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Contemporary Psychoanalysis
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The “Other” Breast

Harold N. Boris
Published online: 28 Oct 2013.

To cite this article: Harold N. Boris (1986) The “Other” Breast, Contemporary
Psychoanalysis, 22:1, 45-59, DOI: 10.1080/00107530.1986.10746113

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 HAROLD Ν. BORIS

The "Other" Breast:

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Greed, Envy, Spite and Revenge

Introduction
"I CAN IMAGINE AN INFANT", I s o m e t i m e s feel it necessary to say,
"held to two a m p l e milky b r e a s t s — y e t starving o u t of t h e p a i n o f
losing e i t h e r , by c h o o s i n g t h e o n e . "
T h a t this r e m a r k d o e s n o t g o d o w n well (at least at first) can
easily b e i m a g i n e d . T h e individuals t o w h o m I m a k e it feel d e ­
prived, e m p t y . T h e idea of a b u n d a n c e is decidedly my own. I n ­
d e e d my r e m a r k seems to t h e m only to validate t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e :
Is a c o m m e n t like t h a t s u p p o s e d to h e l p ?
A n d yet, I feel p e r s u a d e d t h a t it d o e s — t h a t a l o n g t i m e a g o , as
now in t h e t r a n s f e r e n c e , t h e r e was a g r e e d so g r e a t as to fail se­
curely to m e t a m o r p h o s e into a p p e t i t e . H a d it d o n e so, s u c h satis­
factions as a r e available t o t h e a p p e t i t e s m i g h t h a v e consoled e v e n
c o m p e n s a t e d for t h e loss of t h e " o t h e r " breast. B u t in failing to
give over into a p p e t i t e , t h e g r e e d , in its very n a t u r e insatiable a n d
unsatisfiable, left a s e q u e n c e of c o n s e q u e n c e s t h a t t h e analysis has
s o m e h o w to p u t right.
I n w h a t follows I shall a t t e m p t to describe these c o n s e q u e n c e s
a n d t h e m a t t e r of h e l p i n g p u t t h e m right. B u t in d o i n g so I shall
b e v e n t u r i n g o n t o t h e t r e a c h e r o u s shoals o f originology o n which
psychoanalysis so often f o u n d e r s .
I n t h e c o n s u l t i n g r o o m a r e m a r k such as m i n e a b o u t t h e infant
a n d the breasts can b e t a k e n e i t h e r (or both) as m e t a p h o r o r con­
struction of historical e x p e r i e n c e . Its validity is m o o t ; only its use­
fulness m a t t e r s . If I say it, f o r e x a m p l e , t o s o m e o n e w h o is o b ­
sessing w h e t h e r this o r w h e t h e r t h a t is t h e case, I a m d o i n g so to
refract t h e d i s a p p o i n t m e n t t h e p a t i e n t w o u l d feel w e r e e i t h e r t h e
case a n d t h e fear h e w o u l d feel if n e i t h e r w e r e t h e c a s e — a s if a n

45
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Contemporary Psychoanalysis, Vol. 22, No. I (1986)
 HAROLD Ν. BORIS

infant h e l d to two a d e q u a t e breasts. Such a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n m a y

o r may n o t h e l p t h e p a t i e n t get closer to what h e e x p e r i e n c e s . B u t
the same r e m a r k offered to t h e r e a d e r as my imaginative c o n s t r u c ­
tion of t h e e x p e r i e n c e of infants m o r e generally, t a k e n from t h e
transference activities of a h a n d f u l of patients, is plainly tautolog­
ical. I say: I believe this o n c e to h a v e b e e n t h e case for it is now
again the case a n d I believe it n o w to b e t h e case because it o n c e
was the case a n d n e v e r got d o n e with. W h a t is t h e b e n i g n circularity
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of the consulting r o o m b e c o m e s t h e teleology of t h e o r y .

A n d yet such is precisely w h a t I a m setting forth to d o . I shall
b e i n v e n d n g a n infant, m u c h as I d o in t h e c o n s u l d n g r o o m . B u t
t h e r e I can display w h a t I m e a n while h e r e I can only say i t — a
wide difference. Still, in its way, this very p r o b l e m in m e t h o d o l o g y
is a n illustration of my thesis. T h e " o t h e r " breast is a n o t h e r p a p e r ,
a n d we, t h e r e a d e r a n d I, h a v e , for t h e m o m e n t , only this o n e .

Greed and Appetite

A p p e t i t e , as I h a v e already implied, is i n h e r e n d y satisfiable. It
goes after what it wants a n d yet is receptive to what it gets. It m a k e s
d o , not letting (in F r e u d ' s p h r a s e ) b e t t e r stand in t h e way of g o o d .
G r e e d is, I think, p r i o r to a p p e t i t e a n d m a y o r m a y n o t evolve
into a p p e t i t e . G r e e d in its n a t u r e , is i n h e r e n d y insatiable, a n d so
c a n n o t b e satisfied. It wants e v e r y t h i n g ; n o t h i n g less will d o . I n
colloquial l a n g u a g e , " g r e e d y " as a n adjective has a pejorative cast;
it is often said angrily a b o u t s o m e o n e w h o c a n n o t be pleased. I
d o n ' t r e g a r d g r e e d as b a d , b u t as a c o n d i t i o n a n y o n e w o u l d gladly
p a r t with if they could withstand t h e p a i n .
T h e pain is t h a t of loss, t h e loss of t h e " o t h e r " breast. T h a t pain
s h o u l d n o t be u n d e r e s t i m a t e d , for as we shall see g r e e d invites a
whole set of t o r m e n t s t h e painfulness of which provides s o m e m e a ­
s u r e of t h e p a i n t h a t would, so t h e infant imagines, c o m e to it w e r e
it to relinquish t h e " o t h e r " breast.
W h a t , t h e n , d o e s t h e " o t h e r " breast c o n t a i n t h a t is of such ines­
timable value? T h e simplest a n s w e r is: E v e r y t h i n g t h e first breast
does not. Phenomenologically s p e a k i n g , I t h i n k t h a t m a y b e answer
e n o u g h . All t h e s a m e , I w o u l d like to p u t f o r w a r d a f u r t h e r sur­
mise.
I n a n earlier p a p e r , to which this o n e is by way of b e i n g t h e
second half, I dealt with t h e n a t u r e of h o p e . (Boris, 1976) T h e r e
I n o t e d t h a t w h e n P a n d o r a (in t h e Hesiod m y t h ) slips off t h e cover

46
 THE "OTHER" BREAST

o f t h e j a r , " F o r t h w i t h t h e r e e s c a p e d a m u l t i t u d e o f p l a g u e s for
hapless m a n — s u c h as g o u t a n d r h e u m a t i s m a n d colic for his b o d y
a n d envy, spite a n d r e v e n g e for his m i n d . " O n l y h o p e r e m a i n e d
in this collection of " n o x i o u s articles".
H o p e , as I s h o w e d in t h a t p a p e r , involves at t h e c o r e of it, a
disposition t o w a r d chosiness which is t h e necessary c o u n t e r p a r t t o
t h e availability of choices. I r e l a t e d this to selectivity, as t h a t c o n c e p t
is used in evolutionary biology: C r e a t u r e s , m a t i n g , c h o o s e a n d a r e
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chosen, n o t at r a n d o m o r by p r o p i n q u i t y , b u t in s u c h a way as
selectively to p e r p e t u a t e t h e "best" (fittest) a m o n g t h e g e n e pool
down the generations.
I n this process t h e r e is at w o r k a p r e c o n c e p t i o n c o n c e r n i n g what
"better" consists in (the p l u m a g e of t h e tail, t h e size of t h e t e r r i t o r y ,
t h e r a n k in t h e social h i e r a r c h y ) t h a t interlocks with t h e predilec-
d o n to choose t h e "better". T h e p r o c r e a t i v e d r i v e , for e x a m p l e , is
not t r i g g e r e d until p r e c o n c e p t i o n a n d predilection a r e satisfied.
As I observed, " t h e inhibition o f t h e p r o c r e a t i v e d r i v e p e n d i n g t h e
a p p r o x i m a t i o n of t h e object t o t h e ' p r e c o n c e p t i o n ' paradoxically
facilitates t h e release of t h e drive. T h a t is, t h e r e a d i e r a n d m o r e
assured t h e capacity n o t to c h o o s e A, t h e easier a n d q u i c k e r t h e
capacity to c h o o s e B. M a t t e r s r e m a i n , t h e n , in a state of p o t e n t i a l —
awaiting t h e right c o n d i t i o n s . T h a t t h e r e a r e o r will b e t h e " r i g h t "
conditions is t h e s o u r c e of h o p e . T h a t t h e r e a r e n ' t n o r will b e is
the s o u r c e of hopelessness a n d d e s p a i r . Yet, as Bion ( 1 9 6 1 , p . 1 5 1 -
152) notes, "only by r e m a i n i n g a h o p e d o e s h o p e persist." T h u s
h o p e , like t h e g r e e d of which it f o r m s a p a r t , is p e r f o r c e o r i e n t e d
to t h e potential. W h i l e (as Francis B a c o n n o t e d ) it m a k e s a g o o d
breakfast, it m a k e s a p o o r s u p p e r .
F o r t h e fussy (read, choosy) baby t h e d e v o l u t i o n of all of t h e
foregoing is this: It wants a b r e a s t to feed f r o m , b u t it also n e e d s
the " r i g h t " breast. T h e first b r e a s t m a y n o t b e t h e r i g h t breast, so
it m u s t n ' t accept that. B u t if t h e " o t h e r " breast is also n o t t h e
"right" breast, it will h a v e s p e n t its m a t r i m o n y . T h e way o u t of
such a plight is to avoid p o t e n t i a t i n g choice, by accepting n o t h i n g ,
u s i n g u p n o t h i n g , while awaiting e v e r y t h i n g .
T h e r e a d e r m a y object ( a n d , in m y o p i n i o n q u i t e p r o p e r l y so)
that I a m i m p u t i n g to t h e infant a sophistication it could n o t pos­
sibly have. I n fact, I s h o u l d like t o r e g a r d t h e infant as d e c i d e d l y
u n s o p h i s t i c a t e d — b u t , all t h e s a m e , h e i r to p r o g r a m m a t i c i m p e r ­
atives, d a r k u r g e s , it can n e i t h e r f a t h o m n o r yet i g n o r e , i m p e r a t i v e s

47
 HAROLD Ν. BORIS

that p u s h into its m i n d as t e e t h will its g u m s , c r e a d n g a Kafkaesque

n i g h t m a r e of b e i n g controlled by u n c l e a r forces a n d u n - n a m a b l e
agencies. T h a t is to say, I t h i n k "instincts" a r e m o r e forceful u p o n
the infant t h a n later w h e n it can escape t h e i r insistent i m p o r t u n -
ings, a n d t h a t t h e s e i n c l u d e m a n d a t e s t o d i e , if necessary, so t h a t
t h e species can survive; to m a k e t h e r i g h t choice, so t h a t t h e species
can flourish; to live life fully, ruthlessly, a n d devil take t h e h i n d ­
most, a n d to c a r e for one's o w n d e a r l o v e — a n d m o r e . I s u p p o s e
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these to b e b o t h i n c h o a t e a n d i n c o h e r e n t a n d , as such, p e r s e c u t o r y
in t h e e x t r e m e . I e x p e c t this e x p e r i e n c e to r e o c c u r in t h e t r a n s ­
f e r e n c e a t t h e j u n c t u r e b e t w e e n g r e e d a n d a p p e t i t e . I like t o
imagine t h a t if I can identify t h e nameless, faceless players for t h e
p e o p l e in w h o m t h e r e o c c u r e n c e is t a k i n g place they can replace
choosiness with choice, w h e r e they c o u l d n ' t b e f o r e without feeling
hopeless villains, d o o m e d always to b e in the w r o n g .
I want n o w to distinguish b e t w e e n g r e e d as potential a n d p o t e n ­
tiated g r e e d . T h e f o r m e r is free of frustration. It c o n t a i n s t h e
fantasy of all-is-one a n d a t - o n e m e n t . It is a d r e a m b e y o n d t h e
d r e a m s of avarice. It g e n e r a t e s e x c i t e m e n t a n d bliss. It is a state
in which t h e infant (later child o r adult) has t e m p o r a r i l y u n d i s ­
covered t h e o t h e r a n d h a s n ' t t o c o n t e n d with t h e possibility of a
j u x t a p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n a p p e t i t e a n d breast. T h i s state lasts as l o n g
as the infant wants n o t h i n g f r o m t h e breast, w h e r e u p o n it b e c o m e s
p o t e n t i a t e d a n d serenity is r e p l a c e d by a frustration as large as all
t h e world.

Frustration and Anxiety

G r e e d , I have b e e n saying, is a n u n e v o l v e d state of m i n d in which

o n e wishes a n d h o p e s to h a v e e v e r y t h i n g all o f t h e d m e . T h e fan­
tasy that this m i g h t be possible p r o d u c e s a state of feeling involving
h i g h e x c i t e m e n t a n d p u r e bliss.
H o w e v e r , t h e m o m e n t g r e e d is p o t e n t i a t e d , o n e c o m e s h a r d
u p o n t h e realization t h a t choices a r e r e q u i r e d . T h i s realization
stimulates e i t h e r a refusal to e n d u r e t h e c h o i c e — t h e decay of a p ­
petite back into g r e e d — o r a n e x p e r i e n c e of vast frustration. O r it
stimulates t h e m a k i n g of t h e choice, w h e r e u p o n o n e feels at o n e
a n d the s a m e time a feeling of p r o f o u n d loss a n d t h e satisfactions
of a p p e t i t e .

48
 THE "OTHER" BREAST

T h o u g h I h a v e so far b e e n writing of this as a o n e - t i m e p h e ­

n o m e n o n , in fact it h a p p e n s a g a i n a n d again. G r e e d evolves i n t o
a p p e t i t e ; a p p e t i t e decays into g r e e d . M u c h of t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n
of t h e choice is, I t h i n k , intra-psychic. T h a t is, t h e o n e possibility
a n d t h e o t h e r a r e i m a g i n e d t o c o n t a i n w h a t they d o a n d convey
w h a t o n e preconceives t h e m t o convey. G r e e d , in o t h e r w o r d s , h a s
n o contact with o r d i n a r y actuality; t h e first b r e a s t is n o t , for ex­
a m p l e , t h e left breast of t h e m o t h e r , n o r is t h e " o t h e r " breast h e r
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r i g h t breast. T h e process I h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b i n g goes o n in infants

whose e x p e r i e n c e is entirely of r u b b e r , plastic a n d Similac.
A p p e t i t e , in contrast, m a k e s manifest t h e infant's first e n c o u n t e r
with actuality a n d , as such, m a k e s actual e x p e r i e n c e for t h e first
time a p l a y e r in t h e process. T h e quality of t h e appetitive e x p e r i ­
e n c e will now play a role in w h e t h e r t h e feeling of loss is m o d u l a t e d
by c o m p e n s a t o r y a n d consoling e x p e r i e n c e — o r is n o t .
T h e p a r a d o x in all o f t h i s is t h a t b o t h o u t c o m e s a r e — a s it
w e r e — e q u a l l y p r o b l e m a t i c , given t h e n a t u r e of t h e conflict. E i t h e r
way t h e r e is gain; e i t h e r way loss. Since this is serial, e v e n cyclic,
a n d c i p a t i o n a n d m e m o r y c o m e to b e established, a n d with t h e m
t h e e x p e r i e n c e of anxiety.
W i t h anxiety, m a t t e r s b e c o m e m o r e c o m p l e x . B e f o r e we w e r e
dealing with p r e m o n i t i o n s of loss o r gain, of p a i n o r gratification.
T h e loss of t h e " o t h e r " b r e a s t was a n a m e l e s s f o r e b o d i n g , a feeling
that o n e w o u l d b e violating s o m e genetic i m p e r a t i v e t h e n a t u r e of
which o n e c o u l d n ' t k n o w . O n e was d e a l i n g with p r e - c o n c e p t i o n s
that evoked choosiness a n d predilections to m a k e t h e right
c h o i c e — b u t what w e r e these? I d o n ' t w a n t h e r e to m o v e from
p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n to m e t a p s y c h o l o g y a n d risk c o n ­
f o u n d i n g t h i n g s , b u t I d o t h i n k for w h a t it's w o r t h , t h a t w h a t I
have b e e n calling genetic i m p e r a t i v e s a r e t h e f o r e - r u n n e r s of t h e
s u p e r - e g o — i t s anläge, a n d t h a t t h e s e i m p e r a t i v e s with t h e i r p r e ­
conceptions a n d p r e d i l e c d o n s a n d p r e m o n i t i o n s a r e what will b e
filled o u t by p a r e n t a l a n d c u l t u r a l strictures: A h a ! so t h a t is w h a t
I a m s u p p o s e d 1 to t h i n k , feel a n d d o ! T h e anxiety which c o m e s
into b e i n g is t h u s a "signal" anxiety, as F r e u d called it (1925). W h a t
it signals is n o t t h a t loss o r f r u s t r a t i o n is in s t o r e , b u t t h a t o n e will
be u n d e r terrible attack. T h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e attack I h a v e dealt

' For a consideration of the force of supposed-to's in group situations, see Boris,
et al, 1975. The "Group" has special resonance to species-oriented fantasy.

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 HAROLD Ν. BORIS

with SO far is from t h e n a m e l e s s imperatives (later to b e s u p e r - e g o

anxiety). N o w I a d d t h e attack of anticipation a n d m e m o r y itself,
of t h e discovery of t h e repetitive, serial o r cyclic n a t u r e of e x p e ­
r i e n c e . (I will p r e s e n t l y a d d t o m y list o f a n x i e t i e s t h e f e a r of
" c o u n t e r attacks" by t h e b r e a s t (or o t h e r object) to t h e "attacks"
o n e l a u n c h e s o u t of envy.)
Anticipation a n d m e m o r y a r e e g o functions a n d o n e (the infant
o r self) can e x p e r i e n c e (accept) t h e e g o as syntonic o r alien, as
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helpful friend o r malefactor. It is i m p o r t a n t to recognize that so

far as t h e self is c o n c e r n e d t h e e g o is a n object m u c h as a n o t h e r
t h i n g o r p e r s o n is a n object a n d can b e loved a n d h a t e d , n o u r i s h e d
or attacked in m u c h t h e s a m e way. I n psychosis, for e x a m p l e , t h e
ego is u n d e r c o n t i n u a l attack a n d its u s u a l functions of t h o u g h t ,
anticipation, m e m o r y a n d t h e selective a t t e n t i o n t h a t m a k e s u n ­
consciousness of p e r c e p t i o n s , t h o u g h t s , o r m e m o r i e s possible a r e
e v i s c e r a t e d . So w i t h t h e i n f a n t : m e m o r y a n d a n t i c i p a t i o n —
l e a r n i n g — b e c o m e m e s s e n g e r s a n d "enjoy" t h e t i m e h o n o r e d wel­
c o m e given m e s s e n g e r s .
With anxiety in t h e p i c t u r e , g r e e d p o t e n t i a t e d leads n o t simply
to p r e m o n i t i o n b u t to t h e m e n t a l p a i n anxiety imposes. I believe
t h e r e to be a distinction h e r e , b e t w e e n e m o t i o n a l p a i n — s u c h as
that of loss o r d e s p a i r o r frustration, a n d m e n t a l p a i n — s u c h as
worry, t e r r o r a n d d r e a d . I p o i n t to this distinction because, h u m a n
n a t u r e b e i n g w h a t it is, w h e n e v e r t h e r e a r e two of s o m e t h i n g e a c h
can be e m p l o y e d to d e f e n d against t h e o t h e r . A n d , i n d e e d , o n e o f
t h e d e f e n s i v e f u n c t i o n s o f this a n x i e t y is t o g e t c o n f u s e d w i t h
painful affects so t h a t o n e can t h i n k it is t h e anxiety t h a t is t h e
i n s u p e r a b l e p a i n a n d n o t t h e feelings. T h e "signal" is e n o u g h to
k e e p o n e f r o m k n o w i n g what t h e signal is signaling. O n e knows
only t h a t ameliorative o r evasive action is r e q u i r e d . Since amelio­
rative action can only succeed (save by luck) if o n e k n o w s w h a t t h e
signal is signaling, this p r e t t y well w o r k s in favor of o n e "choosing"
evasive action.
I n t h e c o u r s e of a n analysis this s e r i e s — p r e m o n i t i o n of χ . . .
anxiety . . . evasive a c t i o n — f u n c t i o n s as a p o w e r f u l resistance to
any effort to i d e n d f y t h e p r e c o n c e p t i o n s a n d p r e m o n i t i o n s t h e m ­
selves, i n d e e d e v e n t h a t they exist. T h e analyst m u s t u s e g r e a t
restraint a n d wait for t h e a n t i c i p a t e d event, to evolve into t h e t r a n s ­
ference a n d b e c o m e e x t a n t . F o r it is n o t only (now) in t h e r e a l m

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 THE "OTHER" BREAST

of a c t i o n — o f t r y i n g o r n o t t r y i n g t h e o n e breast o r t h e " o t h e r "

that o n e protects oneself f r o m p a i n . It is n o w in t h e d o m a i n of
k n o w l e d g e : O n e uses anxiety as a signal t h a t says: N o w is t h e time
for you n o t to k n o w w h a t you anticipate a n d w h a t y o u r e m e m b e r .
I r e f e r r e d in passing to yet a n o t h e r s o u r c e of a n x i e t y — t h e fear
of c o u n t e r - a t t a c k f r o m objects a t t a c k e d o u t o f envy. T h e e m p l o y ­
m e n t of anxiety as a signal n o t to k n o w (not to p r o f f e r "diplomatic
r e c o g n i t i o n " to t h e s o u r c e of c o n c e r n ) is, as well as b e i n g self-
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protective, anxiety c o n v e r t e d by envy to envy's o w n uses. It is time,

t h e r e f o r e , to b r i n g envy into t h e story a n d with it spite a n d r e ­
venge.

Envy, Spite and Revenge

As g r e e d p o t e n d a t e s into w a n t , t h e object gains in i m p o r t a n c e

until it is e x p e r i e n c e d as d o m i n a t i n g t h e h o r i z o n s of t h e m i n d . If
o n e — t h e infant, s a y — c o u l d give u p his g r e e d , t h e i m m e n s i t y of
the object—say, t h e b r e a s t — w o u l d b e g o o d . B u t if, as we a r e s u p ­
posing, t h e infant c a n n o t give u p , a n d t h e r e b y , to t a k e in, t h e
immensity is n o t in t h e n a t u r e of g o o d b u t of f r u s t r a t i o n a n d a n x ­
iety. T h i s , in t u r n , occasions several sequels.
H e feels a wish to possess t h e breast, to o w n t h e s o u r c e of supply.
H e feels a n e e d to o w n t h e breast, for in its fascination for h i m
h e feels it is o w n i n g — c o n t r o l l i n g — h i m , as if h e w e r e possessed
by it.
H e d e s p a i r s of his potency in t h e s e r e g a r d s , e n v y i n g it its p o w e r
a n d d o m i n i o n o v e r h i m . T h i s excites a n u r g e t o s t r i p it of its
powers a n d obtain t h e s e for himself
H e y e a r n s for a n a l t e r n a t i v e which will at o n c e d e p r i v e t h e b r e a s t
of its p o w e r to cast a spell o v e r h i m a n d p r o v i d e h i m a g o o d breast
of which h e c a n m a k e t h e b a d b r e a s t e n v i o u s .
H e "rediscovers" t h e " o t h e r " breast in this process of t r y i n g to
s e p a r a t e t h e feeling of b e i n g p e r s e c u t e d f r o m t h e feeling of b e i n g
e m p o w e r e d , a n d this p u t s h i m back, so to say, to s q u a r e o n e b u t
with a p e r n i c i o u s d i f f e r e n c e . O r i g i n a l l y h e n e e d e d t h e " o t h e r "
breast to c o n t a i n a n d to c o n t i n u e to c o n t a i n e v e r y t h i n g t h e first
breast d i d n ' t . N o w h e f u r t h e r n e e d s it to b e a b u l w a r k for h i m
against t h e c o n t i n u i n g bullying desirability o f t h e first. H e has
r o b b e d Peter (the first) to pay Paul (the " o t h e r " ) b u t , perversely.

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 HAROLD Ν. BORIS

now Paul is so e n d o w e d with e v e r y t h i n g of value that it can't b e

used for fear of u s i n g it u p . 2
H e is n o w stuck with a n o t h e r breast t h a t is a " b e t t e r " breast,
b u t can b e n e i t h e r p a r t e d with n o r u s e d . T h i s b r e a s t will s e e m to
contain e v e r y t h i n g of value at t h e s a m e t i m e as it offers n o t h i n g .
Such a breast can only b e t h o u g h t of as g r e e d y ; its i n t e n t i o n s c a n
only be r e g a r d e d as motivated by envy. T h e infant c a n only, ac­
cordingly, feel u n d e r attack.
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H e will now feel n o t only f r u s t r a t e d , b u t (counter-) attacked by

t h e g r e e d y , envious a n d sadistic breast. T o his woes is a d d e d a
malevolent breast that h e can n e i t h e r take n o r leave alone.
S o m e h o w h e n e e d s to b r e a k t h a t stalemated c o n n e c t i o n a n d a p ­
pease t h e h a t r e d t h a t his g r e e d , frustration a n d envy h a v e gen­
e r a t e d within h i m . T o t h e s e "plagues of t h e m i n d " , as H e s i o d called
t h e m , spite will offer s o m e surcease. T h e idea of spite is e n c o m ­
passed in t h e familiar a p h o r i s m a b o u t c u t d n g off one's nose to
spite one's face. B u t , of c o u r s e , t h e o n e w h o says it is t h e p e r s o n
being spited by t h e o t h e r a n d usually says it spitefully. I n fact, o n e
cuts off one's m o u t h to spite t h e b r e a s t (as in anorexia^) o r one's
cock to spite t h e c u n t , to u s e t h e v e r n a c u l a r of Laing's, (as in such
" d i s o r d e r s " as p r e m a t u r e ejaculation, i m p o t e n c e o r h o m o s e x u a l i t y
o r vice-versa in t h e female versions of these) o r , i n d e e d , one's life
itself. People w h o c u t themselves with r a z o r blades, knives o r glass
also nullify t h e i m p a c t of t h e o t h e r o n t h e self.
F o r t h a t is w h a t spite i s — t h e e n v i o u s nullification of t h e o t h e r ' s
impact, effect a n d value. H a v i n g failed to gain possession o r con­
trol of t h e breast, o n e can at least gain possession o r control of its
effects. H e n c e t h e signal anxiety which escalates to a n anxiety at­
tack, in t h e hysteric also m a n a g e s to obfuscate t h e source of t h e
d a n g e r — o b l i v i o n b e i n g t h e spiteful c o u n t e r p a r t to obliteration. If
t h e hysteric feels w i t h o u t k n o w i n g , t h e obsessive compulsive knows
without feeling; a n d this too is envy's d e n o u e m e n t in spite. "Per­
h a p s " , "I guess", "I d o n ' t k n o w " , "whatever", a r e all spiteful to t h e
potency of t h e object, to t h e analyst o r to b o t h , t h o u g h it will take
some work to display this to t h e patient. It will take m o r e w o r k to
display t h e g r e e d u n d e r l y i n g t h e disinclination to choose implicit

2 These are the circumstances of which Melanie Klein wrote in her "Notes on
some schizoid mechanisms" (1946) and her book Envy and Gratitude (1957), and of
course her other works.
3 For an elaboration of this observation, see Boris 1984a and 1984b.

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 THE "OTHER" BREAST

in t h e a t t i t u d e b e y o n d t h e s e w o r d s , a n d u n d e r n e a t h t h e g r e e d t h e
fear of t h e p a i n of t h e loss o f e i t h e r of t h e " b r e a s t s " these w o r d s
straddle.
Spite can d o its w o r k of r e n d e r i n g t h e object i m p o t e n t , in fantasy
o r fact, w i t h o u t r e q u i r i n g t h e s h e e r p o w e r r e q u i r e d for r e v e n g e .
F r o m infancy o n o n e can "cut" a n o t h e r m e r e l y by l o o k i n g p a s t
him; e v e n easier is c u t t i n g w h a t B i o n (1967) called t h e link in
k n o w l e d g e — o f stimulus a n d r e s p o n s e . P e o p l e with t h o u g h t dis­
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o r d e r s " d i s o r d e r " t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of b r e a s t to self t h r o u g h such

attacks o n linking, d i s o r d e r l y c o n d u c t in t h e r e a l m of t h o u g h t !
R e v e n g e involves a t u r n i n g of t h e tables a n d for it to c o m e into
play o n e has to h a v e w h a t t h e o t h e r wants. W h e n o n e can believe
this to b e t h e case o n e c a n feel t h a t — a t l a s t ! — o n e possesses a n d
controls t h e b r e a s t a n d has m a d e its p o w e r a n d p o t e n c y one's o w n .
T h i s is far f r o m t h e m e t a m o r p h o s i s of g r e e d ; to t h e c o n t r a r y , w h a t
is m e t a m o r p h o s e d is a n y t h i n g t h a t can stimulate g r e e d a n d envy
in t h e o t h e r .
While a n y t h i n g will d o (certainly for p u r p o s e s of fueling t h e
fantasy), o n e sees in t h e t r a n s f e r e n c e t h a t feces a n d defecation
h a v e a p a r t i c u l a r value. T h e m o t h e r wants t h e s e (as t h e analyst
"wants" free association, p r o m p t a t t e n d a n c e at sesssions o r fees).
M o r e o v e r , s h e (and t h e analyst) w a n t s n o t w h a t is given h e r , b u t
m o r e , b e t t e r — o t h e r . T h a t p e r i o d of life, t h a t i n t e r p e r s o n a l situ­
ation, t h a t Erikson (1950) c h a r a c t e r i z e d as " a u t o n o m y vs. s h a m e
a n d d o u b t " t u r n s o u t , o n closer inspection, to b e h e g e m o n y vs.
s h a m e a n d d o u b t . T h e illusion is t h a t t h e feces a r e t a n t a m o u n t to
t h e m a t e r n a l b r e a s t a n d t h a t t h e t o d d l e r bestows t h e s e to its p o o r ,
starved, q u e s t i n g m o t h e r (or analyst); certainly it d o e s n o t o w e
t h e m ! T h e c o n t r o l of t h e feces a n d t h e i r release has b e e n t h o u g h t
of as a n a l object relations (c.f. Meitzer, 1966). T h a t is, o n c e t h e
feces h a v e b e e n m e t a m o r p h o s e d into t h e m a t e r n a l breast, she-it-
they a r e n o w firmly u n d e r t h e o m n i p o t e n t c o n t r o l o f o n e ' s self. I
believe this gives "anality" its p a r t i c u l a r force in intrapsychic a n d
i n t e r p e r s o n a l t e r m s , particularly as t h e e l e m e n t s to anality a r e car­
ried f o r w a r d into genital a n d genital-oedipal interactions a n d be­
liefs.
T h e possessiveness t h a t is t h e h a l l m a r k of g r e e d distinguishes
t h e rivalry of t h e O e d i p a l s t r u g g l e s : It is n o t a s t r u g g l e to b e given
to by t h e o t h e r , b u t to possess t h e o t h e r a l t o g e t h e r — e v e n if o n c e
in one's possession t h e o t h e r is n o t u s e d . T h a t was t h e objective in

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 HAROLD Ν. BORIS

the first struggle, t h e infant's with t h e m o t h e r ' s over t h e o w n e r s h i p

a n d c o n t r o l of t h e breast; a n d t h a t is t h e t r i a n g u l a r p a r a d i g m for
future struggles. Envy m a s q u e r a d e s as jealousy, as g r e e d c o u n t e r ­
feits love.

Analytic Considerations
T h e task of t h e analysis, of c o u r s e , is to m a k e it possible, this
time r o u n d , for t h e individual to d e v e l o p a p p e t i t e . W e gain t h e
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c o u r a g e for such a n u n d e r t a k i n g by believing w h a t t h e a n a l y s a n d

for a long t i m e c a n n o t : T h a t w h a t was u n b e a r a b l e in infancy will
have b e c o m e b e a r a b l e in c h i l d h o o d a n d certainly in a d u l t h o o d . As
analysts we k n o w this t h a n k s to o u r o w n analyses, in which we
l e a r n e d to s t a n d t h e idea t h a t time passes. O u r p a d e n t s d o n o t yet
know this; i n d e e d , t h e g r e e d i e r they a r e t h e less they know it. T h e y
will feel we a r e malevolently l e a d i n g t h e m closer a n d closer to
c a t a s t r o p h e , while we a r e sitting by in s e r e n e self-containment.
T h i s will excite n o t only p a r a n o i d anxieties, b u t a ferocious a n d
almost implacable wish to retaliate, if n o t t h r o u g h r e v e n g e , t h e n
t h r o u g h spite. T h i s g r e e d y u r g e will g o r g e o n every a n d any in­
dication of c o u n t e r - t r a n s f e r e n c e , even identification. Even efforts
to m a k e a n "alliance" will b e violently o r systematically miscon­
s t r u e d as a reversal b e t w e e n t h e haves a n d t h e h a v e nots a n d u s e d
mercilessly against t h e analysis. T h e absence of m e r c y is n o t simply
a n expression of h a t r e d . It is a c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e failure to d e ­
velop a p p e t i t e . W h e n t h e p a i n of loss is t o l e r a t e d it can b e projected
in t h e spirit of i d e n d f i c a d o n , which itself can evolve into a recog­
nition of t h e possibility of p a i n in o t h e r s a n d so into t e n d e r con­
cern, guilt a n d r e m o r s e . A l t h o u g h m o s t analysands k n o w t h a t t h e i r
analysts h a v e b e e n t h r o u g h analysis themselves, t h e g r e e d y o n e s
will feel n o fellow feeling for t h e suffering involved.
G r e e d , it will be recalled, h a s so f e a r e d t h e loss of potential (the
" o t h e r " breast) t o kinesis (choosing a n d m o u r n i n g ) t h a t t h e sense
of c a t a s t r o p h e t h e a n a l y s a n d fears is n o t t h e r e p e a t of a t r a u m a
(such as d e p r i v a t i o n o r loss of t h e significant o t h e r ) . It is of a n u n -
h a p p e n e d c a t a s t r o p h e , o n e which t h e g r e e d has k e p t from h a p ­
p e n i n g . T h e a n a l y s i s h a s t h e r e f o r e t o b e less a b o u t w h a t d i d
h a p p e n t h a n a b o u t w h a t d i d not.
Although the terms "construction" and "reconstruction" are
used i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y , I h a v e u s e d t h e f o r m e r to r e f e r to events
that did n o t f o r m p a r t of t h e actual social (however i n t e r p r e t e d o r

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 THE "OTHER" BREAST

r e i n t e r p r e t e d ) history of t h e p e r s o n , r e s e r v i n g r e c o n s t r u c d o n for
the process of h e l p i n g t h e p a t i e n t r e g a i n k n o w l e d g e of n o t only
what h e e x p e r i e n c e d b u t t h e events conjoining his e x p e r i e n c e s . My
r e m a r k c o n c e r n i n g starvation a n d a m p l e breasts is a n e x a m p l e of
s u c h a c o n s t r u c t i o n : It r e f e r s t o a n u n h a p p e n e d e v e n t — t o a
psychic e v e n t — a state o f m i n d — r a t h e r t h a n to a n i n t e r p e r s o n a l
o n e — a state of affairs. T h e p a t i e n t will c o m e — i t m a y b e — t o rec­
ognize w h a t I m e a n w h e n t h a t s a m e state of m i n d c o m e s i n t o b e i n g
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in conjunction with my "breasts"-penis, t h e r a p e u t i c p o t e n c y a n d

t h e like.
T h e a n a l y s a n d h a s c o m e t o analysis j u s t as t h e i n f a n t h a s e a t e n ,
g r o w n u p , g o n e to school a n d l e a r n e d , w o r k e d a n d t a k e n m o n e y
a n d p e r h a p s m a r r i e d a n d given life to c h i l d r e n . T h e fact will t u r n
o u t to b e , h o w e v e r , t h a t n o n e of this will h a v e m u c h (sometimes
any) reality for h i m o r h e r — e s p e c i a l l y c o m p a r e d with t h a t e n c o m ­
passed in t h e " o t h e r " breast. Accordingly, a perfectly a d e q u a t e
analysis can b e d o n e — o n l y to m e e t t h e s a m e fate!
As I shall a t t e m p t shortly to illustrate, I t h i n k t h e analysis h a s to
be c o n d u c t e d in w h a t it m u c h a m u s e s m e to call a h e r m e n e u t i c a l l y
sealed r o o m . W h e n a p p e t i t e has evolved, t h e analysand will h a v e
also d e v e l o p e d a n interest in food for t h o u g h t . O n e ' s i n t e r p r e t a ­
tions a r e u s e d to t h a t e n d . B u t w h e n g r e e d is a s c e n d a n t , e a c h
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n is likely t o b e u s e d t o p r o l i f e r a t e possibility a n d
e v a d e choice. P e r m i t m e n o w to r e a c h into m y c o n s u l t i n g r o o m
for t h r e e e x a m p l e s . T h e y a r e m i s l e a d i n g b e c a u s e they involve so
m u c h talk, b u t as they a r e only illustrations p e r h a p s they will serve.

It is coining to summer break time and the eight-year old says that he,
in his persona as a Norwegian water rat, and the gerbil, who he also is
sometimes, and Herman, the hooded cobra, who he never "is", but whose
exploits he enacts with great admiration, are going on an around-the-world
cruise in the QE-2 with their band, which consists of Madonna, Bruce
Springsteen, Michael Jackson, etc.

He says: "You and Baby Jane can come too." Baby Jane is nominally my
daughter, but generally a very greedy, envious and Jealous creature: a
split-off from, variously, himself and myself.

I say: "Thank you. But Baby Jane is wondering why she is invited. Is
she to be part of everything or is she to be the greedy creature that wants
everything."

He says: "Tell her she can bring her automatic breast."

I say: "She is much relieved to hear that, but she wonders: Is it her Job

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 HAROLD Ν. BORIS

to be the greedy creature so you can be the generous ones who have
everything good inside of you?"

He says: "You don't have to worry, Baby Jane, you'll have a good time."

I say: "You don't like me to talk about you, yourself, wanting every­
thing."

He says: "1 don't want etierything!"

1 say: "Everything would include me inside of it, and you don't want to
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know about wanting me. The QE-2 is like a dream of being inside every­
thing good and then having Cindy and Rick and Michael as your insides."

He says: "It'll only be a month. C'mon! Let's play!"

I say: "I wonder if I am supposed to feel envious?"

He says: "That's crap again. C'mon!"

1 say: "I think you are wanting to collect very good experiences because
you are worried that when we are apart you will collect hurts and injustices
and nurse on all your grievances."

He says: "I'll nurse on you if you don't shut up." He is very excited here
and it is plain that he is contemplating biting me: Would it be an appetitive
love bite out of the same wish to have me shut up and play or a bite of
envy at my self-containment?

A second illustradon:

The room is chilly, but there is an afghan. The young woman says, "It's
chilly in here. Or is it?"

I say: "You are afraid of certainty?"

She says: "I could take the afghan, I suppose. But perhaps that would
be acting-out. Perhaps I should free-associate to being cold—if it is cold—
or to the afghan. Or something. I don't know." [Silence]

I say: "1 don't know if there is a choice. I don't want to know. 1 don't
want to choose. I hate certainty. Maybe associations are better than warmth
or warmth better than associations: I want the better one. No, no I want
both."

S o m e m o n t h s a g o t h e silence w o u l d h a v e c o n t i n u e d a n d I w o u l d
h a v e n e e d e d to talk o f t h e " g r e e d y g u z z l i n g o f g o o d b r e a s t of
g r i e v a n c e " . N o w t h e silence c o n t i n u e s , d u r i n g which I i m a g i n e this
y o u n g w o m a n is w a i t i n g for m e t o say s o m e s u c h t h i n g a g a i n — o r
for m e to say s o m e t h i n g m o r e , b e t t e r , d i f f e r e n t . B u t I d o n o t . If
I did I imagine she would immediately become further occupied
with w h a t I w a n t — f o r h e r t o associate? t o t a k e t h e a f g h a n ? to ask

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 THE "OTHER" BREAST

m e a question? I feel it w o u l d b e a disservice to mislead h e r into

still believing she h a s a b r e a s t I greedily w a n t .
It d o e s n ' t m a t t e r w h a t s h e d o e s n o w — a s s o c i a t e , take t h e cover,
c o n t i n u e t h e silence, g o back to t h e q u e s t i o n of w h e t h e r it is cold.
Any of t h e s e w o u l d be a choice a n d a loss of t h e alternatives.
I n s t e a d , she " c h a n g e s t h e subject". W h i c h is n o t a choice, b u t a n
evasion.
T o w a r d t h e e n d of t h e session s h e will plaintively ask, " W h a t has
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b e e n g o i n g o n in this session, d ' y o u k n o w ? "

" G o i n g o n is r i g h t , " I will say after a while. B u t s h e will p r e f e r
n o t to u n d e r s t a n d m e a n d leave as s h e a r r i v e d , feeling a n g r y a n d
d e p r i v e d . B u t of c o u r s e s h e has a h i g h t o l e r a n c e for s u c h d e p r i ­
vation; o t h e r w i s e s h e w o u l d h a v e f o r e g o n e t h e satisfaction of t h e
u r g e enviously to r u i n t h e session (breast; penis) for m e . Later,
with luck, s h e will b e c o m e at least i n t e r e s t e d in t h e r e p e t i t i v e
quality of such sessions as t h e s e (a foray into appetite) e v e n at t h e
cost of t h e p l e a s u r e of nullifying t h e possibility of work, " c h a n g i n g
t h e subject". S u c h "small-scale" events, w h e n g r a d u a l e n o u g h a n d
m a n a g e d w i t h o u t c o n f r o n t a t i o n s , constitute t h e process by which
the s m e l t i n g of t h e m e t a m o r p h o s i s h a p p e n s .
I a d d a n o t h e r vignette:

A young man, also in his thirties, has been speaking of how wretched
he feels having succumbed (as it feels) to an invitation to dinner and
thereby lost the opportunity to work during that interval. As I well know,
he works at least eighteen hours of every twenty-four, as it is.

As he talks I begin to get the idea that he is getting the idea that he is
telling me this for a reason: that the communication exists within the
transference, quite probably that / am the dinner. He begins to falter,
calling what he has been saying "drivel".

I say: "You hope?"

He says: "What do you mean?"

I say: "That it's only 'drivel'."

He says: "I don't understand."

I: [SUence]

He says: "I felt you were thinking 'Well, if he feels he ought to work
why does he go out or if he goes out why does he go on and on about
how he should have been working?' "

I say: "So what's the answer?"

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 HAROLD Ν. BORIS

He says: "I can't stand it!" He smashes the kleenex box with his fist.

I say: "I am not supposed to return the knowledge to you?" Then: "Why
is the kleenex there?"

He says: "I'll be damned if I'll cry."

1 say: "I don't know. It's possible. I suppose the question is, by whom?"

He says: "By myself, I guess."

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I say: [Silence]—(giving that drivel the respect it deserves.)

He says: "You are thinking that I say Ί guess' and 'by myself because
I don't want to give the devil his due."

I say: "You must feel tormented by my always thinking this or that about
you. On the other hand, you are careful not to think it of yourself Bad
as the 'about is', it is better than 'of. Will this become, I wonder, another
thinking I will be doing about you?"

He says: "I want you to think about me."

I say: "So you don't have to cry."

He says: "So I don't have to cry?"

I say: "With two sets of thoughts, yours and mine, what's to cry about?"

He says: "Hmm" in a way that gives me to understand he has taken my

point in a way that is allowed to coincide with knowledge he has of himself,
like a steropticon coming into focus.

Such a c o n j u n c t i o n — s y n t h e s i s , i n t e g r a t i o n of t r u t h s - a b o u t into
the-truth-of, as g l e a n e d from investigation, n o t assertion, r e p r e ­
sents a m o v e m e n t f r o m p r o l i f e r a t i o n to choice: from g r e e d to a p ­
petite. I t h i n k it is a p p r o a c h e d — a s in t h e first i l l u s t r a t i o n — o r d o e s
n o t t a k e p l a c e — a s in t h e s e c o n d — o r d o e s t a k e p l a c e — i n t h e
t h i r d — i n a series o f little events, o f small e n c o u n t e r s . W h e n t h e
anxiedes h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d — d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g those arising from
the genetic imperatives, later e l a b o r a t e d into t h e s u p e r - e g o , f r o m
those arising f r o m t h e t h r e a t o f t h e force of t h e conjunction be­
tween desire a n d object, which m i g h t lead to a p p e t i t e , a n d those
from t h e anxieties g e n e r a t e d f r o m a fear of c o u n t e r - a t t a c k — t h e
g r o u n d w o r k is laid f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n . I d o n o t m u c h illustrate con­
structions as s u c h h e r e b e c a u s e t h e e n d r e c o m m u n i c a t i o n is, es­
sentially, a c o n s t r u c t i o n . I n a n y c a s e , t h e a n a l y s a n d u l t i m a t e l y
m a k e s t h e b e t t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n s ; o n e ' s o w n a r e b u t t h e scaffolding
and the armature.

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REFERENCES
Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
Bion, W. R. (1967) Attacks on linking. In: Second Thoughts. New York: Basic Books,
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Boris, H. N., Zinberg, N. E., Boris, M. (1975) Fantasies in group situations. Contem­
porary Psychoanalysis, 11:15—45.
Boris, H. N. (1976) On hope: its nature and psychotherapy. International Revue of
Psycho-Analysis, 3:139-150.
Boris, H. N. (1984) On the problem of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of
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Psycho-Analysis 65:315-322.
Boris, H. N. (1984) On the treatment of anorexia nervosa. International Journal of
Psycho-Analysis 65:435-442.
Erikson, E. (1950) Childhood and Society. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.
Freud, S. (1925) Inhibition, symptoms, and anxiety. Standard Edition 20.
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ments in Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press, 1952.
Klein, M. (1957) Envy and Gratitude. London: Tavistock.
Meitzer, D. M. (1966). The relation of anal masturbation to projective identification.
International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 47:335-442.

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