Scale Integration or (LSI)
• 100 – 1,000 transistors to perform specific digital
operations such as I/O chips, memory, arithmetic and
logic units

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Classification of ICs
• Very-Large Scale Integration or (VLSI)
• 1,000 – 10,000 transistors to perform
computational operations such as processors,
large memory arrays and programmable logic
devices
• Super-Large Scale Integration or (SLSI)
• 10,000 – 100,000 transistors to perform
computational operations such as microprocessor
chips, micro-controllers, basic PICs and calculators

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Classification of ICs
• Ultra-Large Scale Integration or (ULSI)
• More than 1 million transistors in a package, used
in computers CPUs, GPUs, video processors,
micro-controllers, FPGAs and complex PICs

E.g., Intel Core2 Duo

Processor E8500 uses 410
million transistors

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Voltage Levels
Ideal HIGH & LOW

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Voltage Levels

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The Intermediate Region (“no-man’s land”)

• Noise immunity of a gate

• For a logic gate not to be affected by noise it must be
able to tolerate a certain amount of unwanted noise
on its input without changing the state of its output.
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TTL/CMOS Logic Gates
2-input NAND Gate

TTL

CMOS

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TTL/CMOS Logic Gates
• TTL Limitations:
• Since bipolar transistors are current operated,
their current consumption is very high
• Limited operating speed due to slow rise/fall time
(propagation delay)
• CMOS Strengths:
• Near zero power consumption (1-2 uA)
• High-speed switching (>100MHz)

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TTL Numbering
https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/logic-ic-families-technologies/ic-numbering-schemes.php

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CMOS Numbering
https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/logic-ic-families-technologies/ic-numbering-schemes.php

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 https://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/understanding_digital_logic_ics_part_2

TTL Sub-Families

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Comparing the Frequency vs. Power
Consumption

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Inspecting Datasheets

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Inspecting Datasheets

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Inspecting Datasheets

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Exercise
• Develop an Arduino based system to discover
the truth table (logic function) of an unknown
logic element (e.g., IC tester). State any
assumptions you make.

Inputs
f Outputs

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