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Angat-Marikina!

: Sustainability Efforts of the Local Government towards the

Urban Development of Marikina

Given Marikina’s status as a highly urbanized city, it is often a question of how Marikina

compels itself to become a sustainable city. This study involves knowing and assessing what

specific efforts are taken to enhance the development within Marikina and also what efforts are

made to make Marikina a sustainable city. Moreover, this research tends to delve into how these

efforts can be improved for the betterment of the city’s sustainability not only for its

development but also for the Marikenos. Specifically, this research intends to answer the

following questions:

1. What specific efforts or strategies have been implemented to enhance the sustainability of

Marikina City?

2. What is the effect of specific efforts on the development of Marikina City?

3. What other efforts that deliver sustainability are necessary to upscale the development in

Marikina City?

4. What output is necessary to improve Marikina City’s sustainability better?


Review of Related Literature

Navigating Forward to a Sustainable Future: Exploring Efforts and Strategies Towards

Sustainability and Sustainable Development

In an era of swift urbanization and with the looming threat of Climate Change, the pursuit

of sustainability has become evermore necessary. Nations and cities have become more

environmentally conscious while still striving for economic development and progression at the

same time. Within these critical times, the pursuit of developing and creating sustainable cities

has become all the more vital worldwide. The concept of sustainable cities incorporates

environmental mindfulness, social equity, and economic prosperity. With the aforementioned in

mind, it is given the notion that despite tending to the care and preservation of the environment, a

sustainable city must also provide for the socio-economic needs and welfare of its inhabitants

and future inhabitants.

Generally, sustainability and sustainable cities are defined using the Brundlandt (1987)

definition, “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.” (World Commission on Environment and Development,

1987). In simple terms, the city must provide the necessities of the current population and the

future population as well, but as the years progressed, and with Climate Change and Global

Warming becoming increasingly threatening, sustainability has also added to its environmental

and green initiatives. As Bera (2020) stated, sustainability is defined by the provision of

necessities such as food, water, and shelter, while also tending to economic needs such as

employment, mobility, and infrastructure, and most importantly upholding balance and

preservation of and with nature and the environment.


Nations and cities throughout the world strive toward economic prosperity whilst in

pursuit of sustainability, the Philippines and Marikina are no exception. With the trend of

sustainability being spread through, there are countless studies regarding sustainability, with

each study focusing on its own local regions. Each study highlights the prospects of

sustainability and with that, a review of these studies could be a great advancement and help

within this study for Marikina City.

There are several studies regarding sustainability throughout the world. In several of the

undermentioned literature. The following review discusses several papers related to the study

such as Policies and Initiatives: European Green Deal (EGD) and Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs), Sustainable Cities: In Europe and Asia and Developing Green Cities , and

Strategies toward Sustainability.

According to Hereu-Morales and Valderrama (2023), the EGD has several

categorizations, these are climate, energy, industry, buildings, mobility, food, biodiversity, and

pollution. The EGD focuses on improving the aforementioned categories, with improving within

these categories, the EGD could perhaps generate, socio-economic prosperity, increased

employment, less carbon emissions, improved and ecologically sound infrastructure, and balance

with the environment. In accordance with this study, this study will focus on feasible examples

and strategies that Marikina can apply to its efforts toward sustainability, and thus will focus on

reviewing the following categories; energy, buildings, mobility, and pollution.

According to the paper of Hereu-Morales and Valderrama (2023), the EGD explores the

possibility of creating carbon-neutral energy sources through wind turbines and solar energy.

Through investing in the aforementioned energy sources, carbon emissions could be cut back by

a considerable amount. By committing to renewable and carbon-neutral energy sources, financial


strains caused by oil acquisition could be lessened and energy bills paid by consumers could also

be reduced.

In the category of buildings and mobility, the EGD proposes several courses of action to

promote and increase sustainability. In terms of buildings, Szpilko and Ejdys (2022) state that

building and renovating in an energy- and resource-efficient way is the main goal of the EGD.

To be more in-depth, it is suggested that reviewing the Construction Products Regulation or

reviewing the materials used in constructing buildings and infrastructure, through this, it is

possible to detect materials that cause more carbon emissions and find alternative solutions in

constructing buildings. In terms of mobility, on the other hand, this category of the EGD focuses

on revamping and finding alternatives to oil-based transportation and increasing road

connectivity. It is suggested that the most viable way of improving mobility is by creating and

funding innovative modes of transportation, i.e. Electrical-powered vehicles.

In the category of pollution, Szpilko and Ejdys (2022) state that the goal of the EGD

focuses on “A zero-pollution ambition for a toxic-free environment” in simpler terms, to cut

back on carbon emissions and lessen pollution. The category of pollution is divided into several

sub-categories i.e. greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, chemical safety, clean energy, and

urbanization (Szpilko and Ejdys, 2022). Creating and implementing policies that lower CO2

production is a viable option however, the most effective method is closely tied to that of the

mobility category, which is to finance and promote innovative, energy-efficient, and

environmentally friendly modes of transportation as it is one of the main causes of air pollution

On the other hand, the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations (2015).

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) consist of 17 goals, 169 constituent

targets, and 230 indicators, evidence-based indicators, that aim to transform the whole world into
a sustainable one, although there are 17 goals in total, for the sake of this study, the paper will

focus only on the goals deemed necessary by the researchers in attaining sustainability which is,

Clean Water and Sanitation, Affordable and Clean Energy, Decent Work and Economic Growth,

Sustainable Cities and Communities, and Climate Action.

In the category of Clean Water and Sanitation, this goal focuses on providing clean water

used for consumption and hygiene. This goal is necessary for achieving sustainability as

sustainability pertains to the provision of basic necessities for inhabitants of a geographical area,

and with water being a vitality, this goal is indeed significant and unavoidable. Despite this goal

being one of the most important categories in the SDGs, it is still not fulfilled in many parts due

to several issues, such as political and administrative challenges, inequality, and lack thereof

water management infrastructure (Westrate, et al., 2018).

Reaching affordable, clean, sustainable, modern, and reliable energy is the main aim of

Sustainable Development Goal 7. Energy is one of the most necessary and significant parts of

modern human life, therefore it is perceived by most as one of the most important goals to

achieve within the SDGs. Energy is placed at the center of environmental and economic issues.

Despite this significance, 20% of people living worldwide cannot access electricity in 2021

(Kufeoglu, 2022). This goal is also begotten afflicted with the same issues as that of the Clean

Water and Sanitation goal, as barriers or obstacles such as political and administrative issues

proliferate the time and difficulty in achieving this goal.

Decent Work and Economic Growth, Sustainable Cities and Communities are two of the

goals which are closely tied together as the two focus on infrastructural development and urban

development, however, Sustainable Cities and Communities, aims to ensure inclusive, safe,

resilient, sustainable urban and human settlements by providing inexpensive transit solutions,
decreasing urban sprawl, enhancing urban governance involvement, improving the protection of

cultural assets and addressing urban resilience and climate change issues. (Kufeoglu, 2022) while

Decent Work and Economic Growth focus on industrial and employment concerns which in turn

drives onto economics.

Finally, the goal of Climate Action focuses on calls for the necessary actions to minimize

climate change and address its related impacts. Furthermore, it calls for action to be taken at

different organizational levels, with a view to providing a broader response to the problem

(Filho, et al., 2023). This goal focuses on lessening the impacts of human activity on the

environment which in turn mitigates the threat and human contribution to Climate Change.

According to Gulseven et al. (2020), the SDGs can be achieved through the active

participation of every individual, governments and political entities’ support and policy-making,

and businesses and corporations' full participation and vowing to preserve the environment

whilst conducting their economic activities.

To summarize, the European Green Deal focuses on improving the economic situation of

the region whilst having a balanced and eco-friendly manner with the environment. On the other

hand, the SDGs focus on improving human life throughout the world using the aforementioned

goals. The aforementioned SDGs all face the same concerns which are inadequate infrastructure,

political and administrative barriers, and socio-economic inequality. The two have certain

commonalities within them, which are to mitigate the threat of Climate Change, improve the

quality of human life, and create innovative ways to improve the economic standing of humans.

Both the EGD and SDGs can be applied in the context of achieving or improving the

sustainability of Marikina as this provides a ready-made framework and plan for enacting

initiatives regarding such matters.


The concept of a sustainable city is defined by sustainability and urban development. The

concept of sustainability was popularised after the publication of ‘Our Common Future’, also

known as the Brundtland Report thus sustainability and sustainable cities became a high trend in

Europe, especially in the last decade as the threat of Climate Change became more apparent. The

undermentioned papers will discuss green space provisions, green infrastructure development,

and the overall sustainability of a city.

As stated in the paper of Buckland & Pojani (2022) The term urban green space describes

open vegetated space in urban areas. Examples of the aforementioned include parks, greenways,

urban forests, and riparian areas i.e. riverbanks and streams, community gardens, and so on

(Baycan-Levent & Nijkamp 2004; Wolch et al., 2014), all the while excluding private green

spaces such as front yards, back yards, private gardens, etc. (Baycan-Levent & Nijkamp 2007).

Green spaces provide a surfeit of benefits not only for the inhabitants surrounding the space but

also for the sustainability of a city. The paper suggests that cities with larger amounts of green

spaces also present better air quality, soil strength, lower flood risks, and cleaner groundwater.

It is assumed that cities in Eastward Europe have fewer green spaces whilst cities

westward have larger amounts of land allocated to urban green spaces which mirrors not only the

cities’ balance with the environment but also the economic and financial capacity of such.

Buckland & Pojani (2022), states that accessibility to the aforementioned urban green spaces is

also important as this signifies the city’s overall mobility and availability of necessary communal

green areas. The paper states that cities across Europe differ in the availability and accessibility

of green spaces. Buckland & Pojani (2022) ran a case study on several cities in Europe regarding

the green spaces of each city, reviewing and assessing the availability and accessibility of the

latter, which in turn also defines the cities’ sustainability. These cities are; Birmingham in
England, Brussels in Belgium, Milan in Italy, Prague in Czechia, and Stockholm in Sweden.

Buckland & Pojani (2022) found that Prague has the highest accessibility and amount of green

spaces and Milan has the least, with these findings, the paper suggests that cities with higher

green spaces have better quality of life which in turn mirrors its overall sustainability as it

promotes not only environmental friendliness but also mobility, social interaction, and internal

economic prosperity.

In terms of green infrastructure, a study created by Szyja (2019) states that the issue of

the green city is very well-known in Asia, which is evidenced not only by the number of

activities or related projects, but also by papers and science publications, and by high positions in

the rankings of sustainable cities.

A notable example in terms of green infrastructure and sustainability is Singapore.

Singapore is a model sustainable city-state due to it ranking 4th in the global sustainability index.

Szyja (2019) expresses that This is de facto a city-state called Asia’s greenest city. Singapore

started its transition to a sustainable city after gaining independence in 1965. What is really

remarkable, Singapore’s surface is only 720 km2 and it is possible to find there so many green

spaces and infrastructure (Szyja, 2019). It is stated that Singapore does not have the capacity to

yield crops nor cultivate food thus being reliant on imports, over time this would bloom in

promoting green infrastructure like balcony and roof gardens, buildings covered with vegetation.

Singapore also invests in other green infrastructures e.g. great progress in the process of “water

production”, which is based on four facilities in which water is being cleaned (by using

membrane technique and UV) and then supplied for the industry. (Szyja, 2019) Singapore also

invests in infrastructure that generates renewable and clean energy, Singapore also promotes less

energy consumption through the Building and Construction Authority, this agency is engaged in
the modernization of a building to make it a “zero energy building”, and Singapore is the current

regional leader in technical solutions (BCA). Currently, Singapore may be known as a green city

due to two reasons. First is related to the development of green spaces, and second to the

development of rational management of water, land, and space, as well as using renewable

sources in the energy system and lowering emissions (through a special regulation system, well-

developed public transport system, and high costs of buying a car for private purposes) (Szyja,

2019).

To summarize, urban green spaces are vital towards the overall sustainability of a city

due several reasons. Green spaces promote mobility as more green spaces mean more inhabitants

are prompted to walk or rather go on foot to access these green spaces, it also promotes social

interaction and economic prosperity as these green spaces can be allocated for communal

recreation, local businesses, communal gardens, etc. Green spaces also foster balance and

cooperation with the environment as cities with more green spaces have better air quality, lower

temperature, fewer flood risks, and so on. On the other hand, green infrastructure also promotes

mobility and economic prosperity but it also proposes clean water and energy production, and

less carbon emissions caused by energy consumption and transportation.

Sustainability is a worldwide trend, especially within the last decade, with the issue of

Climate Change and strives towards better quality of life and economic standing. Europe is a

leading figure in this strive toward sustainability, while Asia also comes behind, as the

aforementioned strives toward sustainability and the abovementioned goals, policy-making, and

strategies are crucial for success in the aforementioned endeavor of sustainability.

ddThe best examples of policies and strategies put forward to achieve sustainability are

the aforementioned SDGs and the MDGs, both of these put forward initiatives for sustainability
and sustainable development. However, the MDGs were criticized for potentially sacrificing

other development goals for individual achievements, on the other hand, the SDGs became the

renewed or refurbished development goals, putting forward a framework that all participants

could follow, and gathering the international community to join in the endeavor. In this

connection, the underlying consideration was the need for an effective international sustainability

policy and a strong model with a generally recognized normative framework for action, as well

as the requirement of a global political consensus on objectives to impel action (Hauff, et al.

2018).

Another notable strategy was at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED), where governments made a commitment to adopting national strategies

for sustainable development. The strategies for sustainable development called for in Rio are

foreseen as highly participatory instruments intended “to ensure socially responsible economic

development while protecting the resource base and the environment for the benefit of future

generations” (OECD, 2019).

The paper formulated by the OECD (2019) expresses a few strategies and policies that

could potentially boost efforts toward sustainability. “A coordinated set of participatory and

continuously improving processes of analysis, debate, capacity-strengthening, planning, and

investment, which integrates the economic, social and environmental objectives of society,

seeking trade-offs where this is not possible” (OECD, 2019). The aforementioned states that

there must be a concentrated, perpetual, and coordinated effort toward the goal of sustainability

when creating policies and initiatives, it must therefore be wholly supported. Another effective

strategy for sustainable development brings together the aspirations and capacities of

government, civil society, and the private sector to create a vision for the future, and to work
tactically and progressively towards it. It identifies and builds on ‘what works’, improves

integration between approaches, and provides a framework for making choices where integration

is not possible (OECD, 2019). In simpler terms, policies created for achieving sustainability must

incorporate both the necessities and interests of the government, the people, and the private and

business sectors, it must also be feasible in order to gather support. The paper also suggests

partnerships within the government itself, creating linkages between government agencies not

only to promote and create policies regarding sustainability but also to enact and achieve such.

To summarize, the MDGs and SDGs set a framework for national and local governments

to follow toward sustainability. These goals not only promote environmental mindfulness but

also promote better quality of life and economic prosperity. Whilst the strategies put forward in

implementing such have a common denominator within it, which is support from several societal

and communal entities which are the government, the people, and the business sector, the

support of the aforementioned entities is vital in achieving the goals and policies that will be set.

In conclusion, the paper revolves around sustainability and the various papers relating to

it that can aid in strengthening the thesis. All the three sub-categories created by the researchers,

namely, the EGD and SDGs, Sustainable Cities, and Strategies Toward Sustainability, can all

apply in the context of achieving sustainability in Marikina City. The researchers firmly believe

that examples set ahead by the aforementioned entities can greatly help in Marikina City’s efforts

to improve its practices, efforts, and strategies toward sustainability. In the context of “Angat-

Marikina!: Sustainability Efforts of the Local Government towards the Urban Development of

Marikina” the aforementioned related literature can help foster Marikina’s policies, efforts, and

strategies, the aforementioned can also greatly help in improving Marikina City’s sustainability
in different aspects as well through adapting similar foundations as the aforementioned

literatures.

Building the Future: A Study of Sustainable Infrastructures From the World to the

Philippines

In an age of unprecedented development and urbanization, cities throughout the world are

not only expanding in size and density but also in urban infrastructure. In the context of this

paper, infrastructure consists of basic systems such as power or energy, water supplication, and

communication systems, but is not limited to the aforementioned and can extend to green space

provisions, urban or communal gardens and farms and so on. The development of infrastructure

is most crucial in the progression of an entity such as a city, as infrastructure secures economic

growth and the overall interconnectivity of the city. While infrastructural development is integral

to various necessary progressions, it can not be denied that infrastructure has contributed

massively to environmental concerns, mainly with Climate Change. Developing sustainable

practices in terms of infrastructure and developing sustainable infrastructure itself is necessary in

curbing or mitigating Climate Change.

This paper is concerns itself with the sustainable infrastructure of the World, Asia,

Southeast, Asia, and the Philippines, providing and reviewing related literature within the said

context. This paper mainly reviews concepts, frameworks, cases, etc. within such scope.

The idea of sustainable infrastructure have been further pushed as the effects and

consequences of Climate Change and the ability for cities to sustain their vast populations

became evident. In the context of Climate Change, Some regions, such as Australia, California,

and the Caribbean islands, are having difficulties preparing for and confronting the next season’s

anticipated disaster while not yet fully recovered from the last. (Hove et al., 2020), the
aforementioned countries have been subject to the consequences of Climate Change, pushing

these countries to develop sustainable infrastructures that help in curbing CO2 emissions and is

also resilient and able to withstand the consequences of Climate Change.

Throughout the world there are many examples which could be used and developed for

furthering the progress in sustainable infrastructure. There are many studies concerning the

context at hand, from research and case studies. In this particular part of the paper, sustainable

infrastructure will be tackled. Larsen et al. (2016) conducted a study addressing the emerging

solutions to the water challenges faced by an urbanizing world. Their research shed light on the

increasing pressure on water resources due to urbanization and emphasized the urgent need for

sustainable water management strategies. The study highlighted the growing demands of urban

populations and the implications for water availability.

To tackle these challenges, the study emphasized the importance of developing

sustainable water infrastructure. This includes implementing water conservation practices to

improve water use efficiency. By adopting measures such as efficient irrigation techniques, leak

detection, and water-efficient appliances, urban areas can reduce their water consumption and

alleviate the strain on water resources. Additionally, exploring alternative water sources like

rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling can help meet the water demands of urban

populations. The study discussed the benefits, challenges, and successful case studies of these

approaches.

The concept of integrated water management was another key aspect highlighted by the

study. Integrated water management refers to a holistic approach that considers the entire water

cycle and various water-related aspects, such as water supply, wastewater treatment, stormwater

management, and ecosystem preservation. By implementing integrated water management


strategies, urban areas can effectively manage and utilize water resources, ensuring sustainable

water availability for current and future generations.

Infrastructure planning and design play a crucial role in developing sustainable water

systems. The study recognized the significance of incorporating innovative technologies and

practices into the design of water infrastructure. This includes implementing smart water grids,

decentralized water treatment systems, and nature-based solutions. By integrating such

approaches into infrastructure planning, urban areas can optimize their water management

systems, reduce water losses, and enhance the resilience of their water supply.

Lastly, the study emphasized the importance of supportive policies and governance

frameworks for sustainable water management. Effective policies can provide the necessary

guidelines and regulations to promote sustainable water practices. The study discussed the

challenges and opportunities associated with policy implementation, highlighting the need for

collaboration among policymakers, urban planners, and water management professionals. By

fostering cooperation and creating enabling environments, policymakers can drive the adoption

of sustainable water management strategies and ensure the long-term availability of water

resources in urban areas.

In short, Larsen et al. (2016) emphasized the urgency of addressing water challenges in

urbanizing environments. Their study highlighted the increasing pressure on water resources due

to urbanization and stressed the need for sustainable water management strategies. The findings

underscored the importance of developing sustainable water infrastructure, implementing water

conservation practices, exploring alternative water sources, adopting integrated water

management approaches, and incorporating innovative technologies into infrastructure planning.

Additionally, the study recognized the significance of supportive policies and governance
frameworks. By considering these factors and working collaboratively, policymakers, urban

planners, and water management professionals can effectively meet the growing water demands

of urban populations while ensuring the long-term sustainability of water resources.

In the study of Roe and Mell (2013) that delves into the challenges of negotiating value

and priorities in green infrastructure development. The research highlights the significance of

evaluating the demands of green infrastructure to effectively address environmental priorities

and promote sustainable infrastructure development, particularly in Asia. Green infrastructure,

which includes natural and semi-natural elements integrated into urban landscapes, is essential

for enhancing the environmental quality and resilience of cities. However, the implementation of

green infrastructure often faces challenges in terms of value assessment and prioritization.

Decision-makers and stakeholders need to navigate through competing interests and varying

perceptions of the value of green infrastructure.

Roe and Mell (2013) underline the importance of evaluating the demands of green

infrastructure to ensure that it aligns with environmental priorities. This evaluation involves

assessing the benefits and costs associated with green infrastructure projects, including

considerations such as ecosystem services, public health, and social equity. By understanding the

specific environmental challenges and priorities of a region, policymakers and urban planners

can better prioritize and allocate resources for green infrastructure development. It is crucial to

consider the multiple benefits provided by green infrastructure, such as improved air quality,

reduced urban heat island effect, and enhanced biodiversity. By quantifying these benefits and

incorporating them into decision-making processes, cities can make informed choices and justify

investments in green infrastructure.


The study highlights the need for a comprehensive approach that integrates green

infrastructure into the planning and design of urban areas. This includes considering factors such

as land use planning, stormwater management, and biodiversity conservation. By incorporating

green infrastructure into urban development plans, cities can enhance their sustainability,

mitigate climate change impacts, and improve the overall quality of life for their residents. It is

essential to consider the spatial distribution of green infrastructure to ensure equitable access and

benefits for all communities. Additionally, involving various stakeholders, such as community

groups and environmental organizations, in the planning and implementation of green

infrastructure projects can help foster a sense of ownership and promote long-term sustainability.

In Short, Roe and Mell (2013) emphasize the challenges of negotiating value and

priorities in green infrastructure development. Their study underscores the importance of

evaluating the demands of green infrastructure to effectively address environmental priorities

and promote sustainable infrastructure development in Asia. By considering the benefits and

costs associated with green infrastructure and incorporating it into urban planning processes,

cities can enhance their environmental quality, resilience, and overall sustainability. It is crucial

for decision-makers and stakeholders to navigate the complexities of value assessment and

prioritize green infrastructure projects that provide multiple benefits while taking into account

the specific context of each region. By doing so, cities can create healthier, more sustainable, and

livable urban environments.


In addition to that Zhao (2021) conducted a study on global multi-model projections of

local urban climates, emphasizing the importance of considering climate change impacts in

urban infrastructure development. The study highlights the need to understand projected changes

in local urban climates to incorporate climate-resilient features into infrastructure projects,

particularly in Asia.

The research by Zhao (2021) emphasizes the significance of incorporating climate

change considerations into urban infrastructure development. By understanding the projected

changes in local urban climates, policymakers and urban planners can design and implement

infrastructure projects that are resilient to climate change impacts. This includes considering

factors such as increased temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extreme weather

events.

The study underscores the importance of climate-resilient infrastructure in ensuring the

long-term sustainability and functionality of urban areas. Climate-resilient features can help

mitigate the adverse effects of climate change, such as flooding, heatwaves, and water scarcity.

By integrating climate-resilient design principles into infrastructure projects, cities can enhance

their adaptive capacity and reduce vulnerability to climate-related risks.

The findings of Zhao's study have particular relevance for Asia, where rapid urbanization

and population growth are occurring. As cities in Asia continue to expand, it becomes crucial to

incorporate climate change considerations into urban planning and infrastructure development.

By doing so, cities can build resilience and adaptability to climate change, ensuring the well-

being and quality of life for their residents.


In Conclusion, Zhao (2021) highlights the importance of considering climate change

impacts in urban infrastructure development. The study emphasizes the need to understand

projected changes in local urban climates and incorporate climate-resilient features into

infrastructure projects, particularly in Asia. By integrating climate-resilient design principles,

cities can enhance their adaptive capacity and reduce vulnerability to climate-related risks,

ensuring sustainable and resilient urban development.

Given Southeast Asia's rapid economic expansion and urbanization are turning toward to

sustainable infrastructure development. The literature on sustainable infrastructure in Southeast

Asia is examined in this study, with a particular emphasis on important topics like urban

planning, transportation, water management, and renewable energy.

Concerns about energy security and climate change are causing a shift in Southeast Asia

toward sustainable energy sources (Sovacool, 2019). Sovacool research shows that investments

in renewable energy projects are rising, especially in nations like Indonesia, Vietnam, and

Thailand that are trying to lessen their environmental deterioration and become less dependent

on fossil fuels.

Another area where sustainability measures are becoming more popular is transportation

infrastructure. In urban areas like Jakarta, Manila, and Kuala Lumpur, studies by Dalkmann and

Brannigan (2018) highlight the significance of integrating public transportation networks and

boosting non-motorized forms of transportation to ease traffic congestion and lower carbon

emissions.

In many Southeast Asian nations, water management is a critical concern because of

issues with pollution, insufficient infrastructure, and lack of water. In order to ensure sustainable

water resource management in the area, research by Rasul and Thapa (2018) emphasizes the
necessity of creative frameworks for water governance as well as investments in stormwater

management and wastewater treatment infrastructure.

With their rapidly increasing populations and unplanned urban development, Southeast

Asian cities are finding it increasingly difficult to maintain sustainability without effective urban

planning. Research conducted by Seto et al. (2017) emphasizes that in order to improve urban

resilience and lessen the negative effects of urbanization on the environment, green areas, mixed

land-use development, and compact city designs are crucial.

In addition, research highlights how crucial it is for governments, private companies, and

civil society organizations to work together to tackle the intricate problems associated with

developing sustainable infrastructure in Southeast Asia (ADB, 2020). Sustainable infrastructure

projects around the area have benefited greatly from the financial backing and technical expertise

provided by the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

Also, it is impossible to overestimate the contribution that innovation and technology

provide to the development of sustainable infrastructure. Southeast Asia's infrastructure

planning, operation, and maintenance could undergo a radical change as a result of emerging

technologies including digital platforms, energy storage systems, and smart grids (Sim et al.,

2021). Sim and associates stress the significance of creating an environment that is supportive of

technological innovation through R&D projects, knowledge-sharing networks, and public-private

collaborations.

Social and cultural aspects are just as important in determining how sustainable

infrastructure development plays out in Southeast Asia as technological developments. Planning

and implementing sustainable infrastructure must take cultural sensitivity, stakeholder

participation, and community engagement into account (Wamsler et al., 2019). Wamsler and
associates stress the significance of implementing participative strategies that strengthen regional

communities and include native knowledge systems in the process of making decisions.

This study concludes by highlighting the increasing understanding of the significance of

sustainable infrastructure development in Southeast Asia as a way to accomplish social,

economic, and environmental goals. To achieve the maximum potential of sustainable

infrastructure in the region, however, there are still a number of important obstacles to overcome,

including those pertaining to institutional capacity, financing, and policy execution.

The text presented cites an article by Casier et al. (2023) published in the International

Institute for Sustainable Development. The article provides information about the Sustainable

Infrastructure Programme in Asia (SIPA), which is an effort to increase sustainable infrastructure

development in Asia.

The SIPA explores how infrastructure can be designed, built, and managed in a way that

integrates sustainability considerations into the planning and construction processes, while also

promoting economic growth and social well-being. The article discusses the importance of

sustainable infrastructure development in addressing the challenges of a rapidly growing

population, the need for economic development, and the effects of climate change.

Sustainable infrastructure refers to infrastructure that takes into account the

environmental and social impacts of its construction, operation, and maintenance. It aims to

minimize negative effects on the environment and society while promoting the efficient and

effective use of resources. Sustainability in infrastructure development is becoming increasingly

important, as the demand for infrastructure continues to grow globally, and the impacts of

infrastructure development on the environment, social equity, and economic well-being are

better understood.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has recognized the importance of

sustainable infrastructure for regional economic development and has taken steps to prioritize

sustainable infrastructure through initiatives such as the ASEAN Clean Energy Forum, ASEAN

Bioenergy Corporation, ASEAN Renewable Energy Initiative, and ASEAN Sustainable

Infrastructure Initiative Association of Southeast Asian Nations, (2022). These initiatives aim to

promote cooperation, knowledge-sharing, and best practices in sustainable infrastructure

development in the ASEAN region. Sustainable infrastructure refers to infrastructure that takes

into account the environmental, economic, and social impacts of its construction, operation, and

maintenance (Sustainable Infrastructure, n.d.). It is designed to minimize negative impacts on the

environment and promote sustainable development, economic growth, and social well-being.

Sustainable infrastructure plays a critical role in achieving the goals of the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs), particularly goals such as affordable and clean energy, industry,

innovation, and infrastructure (United Nations, 2018). In summary, sustainable infrastructure is

an important aspect of building sustainable and resilient communities in the ASEAN region and

globally, and initiatives such as those undertaken by the ASEAN play a critical role in promoting

sustainable development in the region.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has initiated a

Sustainable Infrastructure Programme in Asia (SIPA) to support countries in Central and

Southeast Asia in aligning their infrastructure investments for a low-carbon, resilient

development Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022). This OECD-led

consortium of organizations aims to facilitate a transition towards more sustainable infrastructure

that contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other
international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement on climate change Organization for

Economic Co-operation and Development (2022).

Sustainable infrastructure is defined as infrastructure that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Global

Commission on the Economics of Climate Change (2010). In the context of infrastructure

development, it involves integrating environmental, social, and economic considerations into

infrastructure planning and design, construction, operation, and maintenance OECD (2014).

SIPA is designed to support countries in Central and Southeast Asia in aligning their

infrastructure investments for low-carbon, resilient development. This will help them mitigate

the risks associated with climate change and environmental degradation, while also promoting

sustainable economic growth Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2022).

In summary, sustainable infrastructure is critical for achieving sustainable development

goals, and initiatives such as SIPA play an important role in promoting climate resilience and

sustainable economic growth.

The International Transport Forum (ITF) launched its Sustainable Infrastructure

Programme in Asia (2021) to support countries in the Asia-Pacific region in designing and

implementing sustainable infrastructure initiatives that are aligned with the United Nations

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other international agreements such as the Paris

Agreement on climate change. The programme aims to create strong partnerships between

multiple stakeholders, including governments, the private sector, and international organizations,

to foster dialogue and knowledge-sharing in the development of sustainable infrastructure

solutions ITF (2023).


Sustainable infrastructure is infrastructure that meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, taking into account

environmental, economic, and social considerations OECD (2014). In the context of

transportation, sustainable infrastructure initiatives in Asia are being implemented to improve the

region's resilience to climate-related risks, enhance energy efficiency and connectivity, and

reduce emissions and congestion in urban areas.

Through SIPA, the ITF aims to provide governments, private sector actors, and

international organizations with guidance, tools, and resources to design and implement

sustainable infrastructure projects that promote economic growth, improve equity and inclusion,

and protect the environment. The programme provides targeted support to countries in the Asia-

Pacific region through technical assistance, capacity-building, and knowledge-sharing initiatives

such as workshops, webinars, and policy guidance documents ITF (2023).

Overall, the Sustainable Infrastructure Programme in Asia is an important initiative that

aims to support the development of sustainable infrastructure in the region, contributing to the

region's net-zero ambition and the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development

Goals.

The Asia Sustainable Infrastructure Advisory (ASIA) Panel is a group of international

experts assembled by Infrastructure Asia to provide strategic advice and support to governments,

investors, and other stakeholders in the region on sustainable infrastructure development. The

panel aims to promote long-term economic growth and prosperity in Asia by promoting

sustainable, resilient, low-carbon infrastructure that is aligned with the United Nations

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) RAJAH (2023).


The ASIA Panel is a forum that provides a platform for governments, investors, and other

stakeholders in Asia to engage in dialogue, share knowledge and best practices, and identify

solutions to promote sustainable infrastructure development. The panel consists of high-level

representatives from the business, government, and academic sectors with expertise in

infrastructure development, climate change, and sustainable development RAJA (2022).

In conclusion, the ASIA Panel is an important initiative in promoting sustainable

infrastructure development in Asia. It provides a platform for governments, investors, and other

stakeholders to engage in dialogue, share knowledge and best practices, and identify solutions to

promote sustainable infrastructure development that is aligned with the SDGs.

The Philippines' conversation about sustainable infrastructure touches on more general

international endeavors like the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations.

These objectives offer a framework for tackling issues pertaining to infrastructure development

as well as social, economic, and environmental issues. As stated by the (United Nations, 2015),

Goal 9 of the SDGs places particular emphasis on the development of resilient infrastructure, the

encouragement of inclusive and sustainable industry, and the promotion of innovation. The

government of the Philippines has acknowledged the connection between the development of

infrastructure and more general goals of sustainable development, as seen by its commitment to

the SDGs.

In the Philippines, sustainability infrastructure is a broad term that includes a number of

industries that are essential to the country's path toward sustainable development. Developing

infrastructure that is resilient, ecologically responsible, and socially inclusive presents special

problems for the Philippines, an archipelagic nation vulnerable to natural disasters and struggling
with environmental deterioration. In order to promote low-carbon development and mitigate the

effects of climate change, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) highlights the importance of

sustainable infrastructure (ADB, 2017). As a result, the commercial sector, civic society, and

government of the Philippines have come to understand how crucial it is to incorporate

sustainability concepts into the processes of planning and implementing infrastructure.

In the Philippines, the importance of climate-resilient infrastructure has grown in recent

years. Natural disasters are occurring more frequently and with greater intensity, Planning and

designing infrastructure with climate change adaptation strategies in mind is crucial. Developing

frameworks and strategies to mainstream climate resilience into infrastructure projects has been

made possible in large part by the Climate Change Commission of the Philippines (Climate

Change Commission, 2019). In an effort to increase the resilience of critical infrastructure

systems, these initiatives involve integrating climate risk assessments, adaptive design

techniques, and nature-based solutions.

In addition, given the quickening rate of urbanization and the difficulties involved in

developing urban infrastructure, the idea of "sustainable urbanization" has gained popularity in

the Philippines. Through programs like the Sustainable Urban Infrastructure Development

Program, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) has been actively

supporting sustainable urban development practices in Philippine cities (UN-Habitat, 2020). The

objectives of this program are to improve access to essential services in urban regions, encourage

inclusive governance, and increase the efficiency of urban infrastructure.


One important area where sustainability efforts are focused is energy infrastructure. In an

effort to diversify the energy mix and lessen reliance on fossil fuels, the Philippine Department

of Energy (DOE) has been aggressively pushing renewable energy sources like solar, wind,

hydro, and geothermal power (DOE, 2020). The nation's attempts to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions and advance energy security have been aided by initiatives such as the Renewable

Energy Act of 2008, which established a framework for legislation to stimulate investments in

clean energy projects.

In the Philippines, transportation infrastructure is yet another essential component of

sustainability. The nation's fast expanding cities are struggling with issues like poor public

transportation, air pollution, and traffic jams. Major cities like Metro Manila and Cebu are

investigating sustainable transportation options like bike lanes, pedestrian-friendly infrastructure,

and bus rapid transit (BRT) systems to address these issues (World Bank, 2019). These programs

seek to lower carbon emissions, boost the quality of the air, and make cities more livable overall.

In the field of environmentally friendly transportation, the Philippines has been looking at

creative ways to solve problems with mobility. "Green mobility" refers to programs like

carpooling, integrated public transportation networks, and electric automobiles that are designed

to lower carbon emissions and encourage environmentally friendly travel (Asian Development

Bank, 2019). These initiatives support more sustainable urban mobility patterns and decarbonize

the transportation industry in line with global trends.

Ensuring public health and environmental sustainability is contingent upon the

availability of water and adequate sanitary facilities. Millions of Filipinos still lack access to safe

drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities, especially in rural areas, despite advancements

in extending access to clean water and sanitation services (United Nations, 2018). Water
resource conservation and pollution reduction in rivers, lakes, and coastal areas depend on

sustainable water management techniques such wastewater treatment, rainfall harvesting, and

watershed preservation.

Another urgent problem that calls for sustainable infrastructure solutions is waste

management. A large portion of the solid waste produced in the Philippines is dumped in

landfills and contaminated rivers and marine environments. The government has been investing

in waste-to-energy technology and modern landfill facilities, as well as encouraging trash

reduction, recycling, and composting activities, in order to address this challenge (ADB, 2019).

Additionally, community-based solid waste management initiatives are being put into place to

encourage local environmental stewardship and public involvement.

The nation's sustainability plan is beginning to include green building and infrastructure

criteria. In order to enhance energy efficiency, water conservation, and occupant comfort, the

Philippine Green Building Council (PhilGBC) promotes the adoption of green building practices

and certification programs (Philippine Green Building Council, 2019). Nationwide, new building

projects and urban developments are combining green infrastructure design elements, like

passive cooling, natural ventilation, and renewable energy technologies.

With advancements in the promotion of sustainable infrastructure, notable obstacles still

exist. Widespread adoption of sustainable practices in infrastructure development is nevertheless

hampered by a lack of funding, institutional capacity issues, and policy gaps (World Bank,

2020). Furthermore, there are more threats to the resilience and sustainability of infrastructure

due to the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather, and natural

catastrophes.
A coordinated effort from all parties involved—including governmental bodies,

businesses, academic institutions, and civil society organizations—is needed to address these

issues. In order to mobilize resources, exchange information, and expand sustainable

infrastructure initiatives across the country, multi-stakeholder partnerships and collaboration are

crucial (United Nations, 2021). Building resilient infrastructure systems that can withstand future

shocks and contribute to the long-term prosperity of the Philippines requires strengthening

regulatory frameworks, encouraging innovation, and raising public awareness and participation.

Moreover, regional alliances and cooperation have strengthened the Philippines'

dedication to sustainable infrastructure. Through programs like the ASEAN Infrastructure Fund

and the ASEAN Strategic Transport Plan, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

has been actively encouraging sustainable infrastructure development among its member nations

(ASEAN, 2021). These platforms help the region's sustainable infrastructure projects by

facilitating information exchange, enhancing capacity, and coordinating investments.

In conclusion, sustainability infrastructure is indispensable for achieving the Philippines'

development goals while safeguarding the environment and improving the well-being of its

citizens. By prioritizing investments in renewable energy, sustainable transportation, water and

sanitation, waste management, and green building, the Philippines can build a more resilient,

inclusive, and environmentally sustainable future for generations to come.

Transformative Efforts: How Local Governments are Enhancing Urban Development


The efforts of the local government are crucial in shaping the well-being of a community

and addressing the needs of its residents. As the closest level of government to the people, local

governments have the unique ability to directly impact the daily lives of their constituents.

Whether it is through providing essential services, implementing policies, or allocating

resources, the local government plays a vital role in fostering a thriving and inclusive

community. As cities continue to expand and face new challenges, it is essential to understand

how local governments are contributing to the enhancement of urban development. By

examining the various strategies and initiatives implemented by local authorities, we can gain

insight into the ways in which they are actively promoting sustainable, inclusive, and innovative

urban growth.

Research conducted by Governor et al. (2020) highlights the role of the Department of

Health and Human Services (HHS) in delivering a full array of services to address the somatic

and behavioral health, economic and housing security, and other emergent needs of Montgomery

County residents. The department develops and implements policies, procedures, programs, and

services to offer customer-focused direct care and support, maximize financial and staffing

resources, pilot and evaluate innovative approaches to service delivery, and develop a broad

network of community-based organizations and public and private agencies to promote

partnerships.

This finding highlights the multifaceted nature of local government efforts to address the

diverse needs of the community. By collaborating with various stakeholders, the local

government can leverage resources, expertise, and community engagement to effectively address

the complex challenges faced by residents. This approach not only ensures that services are
tailored to the specific needs of the community but also promotes a sense of ownership and

active participation among residents.

In addition, the study conducted by Valencia et al. (2019) emphasizes the importance of

aligning global agendas, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the New Urban

Agenda, with local contexts and the need for a multi-level governance approach. This

underscores the pivotal role of local governments in contextualizing and implementing these

global agendas, thereby contributing to urban development at the city level.

The findings of Valencia et al. (2019) underscore the need for further research on how

local governments can effectively adapt and implement these global agendas in diverse urban

contexts. This emphasizes the importance of understanding the specific challenges and

opportunities that local governments face in different cities around the world. By investigating

the strategies, policies, and practices employed by local governments, researchers can gain

insights into the factors that contribute to the successful adaptation and implementation of global

agendas at the local level.

A key aspect highlighted in the study is the importance of aligning global agendas with

local contexts. Cities vary greatly in terms of their social, economic, and environmental

circumstances. Therefore, it is crucial for local governments to consider the unique

characteristics of their cities when translating and implementing global agendas. This requires a

deep understanding of the local context, including the needs and aspirations of the residents,

existing infrastructure, and available resources.

The study also emphasizes the need for a multi-level governance approach. Collaboration

and coordination among different levels of government, as well as active engagement with

various stakeholders, are vital for the effective implementation of global agendas at the city
level. Local governments must foster partnerships with community organizations, private sector

actors, and civil society to leverage resources and expertise and ensure the inclusivity of

decision-making processes.

In Marikina, the local government adopted an anticipatory approach to disaster risk

reduction and management. They proactively engage in various projects related to green space

development, sustainable transportation, waste management, early warning systems, and

community drills. By taking preventative measures and investing in these initiatives, the local

government aims to build a resilient and sustainable community that can effectively respond to

natural disasters and climate-related impacts.

A study conducted in Barangay Tumana examines the key hazards and elements that

contribute to the community's susceptibility to climate-related impacts. Following the framework

provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the

study analyzes the biophysical and environmental risks as well as the socioeconomic and

demographic vulnerabilities of the community. This assessment helps identify areas of exposure

and sensitivity that can be addressed through strategic planning to enhance community resilience

and improve the long-term quality of life for residents in Barangay Tumana.

The local government of Marikina City demonstrates transparency in its efforts,

particularly in the implementation of the early warning system and community drills. These

projects emphasize the active participation of residents during disasters, fostering a sense of

community responsibility and preparedness. By involving the community in disaster

preparedness and response, the local government aims to strengthen its resilience and ensure the

safety of all residents during natural calamities.


The comprehensive efforts undertaken by the local government of Marikina City aim to

enhance the city's resilience and ensure the safety of all Marikeños during natural disasters. By

investing in projects related to green space development, sustainable transportation, waste

management, and early warning systems, the local government is actively working towards

creating a more resilient and sustainable city. These initiatives help mitigate the impacts of

climate change and contribute to the long-term well-being of the community.

Marian Cruz, an expert in the field, highlights the significance of improving resilience in

the face of climate change and its impacts. By adopting a proactive approach and implementing

measures to enhance resilience, cities like Marikina are better prepared to mitigate the adverse

effects of climate change. The efforts of the local government in Marikina City to build

resilience contribute to maintaining and improving the local communities, ensuring a safer and

more sustainable future for its residents.

In addition to the study that is being conducted, the efforts of the local government of

Marikina City were analyzed in relation to sustainability and disaster response. As highlighted in

the paper of the IKI Ambitious City Promises project (2018), IKI has implemented various

initiatives to enhance sustainability and livability. These initiatives include rainwater harvesting

facilities, a bikeways program, pumping station installation, wastewater treatment facilities, and

more. These efforts demonstrate the city's dedication to long-term sustainability and

environmental preservation. Additionally, the collaboration with Manila Water Company Inc. to

improve and streamline operations serves as a model partnership.

The study, conducted from August 2017 to April 2018, analyzed sustainability in

Marikina City using indicators set by the United Nations. The research gathered data from key

informant interviews, semi-structured interviews, and 272 residents of Marikina City as survey
respondents. The aim was to understand the perspectives and effectiveness of the city's initiatives

and policies related to disaster response.

Under the leadership of Mayor Marcelino R. Teodoro, the City Government of Marikina

has remained focused on achieving the goal of making Marikina City an ideal place for living,

working, playing, and doing business. The government's programs, projects, and services revolve

around flood mitigation, improving vehicular traffic, enhancing the functionality of streets and

sidewalks, ensuring peace and order, promoting health, investing in education, and more. These

programs and projects address various aspects of community development, including

infrastructure, public services, safety, education, and cultural advancement. They reflect the local

government's dedication to improving the lives of the residents in Marikina.

The quality of water bodies in Metro Manila, including Marikina, has continuously

deteriorated due to the rapid increase in human population, industrialization, and urbanization.

The local government plays a crucial role in managing and regulating industrial activities, waste

management, and urban development, all of which can have a significant impact on water

quality. Efforts such as enforcing environmental regulations, operating wastewater disposal

facilities, promoting social urban planning, and raising public awareness about water

conservation are essential for reducing water pollution in Marikina.

Marikina City's current land use trend leans heavily towards residential and commercial

development. This trend can be attributed to the conversion of industrial and manufacturing areas

into residential land use and the demand for residential densification in higher areas, driven by

events like Tropical Storm Ondoy. The government's zoning regulations, urban planning

initiatives, and disaster mitigation strategies reflect its response to demographic changes,

economic priorities, and environmental concerns.


Overall, Marikina City's initiatives, policies, and collaborations with various stakeholders

demonstrate its commitment to sustainability, disaster risk management, and community

development. These efforts aim to improve the city's infrastructure, public services, safety,

education, and cultural advancement, ultimately enhancing the well-being of its residents.

In addition, a study by Miguel Salvador and David Sancho in the article titled "The Role

of Local Government in the Drive for Sustainable Development Public Policies: An Analytical

Framework Based on Institutional Capacities" delves into the significance of local governments

in addressing climate change and promoting sustainable development. It emphasizes the need for

a comprehensive system of government policies that can tackle complex issues from economic,

social, and environmental perspectives. The authors highlight that cities have emerged as crucial

drivers in combating climate change and achieving sustainability goals, even though the

guidelines and indicators for the 2030 Plan are more explicit at higher levels of government.

One of the main arguments presented in the article is that local governments play a key

role in driving policies to combat climate change and advance sustainable development due to

their proximity to citizens and diverse competencies. However, they face challenges in planning,

implementing, and evaluating governance systems that effectively balance economic growth,

equity, and environmental sustainability. These challenges necessitate the development of

regulatory capacities such as strategic leadership, analytical and data management,

organizational management, and collaborative networking.

To overcome these challenges, the article suggests that local governments need to possess

the necessary regulatory capacities. These capacities are essential for developing and

implementing effective, sustainable development policies. They enable local governments to

define clear strategies, manage and analyze relevant data, efficiently organize their operations,
and engage in collaborative efforts with stakeholders. By strengthening these capacities, local

governments can effectively address the complexities of sustainable development and ensure the

successful implementation of public policies.

The article further proposes the use of key indicators to assess the regulatory capacities of

local governments at the neighborhood level. These indicators provide a framework to measure

and evaluate the effectiveness of local government institutions in promoting sustainable

development. To illustrate the practical application of this analytical framework, the authors

analyze a case study of the Barcelona City Council. Through this case study, they demonstrate

how the identified capacities can empower local governments to define, implement, and evaluate

robust public policies for sustainable development.

In conclusion, the article underscores the crucial role of local governments in driving

policies to combat climate change and promote sustainable development. It emphasizes the need

for regulatory capacity to overcome the challenges faced by local governments in achieving

economic growth, equity, and environmental sustainability. By utilizing key indicators to assess

these capacities, local governments can effectively define and implement sustainable

development policies that lead to positive outcomes for their communities.

Exploring Strategies for Urban Development: A Comprehensive Analysis

The complex and dynamic process of urban growth has attracted the interest of

academics, decision-makers, and practitioners because of the significant effects it has on the

environment, the economy, and society. Scholars have stressed the need for sustainable ways that

strike a balance between social justice, economic growth, and environmental stewardship while

examining solutions for urban development. The definition of sustainable urban development,
which includes the ideas of social inclusion, environmental preservation, and economic viability,

is central to this discussion. Within this perspective, academics have emphasized how important

it is to include green areas in urban landscapes in order to improve public health and well-being

as well as environmental sustainability. In addition, it has become clear that promoting

environmentally friendly transportation options including public transportation and non-

motorized mobility is essential to urban development initiatives aimed at reducing congestion,

air pollution, and carbon emissions.

Apart from environmental factors, social justice and inclusive development have become

essential aspects of the conversation surrounding urban development (Bokolo, 2023). In order to

promote inclusive urban development projects that give priority to the needs and aspirations of

marginalized populations, scholars have emphasized the significance of community participation

and participatory decision-making processes (Bokolo, 2023). Proactive steps must be taken to

reduce spatial inequities in access to housing, employment opportunities, and vital services in

order to address social justice in urban design (Pajouhesh & Miller, 2019). Additionally,

(Drucker et al., 2019) have identified economic development and innovation as critical factors

that propel urban prosperity and competitiveness. According to (Drucker, et al. 2019),

innovation districts, which are defined by thriving ecosystems of existing businesses, startups,

and research institutions, have become important drivers of economic growth and employment

creation in urban areas.

Also, resilience and adaptation tactics have become more prominent in the conversation

about urban development, especially in light of the growing risks associated with climate change

and natural catastrophes (Egbu and Murray, 2018). Increasing a city's ability to endure and

bounce back from shocks and strains, such as harsh weather, rising sea levels, and pandemics, is
known as building urban resilience (Egbu and Murray 2018) According to (Rivera, 2014)

incorporating climate resilience concerns into land-use planning, infrastructure development, and

disaster risk management is crucial for urban planning to effectively adapt to climate change.

The paths and results of urban development are significantly shaped by efficient

governance and policy frameworks (Haq, 2011). Decentralization programs have been promoted

as a way to improve accountability, responsiveness, and service delivery in urban governance.

They are defined by the transfer of decision-making authority to local governments and

community stakeholders (Haq, 2011). In addition, public-private partnerships have become

essential tools for bringing together knowledge, resources, and creativity to tackle difficult urban

problems and spur sustainable development (Reuschke, 2018).

To sum up, research on urban development emphasizes how governance, social,

economic, and environmental factors are all intertwined in determining how cities evolve in the

future. Policymakers and practitioners may create resilient, inclusive, and sustainable urban

environments that improve quality of life and foster human flourishing by adopting holistic and

participative approaches.

Marikina, a Philippine city well-known for its shoe industry and environmental

sustainability initiatives, has a variety of transportation options to make traveling both inside and

beyond the city easier. Urban transport planning systems play a critical role in fostering healthy

and sustainable cities. By 2050, 66% of the world's population will live in cities requiring a

serious consideration of the role of transport and its impact on the liveability of people and the

planet (Stoett et al., 2019). Investors find cities with advanced transportation infrastructure

appealing because they provide access to a variety of markets and logistical benefits. By
generating job opportunities and drawing in private sector investment, transportation projects can

catalyze economic development.

With urbanization and the growth of our city populations, there are more people and

more jobs in cities. This also means there are more cars on the road, increasing congestion,

traffic jams, and pollution. As cities expand, transportation systems need to provide efficient

modes of transportation for people in the city (Biasotti, 2021). Accessibility and mobility are

enhanced for workers, residents, and visitors in Marikina via a well-developed transit network.

Access to dependable public transportation, road networks, and infrastructure that is pedestrian-

friendly makes it easier for people to get to places of employment, places of higher learning,

places of medical care, commercial districts, and places of pleasure. Accessibility promotes

social inclusion, lowers barriers associated with mobility, and expands chances for social and

economic contact between various demographic groups. Transit-oriented development (TOD)

guidelines may be included in Marikina's zoning laws, urban development plans, and municipal

planning documents along important transit corridors or nodes. The construction of inexpensive

housing projects, commercial hubs, or mixed-use developments next to public transportation

terminals or along key transportation routes are examples of TOD implementation.

In conclusion, transportation shapes Marikina's economic vitality, accessibility, patterns

of land use, environmental sustainability, and social fairness, all of which are critical to the city's

urban growth. Marikina aims to build a dynamic, inclusive, and sustainable urban environment

that supports long-term prosperity and well-being while also meeting the changing requirements

of its citizens. To this end, the city is investing in and planning for transportation strategically.

Based on the research conducted by the students of the University of Santo Tomas,

countries are searching for strategies to address the problems associated with fast urbanization in
the face of modernization. In an attempt to address these concerns and provide alternatives to

mitigate the detrimental consequences of modernization, the UN has made multiple attempts.

Making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable is the eleventh

sustainable development objective of the United Nations, and it is the main topic of this study.

The researchers used (Zakour and Gillespie's, 2012) vulnerability theory to assess Marikina

City's performance in accomplishing this objective. In this study, sustainability was assessed

using the UN's indicators and the local government's response to local hazards and disasters.

In the context of urban development, sustainability has become a critical issue that

requires strategic and effective planning and implementation by local governments. The

Marikina Local Government has taken several initiatives to address these sustainability concerns.

These initiatives include the adoption of urban policy frameworks, the development of

institutions and systems to support sustainable development, and engagement with various

stakeholders in the urban planning and management process. To enhance its capacity to manage

the city's sustainability initiatives, the Marikina Local Government has also undertaken an

institutional capacity development process within its urban policy formation process, a process

that seeks to improve the management capabilities of the local government in order to effectively

address sustainable urban development challenges. The study by (Čolić et al., 2021) provides

valuable insights into the implications of this institutional capacity development process for

sustainable urban development and offers suggestions for improving urban sustainability policies

and management in Marikina.

It is important to note that while institutional capacity development is crucial in achieving

sustainable urban development goals, it should be undertaken in conjunction with other

strategies, such as stakeholder engagement, policy formation, and monitoring and evaluation.
The Marikina Local Government needs to ensure that all its sustainability initiatives are aligned

with its vision and goals and that the institutional capacity development process is implemented

in a way that is equitable, inclusive, and accountable. The study by (Čolić et al., 2021) provides a

valuable contribution to the understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated with

institutional capacity development in the context of sustainable urban development, which can

inform the Marikina Local Government's efforts to strengthen its institutional capacity and

achieve its sustainable urban development goals.

The article by (Konstantinović et al., 2022) offers valuable insights into the role of

urbanization as a tool for economic growth, specifically in the context of Novi Sad city. The

authors explore the potential benefits of urbanization for encouraging economic activity, job

creation, and improved infrastructure. These are key factors for sustainable urban development,

which is the focus of our study. We can draw inspiration from the case study presented in the

article to examine how urbanization can be leveraged to drive urban development in Marikina

while also ensuring sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. This can be

accomplished through a range of measures, such as increasing green spaces, implementing

sustainable transport systems, and ensuring energy-efficient building design. The insights gained

from the article can provide valuable guidance on how the local government can effectively

balance the needs of economic growth and environmental protection in the planning and

implementation of urban development projects in Marikina. This is important because the

success of Marikina's urban development efforts will play a crucial role in achieving the city's

sustainability goals.

Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather

events, including flash floods, in many parts of the world. In urban areas, the impacts of these
disasters can be amplified due to the combined effects of urbanization and mismanagement. In

the study by (Saber et al., 2020), the authors investigated the triple factors of urban growth,

extreme climate, and mismanagement that contribute to flash flood vulnerability in Cairo.

Through a combination of historical data analysis and spatial analysis, they found that these three

factors interact and amplify each other, leading to increased flash flood vulnerability. For

example, they found that the combination of high-density urban areas and inadequate drainage

systems created areas of extreme vulnerability. In the context of Marikina, the local

government's sustainability efforts in urban development need to take into account these triple

factors in order to effectively mitigate flash flood risks.

Moreover, the study by (Saber et al., 2020) highlights the importance of effective urban

planning and management in reducing flash flood risk. The authors found that proper

management of drainage systems can significantly reduce flash flood risk. They also noted that

the adoption of urban planning policies that promote sustainable urban growth and land use

management can help to mitigate flash flood risks. In order to incorporate these

recommendations into Marikina's urban development efforts, it is important to conduct

comprehensive investigations of flash flood risk in the city.

In conclusion, the study by (Saber et al., 2020) provides valuable insights into the

complex interaction of urban growth, extreme climate, and mismanagement in shaping flash

flood vulnerability in urban environments. As Marikina continues to develop and grow, it is

crucial that the local government takes a proactive and comprehensive approach to sustainability

in order to mitigate the risks associated with urbanization and extreme climate events. The

recommendations of this study can help inform the local government's efforts to develop

effective strategies for reducing flash flood vulnerability in the city.


One area that is increasingly relevant to urban development is the issue of mitigating the

impacts of the urban heat island effect. The urban heat island effect is the result of the

concentration of urban land cover and buildings in cities, which absorb and radiate heat more

rapidly than natural environments, leading to higher temperatures and greater heat stress for

residents. In this study, (MacLachlan et al., 2021) employed a data-driven approach for

sustainable city planning to mitigate the impacts of the urban heat island effect in cities. By

analyzing various datasets related to urban land cover, meteorology, and environmental

conditions, the authors developed a comprehensive approach that considers both natural and built

environment factors in creating cooler urban environments.

The findings of this study are particularly relevant to the sustainability efforts of the

Marikina Local Government in urban development. Marikina is located in an area with high

population density, which can further contribute to the urban heat island effect. By using a data-

driven approach similar to that employed by (MacLachlan et al.,2021), the Marikina Local

Government can identify the areas that are most affected by the urban heat island effect and

develop effective strategies to mitigate its impacts. For example, the government can consider

the use of green roofs, trees, and other forms of vegetation to increase the amount of shade in

urban areas and reduce the temperature.

In conclusion, the study by MacLachlan et al. (2021) offers a valuable contribution to the

sustainability efforts of local governments in urban development. By taking a data-driven

approach to understanding and mitigating the impacts of the urban heat island effect, Marikina

can ensure that its efforts toward sustainable urban development are more effective and more

aligned with the needs of its residents. The findings of this study can provide valuable insights to
local governments across the world as they strive to create more sustainable, livable, and resilient

cities.

Green space, defined as areas of land covered by vegetation, grass, or similar vegetation,

has become increasingly important in urban planning due to its numerous benefits. Green spaces

can provide a variety of services to the urban ecosystem, including reducing the heat island

effect, improving air quality, enhancing biodiversity, and providing recreational spaces for

residents. Furthermore, green space can also contribute to the overall aesthetics and liveability of

a city. In this context, the development of urban green space systems has become a key aspect of

sustainable urban planning.

There are several challenging issues related to the optimal layout and distribution of

green space within a city, such as land availability, population density, and the availability of

green space infrastructure. One approach to tackling these issues is to use a development

simulation model, which allows planners to evaluate the potential impacts of different land use

scenarios on the urban green space system.

In this study, Liu et al.(2019) used a development simulation approach to evaluate the

impacts of different land use scenarios on the green space system in Xuchang City, China. The

researchers developed an integrated model that considered various factors, such as population

density, land use intensity, and green space availability, and used this model to simulate the

impact of different land use scenarios on the urban green space system. This study provides

important insights into the dynamics between land use and green space availability in a rapidly

growing city. Moreover, the approach used in this study can be generalized to other cities with

similar challenges in land use and green space management.


In the context of the sustainable efforts of the Marikina Local Government in urban

development, this study provides valuable insights for developing effective land use scenarios

that prioritize sustainable and equitable use of green space resources. As a rapidly growing city,

Marikina faces similar challenges as Xuchang City in terms of managing and allocating green

space resources effectively. By incorporating the insights from this study, Marikina can develop

robust urban planning strategies that prioritize sustainable and equitable use of green space

resources, contributing to the city's overall sustainability goals.

Synthesis

Based on the literature cited by the researchers, it will require a massive and copious

amount of effort in order to achieve sustainability and sustainable urban development within

Marikina City. Formulating policies and strategies toward the aforementioned goal requires

following or replicating the efforts of other cities and states abroad such as Xuchang City and

Singapore. Frameworks from the aforementioned cities are feasible but require copious amounts

of time, effort, and funds from the local government as this requires the creation and increase of

green spaces, green and sustainable infrastructure, and implementation of policies to promote

sustainability and sustainable urban development. With the cited RRLs, the researchers firmly

believe that Marikina City could potentially use the abovementioned pieces of literature for the

formulation and implementation of practices for sustainable urban development.


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