REASEARCH
REASEARCH
REASEARCH
Given Marikina’s status as a highly urbanized city, it is often a question of how Marikina
compels itself to become a sustainable city. This study involves knowing and assessing what
specific efforts are taken to enhance the development within Marikina and also what efforts are
made to make Marikina a sustainable city. Moreover, this research tends to delve into how these
efforts can be improved for the betterment of the city’s sustainability not only for its
development but also for the Marikenos. Specifically, this research intends to answer the
following questions:
1. What specific efforts or strategies have been implemented to enhance the sustainability of
Marikina City?
3. What other efforts that deliver sustainability are necessary to upscale the development in
Marikina City?
In an era of swift urbanization and with the looming threat of Climate Change, the pursuit
of sustainability has become evermore necessary. Nations and cities have become more
environmentally conscious while still striving for economic development and progression at the
same time. Within these critical times, the pursuit of developing and creating sustainable cities
has become all the more vital worldwide. The concept of sustainable cities incorporates
environmental mindfulness, social equity, and economic prosperity. With the aforementioned in
mind, it is given the notion that despite tending to the care and preservation of the environment, a
sustainable city must also provide for the socio-economic needs and welfare of its inhabitants
Generally, sustainability and sustainable cities are defined using the Brundlandt (1987)
definition, “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.” (World Commission on Environment and Development,
1987). In simple terms, the city must provide the necessities of the current population and the
future population as well, but as the years progressed, and with Climate Change and Global
Warming becoming increasingly threatening, sustainability has also added to its environmental
and green initiatives. As Bera (2020) stated, sustainability is defined by the provision of
necessities such as food, water, and shelter, while also tending to economic needs such as
employment, mobility, and infrastructure, and most importantly upholding balance and
pursuit of sustainability, the Philippines and Marikina are no exception. With the trend of
sustainability being spread through, there are countless studies regarding sustainability, with
each study focusing on its own local regions. Each study highlights the prospects of
sustainability and with that, a review of these studies could be a great advancement and help
There are several studies regarding sustainability throughout the world. In several of the
undermentioned literature. The following review discusses several papers related to the study
such as Policies and Initiatives: European Green Deal (EGD) and Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), Sustainable Cities: In Europe and Asia and Developing Green Cities , and
categorizations, these are climate, energy, industry, buildings, mobility, food, biodiversity, and
pollution. The EGD focuses on improving the aforementioned categories, with improving within
these categories, the EGD could perhaps generate, socio-economic prosperity, increased
employment, less carbon emissions, improved and ecologically sound infrastructure, and balance
with the environment. In accordance with this study, this study will focus on feasible examples
and strategies that Marikina can apply to its efforts toward sustainability, and thus will focus on
According to the paper of Hereu-Morales and Valderrama (2023), the EGD explores the
possibility of creating carbon-neutral energy sources through wind turbines and solar energy.
Through investing in the aforementioned energy sources, carbon emissions could be cut back by
be reduced.
In the category of buildings and mobility, the EGD proposes several courses of action to
promote and increase sustainability. In terms of buildings, Szpilko and Ejdys (2022) state that
building and renovating in an energy- and resource-efficient way is the main goal of the EGD.
reviewing the materials used in constructing buildings and infrastructure, through this, it is
possible to detect materials that cause more carbon emissions and find alternative solutions in
constructing buildings. In terms of mobility, on the other hand, this category of the EGD focuses
connectivity. It is suggested that the most viable way of improving mobility is by creating and
In the category of pollution, Szpilko and Ejdys (2022) state that the goal of the EGD
back on carbon emissions and lessen pollution. The category of pollution is divided into several
sub-categories i.e. greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, chemical safety, clean energy, and
urbanization (Szpilko and Ejdys, 2022). Creating and implementing policies that lower CO2
production is a viable option however, the most effective method is closely tied to that of the
environmentally friendly modes of transportation as it is one of the main causes of air pollution
On the other hand, the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations (2015).
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of 17 goals, 169 constituent
targets, and 230 indicators, evidence-based indicators, that aim to transform the whole world into
a sustainable one, although there are 17 goals in total, for the sake of this study, the paper will
focus only on the goals deemed necessary by the researchers in attaining sustainability which is,
Clean Water and Sanitation, Affordable and Clean Energy, Decent Work and Economic Growth,
In the category of Clean Water and Sanitation, this goal focuses on providing clean water
used for consumption and hygiene. This goal is necessary for achieving sustainability as
sustainability pertains to the provision of basic necessities for inhabitants of a geographical area,
and with water being a vitality, this goal is indeed significant and unavoidable. Despite this goal
being one of the most important categories in the SDGs, it is still not fulfilled in many parts due
to several issues, such as political and administrative challenges, inequality, and lack thereof
Reaching affordable, clean, sustainable, modern, and reliable energy is the main aim of
Sustainable Development Goal 7. Energy is one of the most necessary and significant parts of
modern human life, therefore it is perceived by most as one of the most important goals to
achieve within the SDGs. Energy is placed at the center of environmental and economic issues.
Despite this significance, 20% of people living worldwide cannot access electricity in 2021
(Kufeoglu, 2022). This goal is also begotten afflicted with the same issues as that of the Clean
Water and Sanitation goal, as barriers or obstacles such as political and administrative issues
Decent Work and Economic Growth, Sustainable Cities and Communities are two of the
goals which are closely tied together as the two focus on infrastructural development and urban
development, however, Sustainable Cities and Communities, aims to ensure inclusive, safe,
resilient, sustainable urban and human settlements by providing inexpensive transit solutions,
decreasing urban sprawl, enhancing urban governance involvement, improving the protection of
cultural assets and addressing urban resilience and climate change issues. (Kufeoglu, 2022) while
Decent Work and Economic Growth focus on industrial and employment concerns which in turn
Finally, the goal of Climate Action focuses on calls for the necessary actions to minimize
climate change and address its related impacts. Furthermore, it calls for action to be taken at
different organizational levels, with a view to providing a broader response to the problem
(Filho, et al., 2023). This goal focuses on lessening the impacts of human activity on the
environment which in turn mitigates the threat and human contribution to Climate Change.
According to Gulseven et al. (2020), the SDGs can be achieved through the active
participation of every individual, governments and political entities’ support and policy-making,
and businesses and corporations' full participation and vowing to preserve the environment
To summarize, the European Green Deal focuses on improving the economic situation of
the region whilst having a balanced and eco-friendly manner with the environment. On the other
hand, the SDGs focus on improving human life throughout the world using the aforementioned
goals. The aforementioned SDGs all face the same concerns which are inadequate infrastructure,
political and administrative barriers, and socio-economic inequality. The two have certain
commonalities within them, which are to mitigate the threat of Climate Change, improve the
quality of human life, and create innovative ways to improve the economic standing of humans.
Both the EGD and SDGs can be applied in the context of achieving or improving the
sustainability of Marikina as this provides a ready-made framework and plan for enacting
concept of sustainability was popularised after the publication of ‘Our Common Future’, also
known as the Brundtland Report thus sustainability and sustainable cities became a high trend in
Europe, especially in the last decade as the threat of Climate Change became more apparent. The
undermentioned papers will discuss green space provisions, green infrastructure development,
As stated in the paper of Buckland & Pojani (2022) The term urban green space describes
open vegetated space in urban areas. Examples of the aforementioned include parks, greenways,
urban forests, and riparian areas i.e. riverbanks and streams, community gardens, and so on
(Baycan-Levent & Nijkamp 2004; Wolch et al., 2014), all the while excluding private green
spaces such as front yards, back yards, private gardens, etc. (Baycan-Levent & Nijkamp 2007).
Green spaces provide a surfeit of benefits not only for the inhabitants surrounding the space but
also for the sustainability of a city. The paper suggests that cities with larger amounts of green
spaces also present better air quality, soil strength, lower flood risks, and cleaner groundwater.
It is assumed that cities in Eastward Europe have fewer green spaces whilst cities
westward have larger amounts of land allocated to urban green spaces which mirrors not only the
cities’ balance with the environment but also the economic and financial capacity of such.
Buckland & Pojani (2022), states that accessibility to the aforementioned urban green spaces is
also important as this signifies the city’s overall mobility and availability of necessary communal
green areas. The paper states that cities across Europe differ in the availability and accessibility
of green spaces. Buckland & Pojani (2022) ran a case study on several cities in Europe regarding
the green spaces of each city, reviewing and assessing the availability and accessibility of the
latter, which in turn also defines the cities’ sustainability. These cities are; Birmingham in
England, Brussels in Belgium, Milan in Italy, Prague in Czechia, and Stockholm in Sweden.
Buckland & Pojani (2022) found that Prague has the highest accessibility and amount of green
spaces and Milan has the least, with these findings, the paper suggests that cities with higher
green spaces have better quality of life which in turn mirrors its overall sustainability as it
promotes not only environmental friendliness but also mobility, social interaction, and internal
economic prosperity.
In terms of green infrastructure, a study created by Szyja (2019) states that the issue of
the green city is very well-known in Asia, which is evidenced not only by the number of
activities or related projects, but also by papers and science publications, and by high positions in
Singapore is a model sustainable city-state due to it ranking 4th in the global sustainability index.
Szyja (2019) expresses that This is de facto a city-state called Asia’s greenest city. Singapore
started its transition to a sustainable city after gaining independence in 1965. What is really
remarkable, Singapore’s surface is only 720 km2 and it is possible to find there so many green
spaces and infrastructure (Szyja, 2019). It is stated that Singapore does not have the capacity to
yield crops nor cultivate food thus being reliant on imports, over time this would bloom in
promoting green infrastructure like balcony and roof gardens, buildings covered with vegetation.
Singapore also invests in other green infrastructures e.g. great progress in the process of “water
production”, which is based on four facilities in which water is being cleaned (by using
membrane technique and UV) and then supplied for the industry. (Szyja, 2019) Singapore also
invests in infrastructure that generates renewable and clean energy, Singapore also promotes less
energy consumption through the Building and Construction Authority, this agency is engaged in
the modernization of a building to make it a “zero energy building”, and Singapore is the current
regional leader in technical solutions (BCA). Currently, Singapore may be known as a green city
due to two reasons. First is related to the development of green spaces, and second to the
development of rational management of water, land, and space, as well as using renewable
sources in the energy system and lowering emissions (through a special regulation system, well-
developed public transport system, and high costs of buying a car for private purposes) (Szyja,
2019).
To summarize, urban green spaces are vital towards the overall sustainability of a city
due several reasons. Green spaces promote mobility as more green spaces mean more inhabitants
are prompted to walk or rather go on foot to access these green spaces, it also promotes social
interaction and economic prosperity as these green spaces can be allocated for communal
recreation, local businesses, communal gardens, etc. Green spaces also foster balance and
cooperation with the environment as cities with more green spaces have better air quality, lower
temperature, fewer flood risks, and so on. On the other hand, green infrastructure also promotes
mobility and economic prosperity but it also proposes clean water and energy production, and
Sustainability is a worldwide trend, especially within the last decade, with the issue of
Climate Change and strives towards better quality of life and economic standing. Europe is a
leading figure in this strive toward sustainability, while Asia also comes behind, as the
aforementioned strives toward sustainability and the abovementioned goals, policy-making, and
ddThe best examples of policies and strategies put forward to achieve sustainability are
the aforementioned SDGs and the MDGs, both of these put forward initiatives for sustainability
and sustainable development. However, the MDGs were criticized for potentially sacrificing
other development goals for individual achievements, on the other hand, the SDGs became the
renewed or refurbished development goals, putting forward a framework that all participants
could follow, and gathering the international community to join in the endeavor. In this
connection, the underlying consideration was the need for an effective international sustainability
policy and a strong model with a generally recognized normative framework for action, as well
as the requirement of a global political consensus on objectives to impel action (Hauff, et al.
2018).
for sustainable development. The strategies for sustainable development called for in Rio are
foreseen as highly participatory instruments intended “to ensure socially responsible economic
development while protecting the resource base and the environment for the benefit of future
The paper formulated by the OECD (2019) expresses a few strategies and policies that
could potentially boost efforts toward sustainability. “A coordinated set of participatory and
investment, which integrates the economic, social and environmental objectives of society,
seeking trade-offs where this is not possible” (OECD, 2019). The aforementioned states that
there must be a concentrated, perpetual, and coordinated effort toward the goal of sustainability
when creating policies and initiatives, it must therefore be wholly supported. Another effective
strategy for sustainable development brings together the aspirations and capacities of
government, civil society, and the private sector to create a vision for the future, and to work
tactically and progressively towards it. It identifies and builds on ‘what works’, improves
integration between approaches, and provides a framework for making choices where integration
is not possible (OECD, 2019). In simpler terms, policies created for achieving sustainability must
incorporate both the necessities and interests of the government, the people, and the private and
business sectors, it must also be feasible in order to gather support. The paper also suggests
partnerships within the government itself, creating linkages between government agencies not
only to promote and create policies regarding sustainability but also to enact and achieve such.
To summarize, the MDGs and SDGs set a framework for national and local governments
to follow toward sustainability. These goals not only promote environmental mindfulness but
also promote better quality of life and economic prosperity. Whilst the strategies put forward in
implementing such have a common denominator within it, which is support from several societal
and communal entities which are the government, the people, and the business sector, the
support of the aforementioned entities is vital in achieving the goals and policies that will be set.
In conclusion, the paper revolves around sustainability and the various papers relating to
it that can aid in strengthening the thesis. All the three sub-categories created by the researchers,
namely, the EGD and SDGs, Sustainable Cities, and Strategies Toward Sustainability, can all
apply in the context of achieving sustainability in Marikina City. The researchers firmly believe
that examples set ahead by the aforementioned entities can greatly help in Marikina City’s efforts
to improve its practices, efforts, and strategies toward sustainability. In the context of “Angat-
Marikina!: Sustainability Efforts of the Local Government towards the Urban Development of
Marikina” the aforementioned related literature can help foster Marikina’s policies, efforts, and
strategies, the aforementioned can also greatly help in improving Marikina City’s sustainability
in different aspects as well through adapting similar foundations as the aforementioned
literatures.
Building the Future: A Study of Sustainable Infrastructures From the World to the
Philippines
In an age of unprecedented development and urbanization, cities throughout the world are
not only expanding in size and density but also in urban infrastructure. In the context of this
paper, infrastructure consists of basic systems such as power or energy, water supplication, and
communication systems, but is not limited to the aforementioned and can extend to green space
provisions, urban or communal gardens and farms and so on. The development of infrastructure
is most crucial in the progression of an entity such as a city, as infrastructure secures economic
growth and the overall interconnectivity of the city. While infrastructural development is integral
to various necessary progressions, it can not be denied that infrastructure has contributed
This paper is concerns itself with the sustainable infrastructure of the World, Asia,
Southeast, Asia, and the Philippines, providing and reviewing related literature within the said
context. This paper mainly reviews concepts, frameworks, cases, etc. within such scope.
The idea of sustainable infrastructure have been further pushed as the effects and
consequences of Climate Change and the ability for cities to sustain their vast populations
became evident. In the context of Climate Change, Some regions, such as Australia, California,
and the Caribbean islands, are having difficulties preparing for and confronting the next season’s
anticipated disaster while not yet fully recovered from the last. (Hove et al., 2020), the
aforementioned countries have been subject to the consequences of Climate Change, pushing
these countries to develop sustainable infrastructures that help in curbing CO2 emissions and is
Throughout the world there are many examples which could be used and developed for
furthering the progress in sustainable infrastructure. There are many studies concerning the
context at hand, from research and case studies. In this particular part of the paper, sustainable
infrastructure will be tackled. Larsen et al. (2016) conducted a study addressing the emerging
solutions to the water challenges faced by an urbanizing world. Their research shed light on the
increasing pressure on water resources due to urbanization and emphasized the urgent need for
sustainable water management strategies. The study highlighted the growing demands of urban
improve water use efficiency. By adopting measures such as efficient irrigation techniques, leak
detection, and water-efficient appliances, urban areas can reduce their water consumption and
alleviate the strain on water resources. Additionally, exploring alternative water sources like
rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling can help meet the water demands of urban
populations. The study discussed the benefits, challenges, and successful case studies of these
approaches.
The concept of integrated water management was another key aspect highlighted by the
study. Integrated water management refers to a holistic approach that considers the entire water
cycle and various water-related aspects, such as water supply, wastewater treatment, stormwater
Infrastructure planning and design play a crucial role in developing sustainable water
systems. The study recognized the significance of incorporating innovative technologies and
practices into the design of water infrastructure. This includes implementing smart water grids,
approaches into infrastructure planning, urban areas can optimize their water management
systems, reduce water losses, and enhance the resilience of their water supply.
Lastly, the study emphasized the importance of supportive policies and governance
frameworks for sustainable water management. Effective policies can provide the necessary
guidelines and regulations to promote sustainable water practices. The study discussed the
challenges and opportunities associated with policy implementation, highlighting the need for
fostering cooperation and creating enabling environments, policymakers can drive the adoption
of sustainable water management strategies and ensure the long-term availability of water
In short, Larsen et al. (2016) emphasized the urgency of addressing water challenges in
urbanizing environments. Their study highlighted the increasing pressure on water resources due
to urbanization and stressed the need for sustainable water management strategies. The findings
Additionally, the study recognized the significance of supportive policies and governance
frameworks. By considering these factors and working collaboratively, policymakers, urban
planners, and water management professionals can effectively meet the growing water demands
In the study of Roe and Mell (2013) that delves into the challenges of negotiating value
and priorities in green infrastructure development. The research highlights the significance of
which includes natural and semi-natural elements integrated into urban landscapes, is essential
for enhancing the environmental quality and resilience of cities. However, the implementation of
green infrastructure often faces challenges in terms of value assessment and prioritization.
Decision-makers and stakeholders need to navigate through competing interests and varying
Roe and Mell (2013) underline the importance of evaluating the demands of green
infrastructure to ensure that it aligns with environmental priorities. This evaluation involves
assessing the benefits and costs associated with green infrastructure projects, including
considerations such as ecosystem services, public health, and social equity. By understanding the
specific environmental challenges and priorities of a region, policymakers and urban planners
can better prioritize and allocate resources for green infrastructure development. It is crucial to
consider the multiple benefits provided by green infrastructure, such as improved air quality,
reduced urban heat island effect, and enhanced biodiversity. By quantifying these benefits and
incorporating them into decision-making processes, cities can make informed choices and justify
infrastructure into the planning and design of urban areas. This includes considering factors such
green infrastructure into urban development plans, cities can enhance their sustainability,
mitigate climate change impacts, and improve the overall quality of life for their residents. It is
essential to consider the spatial distribution of green infrastructure to ensure equitable access and
benefits for all communities. Additionally, involving various stakeholders, such as community
infrastructure projects can help foster a sense of ownership and promote long-term sustainability.
In Short, Roe and Mell (2013) emphasize the challenges of negotiating value and
and promote sustainable infrastructure development in Asia. By considering the benefits and
costs associated with green infrastructure and incorporating it into urban planning processes,
cities can enhance their environmental quality, resilience, and overall sustainability. It is crucial
for decision-makers and stakeholders to navigate the complexities of value assessment and
prioritize green infrastructure projects that provide multiple benefits while taking into account
the specific context of each region. By doing so, cities can create healthier, more sustainable, and
local urban climates, emphasizing the importance of considering climate change impacts in
urban infrastructure development. The study highlights the need to understand projected changes
particularly in Asia.
changes in local urban climates, policymakers and urban planners can design and implement
infrastructure projects that are resilient to climate change impacts. This includes considering
factors such as increased temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extreme weather
events.
long-term sustainability and functionality of urban areas. Climate-resilient features can help
mitigate the adverse effects of climate change, such as flooding, heatwaves, and water scarcity.
By integrating climate-resilient design principles into infrastructure projects, cities can enhance
The findings of Zhao's study have particular relevance for Asia, where rapid urbanization
and population growth are occurring. As cities in Asia continue to expand, it becomes crucial to
incorporate climate change considerations into urban planning and infrastructure development.
By doing so, cities can build resilience and adaptability to climate change, ensuring the well-
impacts in urban infrastructure development. The study emphasizes the need to understand
projected changes in local urban climates and incorporate climate-resilient features into
cities can enhance their adaptive capacity and reduce vulnerability to climate-related risks,
Given Southeast Asia's rapid economic expansion and urbanization are turning toward to
Asia is examined in this study, with a particular emphasis on important topics like urban
Concerns about energy security and climate change are causing a shift in Southeast Asia
toward sustainable energy sources (Sovacool, 2019). Sovacool research shows that investments
in renewable energy projects are rising, especially in nations like Indonesia, Vietnam, and
Thailand that are trying to lessen their environmental deterioration and become less dependent
on fossil fuels.
Another area where sustainability measures are becoming more popular is transportation
infrastructure. In urban areas like Jakarta, Manila, and Kuala Lumpur, studies by Dalkmann and
Brannigan (2018) highlight the significance of integrating public transportation networks and
boosting non-motorized forms of transportation to ease traffic congestion and lower carbon
emissions.
issues with pollution, insufficient infrastructure, and lack of water. In order to ensure sustainable
water resource management in the area, research by Rasul and Thapa (2018) emphasizes the
necessity of creative frameworks for water governance as well as investments in stormwater
With their rapidly increasing populations and unplanned urban development, Southeast
Asian cities are finding it increasingly difficult to maintain sustainability without effective urban
planning. Research conducted by Seto et al. (2017) emphasizes that in order to improve urban
resilience and lessen the negative effects of urbanization on the environment, green areas, mixed
In addition, research highlights how crucial it is for governments, private companies, and
civil society organizations to work together to tackle the intricate problems associated with
projects around the area have benefited greatly from the financial backing and technical expertise
planning, operation, and maintenance could undergo a radical change as a result of emerging
technologies including digital platforms, energy storage systems, and smart grids (Sim et al.,
2021). Sim and associates stress the significance of creating an environment that is supportive of
collaborations.
Social and cultural aspects are just as important in determining how sustainable
participation, and community engagement into account (Wamsler et al., 2019). Wamsler and
associates stress the significance of implementing participative strategies that strengthen regional
communities and include native knowledge systems in the process of making decisions.
infrastructure in the region, however, there are still a number of important obstacles to overcome,
The text presented cites an article by Casier et al. (2023) published in the International
Institute for Sustainable Development. The article provides information about the Sustainable
development in Asia.
The SIPA explores how infrastructure can be designed, built, and managed in a way that
integrates sustainability considerations into the planning and construction processes, while also
promoting economic growth and social well-being. The article discusses the importance of
population, the need for economic development, and the effects of climate change.
environmental and social impacts of its construction, operation, and maintenance. It aims to
minimize negative effects on the environment and society while promoting the efficient and
important, as the demand for infrastructure continues to grow globally, and the impacts of
infrastructure development on the environment, social equity, and economic well-being are
better understood.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has recognized the importance of
sustainable infrastructure for regional economic development and has taken steps to prioritize
sustainable infrastructure through initiatives such as the ASEAN Clean Energy Forum, ASEAN
Infrastructure Initiative Association of Southeast Asian Nations, (2022). These initiatives aim to
development in the ASEAN region. Sustainable infrastructure refers to infrastructure that takes
into account the environmental, economic, and social impacts of its construction, operation, and
environment and promote sustainable development, economic growth, and social well-being.
Sustainable infrastructure plays a critical role in achieving the goals of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), particularly goals such as affordable and clean energy, industry,
an important aspect of building sustainable and resilient communities in the ASEAN region and
globally, and initiatives such as those undertaken by the ASEAN play a critical role in promoting
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has initiated a
development Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022). This OECD-led
that contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other
international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement on climate change Organization for
Sustainable infrastructure is defined as infrastructure that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Global
infrastructure planning and design, construction, operation, and maintenance OECD (2014).
SIPA is designed to support countries in Central and Southeast Asia in aligning their
infrastructure investments for low-carbon, resilient development. This will help them mitigate
the risks associated with climate change and environmental degradation, while also promoting
sustainable economic growth Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022).
goals, and initiatives such as SIPA play an important role in promoting climate resilience and
Programme in Asia (2021) to support countries in the Asia-Pacific region in designing and
implementing sustainable infrastructure initiatives that are aligned with the United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other international agreements such as the Paris
Agreement on climate change. The programme aims to create strong partnerships between
multiple stakeholders, including governments, the private sector, and international organizations,
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, taking into account
transportation, sustainable infrastructure initiatives in Asia are being implemented to improve the
region's resilience to climate-related risks, enhance energy efficiency and connectivity, and
Through SIPA, the ITF aims to provide governments, private sector actors, and
international organizations with guidance, tools, and resources to design and implement
sustainable infrastructure projects that promote economic growth, improve equity and inclusion,
and protect the environment. The programme provides targeted support to countries in the Asia-
aims to support the development of sustainable infrastructure in the region, contributing to the
region's net-zero ambition and the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development
Goals.
experts assembled by Infrastructure Asia to provide strategic advice and support to governments,
investors, and other stakeholders in the region on sustainable infrastructure development. The
panel aims to promote long-term economic growth and prosperity in Asia by promoting
sustainable, resilient, low-carbon infrastructure that is aligned with the United Nations
stakeholders in Asia to engage in dialogue, share knowledge and best practices, and identify
representatives from the business, government, and academic sectors with expertise in
infrastructure development in Asia. It provides a platform for governments, investors, and other
stakeholders to engage in dialogue, share knowledge and best practices, and identify solutions to
international endeavors like the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations.
These objectives offer a framework for tackling issues pertaining to infrastructure development
as well as social, economic, and environmental issues. As stated by the (United Nations, 2015),
Goal 9 of the SDGs places particular emphasis on the development of resilient infrastructure, the
encouragement of inclusive and sustainable industry, and the promotion of innovation. The
government of the Philippines has acknowledged the connection between the development of
infrastructure and more general goals of sustainable development, as seen by its commitment to
the SDGs.
industries that are essential to the country's path toward sustainable development. Developing
infrastructure that is resilient, ecologically responsible, and socially inclusive presents special
problems for the Philippines, an archipelagic nation vulnerable to natural disasters and struggling
with environmental deterioration. In order to promote low-carbon development and mitigate the
effects of climate change, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) highlights the importance of
sustainable infrastructure (ADB, 2017). As a result, the commercial sector, civic society, and
years. Natural disasters are occurring more frequently and with greater intensity, Planning and
designing infrastructure with climate change adaptation strategies in mind is crucial. Developing
frameworks and strategies to mainstream climate resilience into infrastructure projects has been
made possible in large part by the Climate Change Commission of the Philippines (Climate
systems, these initiatives involve integrating climate risk assessments, adaptive design
In addition, given the quickening rate of urbanization and the difficulties involved in
developing urban infrastructure, the idea of "sustainable urbanization" has gained popularity in
the Philippines. Through programs like the Sustainable Urban Infrastructure Development
Program, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) has been actively
supporting sustainable urban development practices in Philippine cities (UN-Habitat, 2020). The
objectives of this program are to improve access to essential services in urban regions, encourage
effort to diversify the energy mix and lessen reliance on fossil fuels, the Philippine Department
of Energy (DOE) has been aggressively pushing renewable energy sources like solar, wind,
hydro, and geothermal power (DOE, 2020). The nation's attempts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and advance energy security have been aided by initiatives such as the Renewable
Energy Act of 2008, which established a framework for legislation to stimulate investments in
sustainability. The nation's fast expanding cities are struggling with issues like poor public
transportation, air pollution, and traffic jams. Major cities like Metro Manila and Cebu are
and bus rapid transit (BRT) systems to address these issues (World Bank, 2019). These programs
seek to lower carbon emissions, boost the quality of the air, and make cities more livable overall.
In the field of environmentally friendly transportation, the Philippines has been looking at
creative ways to solve problems with mobility. "Green mobility" refers to programs like
carpooling, integrated public transportation networks, and electric automobiles that are designed
to lower carbon emissions and encourage environmentally friendly travel (Asian Development
Bank, 2019). These initiatives support more sustainable urban mobility patterns and decarbonize
availability of water and adequate sanitary facilities. Millions of Filipinos still lack access to safe
drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities, especially in rural areas, despite advancements
in extending access to clean water and sanitation services (United Nations, 2018). Water
resource conservation and pollution reduction in rivers, lakes, and coastal areas depend on
sustainable water management techniques such wastewater treatment, rainfall harvesting, and
watershed preservation.
Another urgent problem that calls for sustainable infrastructure solutions is waste
management. A large portion of the solid waste produced in the Philippines is dumped in
landfills and contaminated rivers and marine environments. The government has been investing
reduction, recycling, and composting activities, in order to address this challenge (ADB, 2019).
Additionally, community-based solid waste management initiatives are being put into place to
The nation's sustainability plan is beginning to include green building and infrastructure
criteria. In order to enhance energy efficiency, water conservation, and occupant comfort, the
Philippine Green Building Council (PhilGBC) promotes the adoption of green building practices
and certification programs (Philippine Green Building Council, 2019). Nationwide, new building
projects and urban developments are combining green infrastructure design elements, like
hampered by a lack of funding, institutional capacity issues, and policy gaps (World Bank,
2020). Furthermore, there are more threats to the resilience and sustainability of infrastructure
due to the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather, and natural
catastrophes.
A coordinated effort from all parties involved—including governmental bodies,
businesses, academic institutions, and civil society organizations—is needed to address these
infrastructure initiatives across the country, multi-stakeholder partnerships and collaboration are
crucial (United Nations, 2021). Building resilient infrastructure systems that can withstand future
shocks and contribute to the long-term prosperity of the Philippines requires strengthening
regulatory frameworks, encouraging innovation, and raising public awareness and participation.
dedication to sustainable infrastructure. Through programs like the ASEAN Infrastructure Fund
and the ASEAN Strategic Transport Plan, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
has been actively encouraging sustainable infrastructure development among its member nations
(ASEAN, 2021). These platforms help the region's sustainable infrastructure projects by
development goals while safeguarding the environment and improving the well-being of its
sanitation, waste management, and green building, the Philippines can build a more resilient,
and addressing the needs of its residents. As the closest level of government to the people, local
governments have the unique ability to directly impact the daily lives of their constituents.
resources, the local government plays a vital role in fostering a thriving and inclusive
community. As cities continue to expand and face new challenges, it is essential to understand
examining the various strategies and initiatives implemented by local authorities, we can gain
insight into the ways in which they are actively promoting sustainable, inclusive, and innovative
urban growth.
Research conducted by Governor et al. (2020) highlights the role of the Department of
Health and Human Services (HHS) in delivering a full array of services to address the somatic
and behavioral health, economic and housing security, and other emergent needs of Montgomery
County residents. The department develops and implements policies, procedures, programs, and
services to offer customer-focused direct care and support, maximize financial and staffing
resources, pilot and evaluate innovative approaches to service delivery, and develop a broad
partnerships.
This finding highlights the multifaceted nature of local government efforts to address the
diverse needs of the community. By collaborating with various stakeholders, the local
government can leverage resources, expertise, and community engagement to effectively address
the complex challenges faced by residents. This approach not only ensures that services are
tailored to the specific needs of the community but also promotes a sense of ownership and
In addition, the study conducted by Valencia et al. (2019) emphasizes the importance of
aligning global agendas, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the New Urban
Agenda, with local contexts and the need for a multi-level governance approach. This
underscores the pivotal role of local governments in contextualizing and implementing these
The findings of Valencia et al. (2019) underscore the need for further research on how
local governments can effectively adapt and implement these global agendas in diverse urban
contexts. This emphasizes the importance of understanding the specific challenges and
opportunities that local governments face in different cities around the world. By investigating
the strategies, policies, and practices employed by local governments, researchers can gain
insights into the factors that contribute to the successful adaptation and implementation of global
A key aspect highlighted in the study is the importance of aligning global agendas with
local contexts. Cities vary greatly in terms of their social, economic, and environmental
characteristics of their cities when translating and implementing global agendas. This requires a
deep understanding of the local context, including the needs and aspirations of the residents,
The study also emphasizes the need for a multi-level governance approach. Collaboration
and coordination among different levels of government, as well as active engagement with
various stakeholders, are vital for the effective implementation of global agendas at the city
level. Local governments must foster partnerships with community organizations, private sector
actors, and civil society to leverage resources and expertise and ensure the inclusivity of
decision-making processes.
reduction and management. They proactively engage in various projects related to green space
community drills. By taking preventative measures and investing in these initiatives, the local
government aims to build a resilient and sustainable community that can effectively respond to
A study conducted in Barangay Tumana examines the key hazards and elements that
provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the
study analyzes the biophysical and environmental risks as well as the socioeconomic and
demographic vulnerabilities of the community. This assessment helps identify areas of exposure
and sensitivity that can be addressed through strategic planning to enhance community resilience
and improve the long-term quality of life for residents in Barangay Tumana.
particularly in the implementation of the early warning system and community drills. These
projects emphasize the active participation of residents during disasters, fostering a sense of
preparedness and response, the local government aims to strengthen its resilience and ensure the
enhance the city's resilience and ensure the safety of all Marikeños during natural disasters. By
management, and early warning systems, the local government is actively working towards
creating a more resilient and sustainable city. These initiatives help mitigate the impacts of
Marian Cruz, an expert in the field, highlights the significance of improving resilience in
the face of climate change and its impacts. By adopting a proactive approach and implementing
measures to enhance resilience, cities like Marikina are better prepared to mitigate the adverse
effects of climate change. The efforts of the local government in Marikina City to build
resilience contribute to maintaining and improving the local communities, ensuring a safer and
In addition to the study that is being conducted, the efforts of the local government of
Marikina City were analyzed in relation to sustainability and disaster response. As highlighted in
the paper of the IKI Ambitious City Promises project (2018), IKI has implemented various
initiatives to enhance sustainability and livability. These initiatives include rainwater harvesting
facilities, a bikeways program, pumping station installation, wastewater treatment facilities, and
more. These efforts demonstrate the city's dedication to long-term sustainability and
environmental preservation. Additionally, the collaboration with Manila Water Company Inc. to
The study, conducted from August 2017 to April 2018, analyzed sustainability in
Marikina City using indicators set by the United Nations. The research gathered data from key
informant interviews, semi-structured interviews, and 272 residents of Marikina City as survey
respondents. The aim was to understand the perspectives and effectiveness of the city's initiatives
Under the leadership of Mayor Marcelino R. Teodoro, the City Government of Marikina
has remained focused on achieving the goal of making Marikina City an ideal place for living,
working, playing, and doing business. The government's programs, projects, and services revolve
around flood mitigation, improving vehicular traffic, enhancing the functionality of streets and
sidewalks, ensuring peace and order, promoting health, investing in education, and more. These
infrastructure, public services, safety, education, and cultural advancement. They reflect the local
The quality of water bodies in Metro Manila, including Marikina, has continuously
deteriorated due to the rapid increase in human population, industrialization, and urbanization.
The local government plays a crucial role in managing and regulating industrial activities, waste
management, and urban development, all of which can have a significant impact on water
facilities, promoting social urban planning, and raising public awareness about water
Marikina City's current land use trend leans heavily towards residential and commercial
development. This trend can be attributed to the conversion of industrial and manufacturing areas
into residential land use and the demand for residential densification in higher areas, driven by
events like Tropical Storm Ondoy. The government's zoning regulations, urban planning
initiatives, and disaster mitigation strategies reflect its response to demographic changes,
development. These efforts aim to improve the city's infrastructure, public services, safety,
education, and cultural advancement, ultimately enhancing the well-being of its residents.
In addition, a study by Miguel Salvador and David Sancho in the article titled "The Role
of Local Government in the Drive for Sustainable Development Public Policies: An Analytical
Framework Based on Institutional Capacities" delves into the significance of local governments
in addressing climate change and promoting sustainable development. It emphasizes the need for
a comprehensive system of government policies that can tackle complex issues from economic,
social, and environmental perspectives. The authors highlight that cities have emerged as crucial
drivers in combating climate change and achieving sustainability goals, even though the
guidelines and indicators for the 2030 Plan are more explicit at higher levels of government.
One of the main arguments presented in the article is that local governments play a key
role in driving policies to combat climate change and advance sustainable development due to
their proximity to citizens and diverse competencies. However, they face challenges in planning,
implementing, and evaluating governance systems that effectively balance economic growth,
To overcome these challenges, the article suggests that local governments need to possess
the necessary regulatory capacities. These capacities are essential for developing and
define clear strategies, manage and analyze relevant data, efficiently organize their operations,
and engage in collaborative efforts with stakeholders. By strengthening these capacities, local
governments can effectively address the complexities of sustainable development and ensure the
The article further proposes the use of key indicators to assess the regulatory capacities of
local governments at the neighborhood level. These indicators provide a framework to measure
development. To illustrate the practical application of this analytical framework, the authors
analyze a case study of the Barcelona City Council. Through this case study, they demonstrate
how the identified capacities can empower local governments to define, implement, and evaluate
In conclusion, the article underscores the crucial role of local governments in driving
policies to combat climate change and promote sustainable development. It emphasizes the need
for regulatory capacity to overcome the challenges faced by local governments in achieving
economic growth, equity, and environmental sustainability. By utilizing key indicators to assess
these capacities, local governments can effectively define and implement sustainable
The complex and dynamic process of urban growth has attracted the interest of
academics, decision-makers, and practitioners because of the significant effects it has on the
environment, the economy, and society. Scholars have stressed the need for sustainable ways that
strike a balance between social justice, economic growth, and environmental stewardship while
examining solutions for urban development. The definition of sustainable urban development,
which includes the ideas of social inclusion, environmental preservation, and economic viability,
is central to this discussion. Within this perspective, academics have emphasized how important
it is to include green areas in urban landscapes in order to improve public health and well-being
Apart from environmental factors, social justice and inclusive development have become
essential aspects of the conversation surrounding urban development (Bokolo, 2023). In order to
promote inclusive urban development projects that give priority to the needs and aspirations of
and participatory decision-making processes (Bokolo, 2023). Proactive steps must be taken to
reduce spatial inequities in access to housing, employment opportunities, and vital services in
order to address social justice in urban design (Pajouhesh & Miller, 2019). Additionally,
(Drucker et al., 2019) have identified economic development and innovation as critical factors
that propel urban prosperity and competitiveness. According to (Drucker, et al. 2019),
innovation districts, which are defined by thriving ecosystems of existing businesses, startups,
and research institutions, have become important drivers of economic growth and employment
Also, resilience and adaptation tactics have become more prominent in the conversation
about urban development, especially in light of the growing risks associated with climate change
and natural catastrophes (Egbu and Murray, 2018). Increasing a city's ability to endure and
bounce back from shocks and strains, such as harsh weather, rising sea levels, and pandemics, is
known as building urban resilience (Egbu and Murray 2018) According to (Rivera, 2014)
incorporating climate resilience concerns into land-use planning, infrastructure development, and
disaster risk management is crucial for urban planning to effectively adapt to climate change.
The paths and results of urban development are significantly shaped by efficient
governance and policy frameworks (Haq, 2011). Decentralization programs have been promoted
They are defined by the transfer of decision-making authority to local governments and
essential tools for bringing together knowledge, resources, and creativity to tackle difficult urban
economic, and environmental factors are all intertwined in determining how cities evolve in the
future. Policymakers and practitioners may create resilient, inclusive, and sustainable urban
environments that improve quality of life and foster human flourishing by adopting holistic and
participative approaches.
Marikina, a Philippine city well-known for its shoe industry and environmental
sustainability initiatives, has a variety of transportation options to make traveling both inside and
beyond the city easier. Urban transport planning systems play a critical role in fostering healthy
and sustainable cities. By 2050, 66% of the world's population will live in cities requiring a
serious consideration of the role of transport and its impact on the liveability of people and the
planet (Stoett et al., 2019). Investors find cities with advanced transportation infrastructure
appealing because they provide access to a variety of markets and logistical benefits. By
generating job opportunities and drawing in private sector investment, transportation projects can
With urbanization and the growth of our city populations, there are more people and
more jobs in cities. This also means there are more cars on the road, increasing congestion,
traffic jams, and pollution. As cities expand, transportation systems need to provide efficient
modes of transportation for people in the city (Biasotti, 2021). Accessibility and mobility are
enhanced for workers, residents, and visitors in Marikina via a well-developed transit network.
Access to dependable public transportation, road networks, and infrastructure that is pedestrian-
friendly makes it easier for people to get to places of employment, places of higher learning,
places of medical care, commercial districts, and places of pleasure. Accessibility promotes
social inclusion, lowers barriers associated with mobility, and expands chances for social and
guidelines may be included in Marikina's zoning laws, urban development plans, and municipal
planning documents along important transit corridors or nodes. The construction of inexpensive
of land use, environmental sustainability, and social fairness, all of which are critical to the city's
urban growth. Marikina aims to build a dynamic, inclusive, and sustainable urban environment
that supports long-term prosperity and well-being while also meeting the changing requirements
of its citizens. To this end, the city is investing in and planning for transportation strategically.
Based on the research conducted by the students of the University of Santo Tomas,
countries are searching for strategies to address the problems associated with fast urbanization in
the face of modernization. In an attempt to address these concerns and provide alternatives to
mitigate the detrimental consequences of modernization, the UN has made multiple attempts.
Making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable is the eleventh
sustainable development objective of the United Nations, and it is the main topic of this study.
The researchers used (Zakour and Gillespie's, 2012) vulnerability theory to assess Marikina
City's performance in accomplishing this objective. In this study, sustainability was assessed
using the UN's indicators and the local government's response to local hazards and disasters.
In the context of urban development, sustainability has become a critical issue that
requires strategic and effective planning and implementation by local governments. The
Marikina Local Government has taken several initiatives to address these sustainability concerns.
These initiatives include the adoption of urban policy frameworks, the development of
institutions and systems to support sustainable development, and engagement with various
stakeholders in the urban planning and management process. To enhance its capacity to manage
the city's sustainability initiatives, the Marikina Local Government has also undertaken an
institutional capacity development process within its urban policy formation process, a process
that seeks to improve the management capabilities of the local government in order to effectively
address sustainable urban development challenges. The study by (Čolić et al., 2021) provides
valuable insights into the implications of this institutional capacity development process for
sustainable urban development and offers suggestions for improving urban sustainability policies
strategies, such as stakeholder engagement, policy formation, and monitoring and evaluation.
The Marikina Local Government needs to ensure that all its sustainability initiatives are aligned
with its vision and goals and that the institutional capacity development process is implemented
in a way that is equitable, inclusive, and accountable. The study by (Čolić et al., 2021) provides a
valuable contribution to the understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated with
institutional capacity development in the context of sustainable urban development, which can
inform the Marikina Local Government's efforts to strengthen its institutional capacity and
The article by (Konstantinović et al., 2022) offers valuable insights into the role of
urbanization as a tool for economic growth, specifically in the context of Novi Sad city. The
authors explore the potential benefits of urbanization for encouraging economic activity, job
creation, and improved infrastructure. These are key factors for sustainable urban development,
which is the focus of our study. We can draw inspiration from the case study presented in the
article to examine how urbanization can be leveraged to drive urban development in Marikina
while also ensuring sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. This can be
sustainable transport systems, and ensuring energy-efficient building design. The insights gained
from the article can provide valuable guidance on how the local government can effectively
balance the needs of economic growth and environmental protection in the planning and
success of Marikina's urban development efforts will play a crucial role in achieving the city's
sustainability goals.
Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather
events, including flash floods, in many parts of the world. In urban areas, the impacts of these
disasters can be amplified due to the combined effects of urbanization and mismanagement. In
the study by (Saber et al., 2020), the authors investigated the triple factors of urban growth,
extreme climate, and mismanagement that contribute to flash flood vulnerability in Cairo.
Through a combination of historical data analysis and spatial analysis, they found that these three
factors interact and amplify each other, leading to increased flash flood vulnerability. For
example, they found that the combination of high-density urban areas and inadequate drainage
systems created areas of extreme vulnerability. In the context of Marikina, the local
government's sustainability efforts in urban development need to take into account these triple
Moreover, the study by (Saber et al., 2020) highlights the importance of effective urban
planning and management in reducing flash flood risk. The authors found that proper
management of drainage systems can significantly reduce flash flood risk. They also noted that
the adoption of urban planning policies that promote sustainable urban growth and land use
management can help to mitigate flash flood risks. In order to incorporate these
In conclusion, the study by (Saber et al., 2020) provides valuable insights into the
complex interaction of urban growth, extreme climate, and mismanagement in shaping flash
crucial that the local government takes a proactive and comprehensive approach to sustainability
in order to mitigate the risks associated with urbanization and extreme climate events. The
recommendations of this study can help inform the local government's efforts to develop
impacts of the urban heat island effect. The urban heat island effect is the result of the
concentration of urban land cover and buildings in cities, which absorb and radiate heat more
rapidly than natural environments, leading to higher temperatures and greater heat stress for
residents. In this study, (MacLachlan et al., 2021) employed a data-driven approach for
sustainable city planning to mitigate the impacts of the urban heat island effect in cities. By
analyzing various datasets related to urban land cover, meteorology, and environmental
conditions, the authors developed a comprehensive approach that considers both natural and built
The findings of this study are particularly relevant to the sustainability efforts of the
Marikina Local Government in urban development. Marikina is located in an area with high
population density, which can further contribute to the urban heat island effect. By using a data-
driven approach similar to that employed by (MacLachlan et al.,2021), the Marikina Local
Government can identify the areas that are most affected by the urban heat island effect and
develop effective strategies to mitigate its impacts. For example, the government can consider
the use of green roofs, trees, and other forms of vegetation to increase the amount of shade in
In conclusion, the study by MacLachlan et al. (2021) offers a valuable contribution to the
approach to understanding and mitigating the impacts of the urban heat island effect, Marikina
can ensure that its efforts toward sustainable urban development are more effective and more
aligned with the needs of its residents. The findings of this study can provide valuable insights to
local governments across the world as they strive to create more sustainable, livable, and resilient
cities.
Green space, defined as areas of land covered by vegetation, grass, or similar vegetation,
has become increasingly important in urban planning due to its numerous benefits. Green spaces
can provide a variety of services to the urban ecosystem, including reducing the heat island
effect, improving air quality, enhancing biodiversity, and providing recreational spaces for
residents. Furthermore, green space can also contribute to the overall aesthetics and liveability of
a city. In this context, the development of urban green space systems has become a key aspect of
There are several challenging issues related to the optimal layout and distribution of
green space within a city, such as land availability, population density, and the availability of
green space infrastructure. One approach to tackling these issues is to use a development
simulation model, which allows planners to evaluate the potential impacts of different land use
In this study, Liu et al.(2019) used a development simulation approach to evaluate the
impacts of different land use scenarios on the green space system in Xuchang City, China. The
researchers developed an integrated model that considered various factors, such as population
density, land use intensity, and green space availability, and used this model to simulate the
impact of different land use scenarios on the urban green space system. This study provides
important insights into the dynamics between land use and green space availability in a rapidly
growing city. Moreover, the approach used in this study can be generalized to other cities with
development, this study provides valuable insights for developing effective land use scenarios
that prioritize sustainable and equitable use of green space resources. As a rapidly growing city,
Marikina faces similar challenges as Xuchang City in terms of managing and allocating green
space resources effectively. By incorporating the insights from this study, Marikina can develop
robust urban planning strategies that prioritize sustainable and equitable use of green space
Synthesis
Based on the literature cited by the researchers, it will require a massive and copious
amount of effort in order to achieve sustainability and sustainable urban development within
Marikina City. Formulating policies and strategies toward the aforementioned goal requires
following or replicating the efforts of other cities and states abroad such as Xuchang City and
Singapore. Frameworks from the aforementioned cities are feasible but require copious amounts
of time, effort, and funds from the local government as this requires the creation and increase of
green spaces, green and sustainable infrastructure, and implementation of policies to promote
sustainability and sustainable urban development. With the cited RRLs, the researchers firmly
believe that Marikina City could potentially use the abovementioned pieces of literature for the
Agreements. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-
future.pdf
https://www.gijash.com/GIJASH_Vol.4_Issue.1_Jan2020/GIJASH004.pdf
Ejdys, J., & Szpilko, D. (2022). European Green Deal — research directions. a systematic
https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.81.2.455
Küfeoğlu, S. (2022). SDG-6 Clean water and sanitation. In Sustainable Development Goals
Development Goal on Water and Sanitation: Learning from the Millennium Development Goals.
.www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1264611
Küfeoğlu, S. (2022b). SDG-7 Affordable and clean energy. In Sustainable Development Goals
Buckland, M., & Buckland & Pojani, D. (2022). Green space accessibility in Europe: a
comparative study of five major cities. European Planning Studies, 31(1), 146–167.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2022.2088230
Gülseven, O. (2020). How to achieve sustainable development goals by 2030? Social Science
Filho, W. L., Tripathi, S., De Andrade Guerra, J. B. S. O., Giné ‐Garriga, R., Lovren, V. O., &
Willats, J. (2018). Using the sustainable development goals towards a better understanding of
Szyja, P. (2019). Green City Development in Asia: A Comparative Analysis. (69), 117-131.
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/96510.pdf
High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness. (2011). Busan Partnership for effective development
co-operation.OECD.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316274090_Sustainable_development_policy
OECD. (2001). Strategies for Sustainable Development: Practical Guidance for Development
Co-operation. https://environmental-mainstreaming.org/nssd/pdf/gsusex.pdf
Hosansky, D. (2020). Congress and the Nation 2013-2016, Volume XIV: Politics and Policy in
https://sk.sagepub.com/cqpress/congress-and-the-nation-xiv/i1933.xml
Valencia, S. C., Simon, D., Croese, S., Nordqvist, J., Oloko, M., Sharma, T., Taylor Buck, N., &
Versace, I. (2019). Adapting the Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda to
the city level: Initial reflections from a comparative research project. International Journal of
City Profile: Marikina City (Philippines) IKI Ambitious City Promises project. (n.d.). Retrieved
https://iclei.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Ambitious_City_Promises_City_profile_Marikina.p
df?fbclid=IwAR3AYz3BGhQ8ac3JTgaNx13v-tOHSEwf75gqgT_wNpffY094cp2S9kz9NJo
Alampay, E., Cabotaje, C., Angeles, L., Loriza, M., Odulio, & Quebral, J. (2019). Local
https://ncpag.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/05-Alampay-et-al_24February2021.pdf
Espina, N. (2018). Planning for Climate Resilient Barangays in the Philippines: The Case of
Barangay Tumana in Marikina City, Metro Manila. Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable
https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/consilience/article/download/3896/1675
Javier, K. G. H., Macaranas, N. P., & Manalo, J. J. (2020, June 30). Towards a Sustainable City
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4145198
Aileen, M., Guzman, L., Kendra, C., Gonzales, G., Claveria, R., Evardo, P., Mijares, J., Guzman,
M., Leah, Gonzales, C., Gotangco, Juna, & Jardeleza, J. (2021). Journal of Management for
Method for Ecological Risks Posed by Different A Rapid Screening Method for Ecological Risks
Posed by Different Land Use Intensities: Case Study of Marikina City’s River System Land Use
Intensities: Case Study of Marikina City’s River System Recommended Citation Recommended
Citation) “A Rapid Screening Method for Ecological Risks Posed by Different Land Use
Intensities: Case Study of Marikina City’s River System,” Journal of Management for. Global
Comprehensive Land Use Plan 2018-2027: Marikina | PDF | Schools | Transport. (n.d.). Scribd.
Salvador, M., & Sancho, D. (2021). The Role of Local Government in the Drive for Sustainable
Bokolo, A. Jr. (2023) “The Role of Community Engagement in Urban Innovation Towards the
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13132-023-01176-1
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13549839.2019.1645103
Drucker, J., Kayanan C. M., Renski, H. (2019) “Innovation Districts As A Strategy for Urban
https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1193&context=ced_techrpts
Egbu, C., Murray V. (2018) “Building Urban Resilience for Disaster Risk Management and
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705818300924
Rivera, C. (2014) “Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Disaster Risk Reduction in
https://currents.plos.org/disasters/article/integrating-climate-change-adaptation-into-disaster-risk-
reduction-in-urban-contexts-perceptions-and-practice/
Haq S.M.A (2011). “Urban Green Spaces and an Integrative Approach to Sustainable
Environment”
https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=5881#:~:text=Urban%20green
%20spaces%20can%20be,energy%20costs%20of%20cooling%20buildings.
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7035711.pdf
People Chapter 6.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140520301481#bib71
Alicia Biasotti, (2021). How Does Transportation Play a Role in Urbanization?
https://www.acbconsultingservices.com/construction-management-for-transportation/how-does-
transportation-play-a-role-in-urbanization/
Čolić, R., Milić, Đ., Petrić, J., & Čolić, N. (2021). Institutional capacity development within the
national urban policy formation process – participants’ views. Environment and Planning C:
https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544211002188
Konstantinović, D., Jović, S., & Peško, I. (2022). Urbanisation as a tool for economic growth –
novi sad the developmental city. Advances in Civil and Architectural Engineering, 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.13167/2022.25.1
Saber, M., Abdrabo, K. I., Habiba, O. M., Kantosh, S. A., & Takemon, Y. (2020). Impacts of
triple factors on flash flood vulnerability in egypt: urban growth, extreme climate, and
https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10010024
MacLachlan, A., Biggs, E. M., Roberts, G., & Boruff, B. (2021). Sustainable city planning: a
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.519599
Liu, J., Zhang, L., & Zhang, Q. (2019). The development simulation of urban green space system
layout based on the land use scenario: a case study of xuchang city, china. Sustainability, 12(1),
326.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010326
Javier, K. G. H., Macaranas, N. P., & Manalo, J. J. (2020, June 30). Towards a sustainable city
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4145198
-Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2017). Sustainable Infrastructure for Low Carbon
infrastructure-low-carbon-development-asia-pacific
-Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2019). Solid Waste Management in the Philippines: A
Strategic Policy Roadmap for Addressing Environmental, Health, and Climate Change
Challenges. https://www.adb.org/publications/solid-waste-management-philippines-strategic-
policy-roadmap
https://www.doe.gov.ph/renewable-energy
https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6
United Nations. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 11 - Sustainable Cities and
Communities. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/overview
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/07/20/sustainable-infrastructure-in-the-
philippines
https://unhabitat.org/philippines
- Asian Development Bank. (2019). Green Mobility in Southeast Asia: A Sustainable Urban
urban-transport-outlook
https://asean.org/communities/asean-economic-community/item/infrastructure
Roe, M.., & Mell, Ian. (2013). Negotiating value and priorities: evaluating the demands of green
. http://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.693454
Zhao, LE I. (2021). Global multi-model projections of local urban climates. Nature Climate
Pojani, D.., & Stead, D.. (2015). Sustainable Urban Transport in the Developing World: Beyond
Larsen, T. A.., Hoffmann, Sabine., Lüthi, C.., Truffer, B.., & Maurer, M.. (2016). Emerging
solutions to the water challenges of an urbanizing world. Science , 352 , 928 - 933 .
http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8641