Section 3.1 Position and Velocity Vectors 3.3.

CALC A web page designer creates an animation

in which a dot on a computer screen has a position of r =
[4.0c, = (2.5cm/s2)t2 ]i + (5.0cmcm/s)tj. (a) Find the
3.1. A squirrel has x- and y-coordinates (1.1 m, 3.4 m) at magnitude and direction of the dot’s average velocity
time t1 = 0 s and coordinates (5.3m, -o.5 m) at time t2 = between t = 0 s and t = 2.0 s (b) Find the magnitude and
3.0 s. For this time interval, find (a) the components of direction of the instantaneous velocity at t = 0 s, t = 1.0 s,
the average velocity, and (b) the magnitude and direction and t = 2.0 s. (c) Sketch the dot’s trajectory from to and show
of the average velocity. the velocities calculated in part (b).

3.2. A rhinoceros is at the origin of coordinates at time t1 3.4. CALC The position of a squirrel running in a park is
= 0. For the time interval from t1 =0 s to t2 = 12.0 s, the given by r = [(0.280 m/s)t = (0.0360 m/s2)t2]i + (0.0190
rhino’s average velocity has x-component -3.8 m/s and m/s3)t3j. (a) What are vx(t) and vy(t), the x-and y-
y-component 4.9 m/s. At time t2 =12.0s. (a) what are the components of the velocity of the squirrel, as functions of
x- and y-coordinates of the rhino? (b) How far is the rhino time? (b) At t = 5.00 s, how far is the squirrel from its initial
from the origin? position? (c) At t = 5.00 s, what are the magnitude and
direction of the squirrel’s velocity?
 Section 3.2 The Acceleration Vector

3.5. A jet plane is flying at a constant altitude. At time t1 = 0 it

has components of velocity vx = 90 m/s, vy = 110 m/s. At
time t2 = 30.0 s the components are vx = -170 m/s, vy = 40
m/s. (a) Sketch the velocity vectors at t 1 and t2. How do
these two vectors differ? For this time interval calculate (b)
the components of the average acceleration, and (c) the
magnitude and direction of the average acceleration.

3.6. A dog running in an open field has components of

velocity vx = 2.6 m/s and vy = -1.8 m/s at t1 = 10.0s. For the
time interval from t1 = 10.0 s to t2 = 20.0 s the average
acceleration of the dog has magnitude 0.450m/s2 and
direction 31.0o measured from the +x-axis toward the +y-
axis. At t2 = 20.0 s, (a) what are the x- and y-components of
the dog’s velocity? (b) What are the magnitude and direction
of the dog’s velocity? (c) Sketch the velocity vectors at t1 and
t2. How do these two vectors differ?
 Section 3.3 Projectile Motion

3.8. CALC A remote-controlled car is moving in a vacant

parking lot. The velocity of the car as a function of time is
given by v = [5.00m/s-(0.0180m/s3]t3i + [2.00m/s = (0.550
m/s2)t]j. (a) What are and ax(t) and ay(t), the x- and y-
components of the velocity of the car as functions of time?
(b) What are the magnitude and direction of the velocity of
the car at t = 8.00 s? (b) What are the magnitude and
direction of the acceleration of the car at t = 8.00 s?
3.10. A daring 510-N
swimmer dives off a cliff
with a running
horizontal leap, as
shown in Fig. E3.10.
What must her mini-
mum speed be just as
she leaves the top of
the cliff so that she will
miss the ledge at the
bottom, which is 1.75 m wide and 9.00 m below the top of
the cliff?

3.9. A physics book slides off a horizontal tabletop with a

speed of 1.10 m/s It strikes the floor in 0.350 s. Ignore air
resistance. Find (a) the height of the tabletop above the
floor; (b) the horizontal distance from the edge of the table
to the point where the book strikes the floor; (c) the
horizontal and vertical components of the book’s velocity,
and the magnitude and direction of its velocity, just before
the book reaches the floor. (d) Draw x-t, y-t, vx-t and vy-t
graphs for the motion.

3.11. Two crickets, Chirpy and Milada, jump from the top of
a vertical cliff. Chirpy just drops and reaches the ground in
3.50 s, while Milada jumps horizontally with an initial speed
of 95.0 cm/s. How far from the base of the cliff will Milada
hit the ground?
 the bridge washed out. The driver must get to the other
side, so he decides to try leaping it with his car. The side of
the road the car is on is 21.3 m above the river, while the
opposite side is a mere 1.8 m above the river. The river
itself is a raging torrent 61.0 m wide. (a) How fast should
the car be traveling at the time it leaves the road in order
just to clear the river and land safely on the opposite side?
(b) What is the speed of the car just before it lands on the
other side?

3.12. A rookie quarterback throws a football with an initial

upward velocity component of 12.0 m/s and a horizontal
velocity component of 20.0 m/s. Ignore air resistance. (a)
How much time is required for the football to reach the
highest point of the trajectory? (b)How high is this point? (c)
How much time (after it is thrown) is required for the football
to return to its original level? How does this compare with
the time calculated in part (a)? (d)How far has the football
traveled horizontally during this time? (e) Draw x-t, y-t, vx-t
and vy-t graphs for the motion.

3.14. BIO The Champion Jumper of the Insect World.

The froghopper, Philaenus spumarius, holds the world
record for insect jumps. When leaping at an angle of 58.0°
above the horizontal, some of the tiny critters have reached
a maximum height of 58.7 cm above the level ground. (See
Nature, Vol. 424, July 31, 2003, p. 509.) (a) What was the
takeoff speed for such a leap? (b) What horizontal distance
did the froghopper cover for this world-record leap?

3.13. Leaping the River I. A car traveling on a level

horizontal road comes to a bridge during a storm and finds
 3.16. On level ground a shell is fired with an initial velocity
of 50.0 m/s at 60.0° above the horizontal and feels no
appreciable air resistance. (a) Find the horizontal and
vertical components of the shell’s initial velocity. (b) How
long does it take the shell to reach its highest point? (c) Find
its maximum height above the ground. (d) How far from its
firing point does the shell land? (e) At its highest point, find
the horizontal and vertical components of its acceleration
and velocity.

3.15. Inside a starship at rest on the earth, a ball rolls off

the top of a horizontal table and lands a distance D from the
foot of the table. This starship now lands on the unexplored
Planet X. The commander, Captain Curious, rolls the same
ball off the same table with the same initial speed as on
earth and finds that it lands a distance 2.76D from the foot
of the table. What is the acceleration due to gravity on
Planet X?
3.17. A major leaguer hits a baseball so that it leaves the
bat at a speed of 30.0 m and at an angle of 36.9° above the
horizontal. You can ignore air resistance. (a) At what two
times is the baseball at a height of 10.0 m above the point
at which it left the bat? (b) Calculate the horizontal and
vertical components of the baseball’s velocity at each of the
two times calculated in part (a). (c) What are the magnitude
and direction of the baseball’s velocity when it returns to the
level at which it left the bat?
 (b) What is the
vertical component
of the velocity of the
quarter just before it
lands in the dish?

3.18. A shot putter releases the shot some distance above

the level ground with a velocity of 12.0 m/s, 51.0° above the
horizontal. The shot hits the ground 2.08 s later. You can
ignore air resistance. (a) What are the components of the
shot’s acceleration while in flight? (b) What are the
components of the shot’s velocity at the beginning and at
the end of its trajectory? (c) How far did she throw the shot
horizontally? (d) Why does the expression for R in Example
3.8 not give the correct answer for part (c)? (e) How high
was the shot above the ground when she released it? (f)
Draw x-t, y-t, vx-t, and vy-t graphs for the motion.

3.20. Suppose the departure angle a0 in Fig. 3.26 is 42.0°

and the distance d is 3.00 m. Where will the dart and
monkey meet if the initial speed of the dart is (a) 12.0 m/s?
(b) 8.0 m/s? What will happen if the initial speed of the dart
is 4.0 m/s? (c) What Sketch the trajectory in each case.

3.19. Win the Prize. In a carnival booth, you win a stuffed

giraffe if you toss a quarter into a small dish. The dish is on
a shelf above the point where the quarter leaves your hand
and is a horizontal distance of 2.1 m from this point (Fig.
E3.19). If you toss the coin with a velocity of 6.4 m/s at an
angle of 60° above the horizontal, the coin lands in the dish.
You can ignore air resistance. (a) What is the height of the
shelf above the point where the quarter leaves your hand?
3.21. A man stands on the roof of a 15.0-m-tall building and
throws a rock with a velocity of magnitude 30.0 m/s at an
angle of 33.0° above the horizontal. You can ignore air
resistance. Calculate (a) the maximum height above the
roof reached by the rock; (b) the magnitude of the velocity
of the rock just before it strikes the ground; and (c) the
horizontal range from the base of the building to the point
where the rock strikes the ground. (d) Draw x-t, y-t, vx-t and
vy-t graphs for the motion.

3.23. A 124-kg balloon carrying a 22-kg basket is

descending with a constant downward velocity of 20.0 m/s.
A 1.0-kg stone is 15.0 m/s perpendicular to the path of the
descending balloon, as measured relative to a person at
rest in the basket. The person in the basket sees the stone
hit the ground 6.00 s after being thrown. Assume that the
balloon continues its downward descent with the same
constant speed of 20.0 m/s. (a) How high was the balloon
when the rock was thrown out? (b) How high is the balloon
when the rock hits the ground? (c) At the instant the rock
hits the ground, how far is it from the basket? (d) Just before
the rock hits the ground, find its horizontal and vertical
velocity components as measured by an observer (i) at rest
in the basket and (ii) at rest on the ground.

3.22. Firemen are shooting a stream of water at a burning

building using a high-pressure hose that shoots out the
water with a speed of 25.0 m/s as it leaves the end of the
hose. Once it leaves the hose, the water moves in projectile
motion. The firemen adjust the angle of elevation a of the
hose until the water takes 3.00 s to reach a building 45.0 m
away. You can ignore air resistance; assume that the end
of the hose is at ground level. (a) Find the angle of elevation
a. (b) Find the speed and acceleration of the water at the
highest point in its trajectory. (c) How high above the ground
does the water strike the building, and how fast is it moving
just before it hits the building?
Section 3.4 Motion in a Circle

3.24. BIO Dizziness. Our balance is maintained, at least in

part, by the endolymph fluid in the inner ear. Spinning
displaces this fluid, causing dizziness. Suppose a dancer
(or skater) is spinning at a very fast 3.0 revolutions per
second about a vertical axis through the center of his head.
Although the distance varies from person to person, the
inner ear is approximately 7.0 cm from the axis of spin.
What is the radial acceleration (in m/s 2 and in g’s) of the
endolymph fluid?
3.26. A model of a helicopter rotor has four blades, each
3.40 m long from the central shaft to the blade tip. The
model is rotated in a wind tunnel at 550 rev/min. (a) What
is the linear speed of the blade tip, in m/s? (b) What is the
radial acceleration of the blade 2.1 m tip expressed as a
multiple of the acceleration of gravity, g?

3.25. The earth has a radius of 6380 km and turns around

once on its axis in 24 h. (a) What is the radial acceleration
of an object at the earth’s equator? Give your answer in
m/s2 (b) If arad at the equator is greater than g, objects will
fly off the earth’s surface and into space. (We will see the
reason for this in Chapter 5.) What would the period of the 3.27. BIO Pilot Blackout
earth’s rotation have to be for this to occur? in a Power Dive. A jet
plane comes in for a
downward dive as shown
in Fig. E3.27. The bottom
part of the path is a quarter
circle with a radius of
curvature of 350 m.
According to medical tests,
pilots lose consciousness at an acceleration of 5.5g. At
what speed (in m/s and in mph) will the pilot black out for
this dive?
 3.30. BIO Hypergravity. At its Ames Research Center,
NASA uses its large “20-G” centrifuge to test the effects of
very large accelerations (“hypergravity”) on test pilots and
astronauts. In this device, an arm 8.84 m long rotates about
one end in a horizontal plane, and the astronaut is strapped
in at the other end. Suppose that he is aligned along the
arm with his head at the outermost end. The maximum
sustained acceleration to which humans are subjected in
this machine is typically 12.5g. (a) How fast must the
astronaut’s head be moving to experience this maximum
acceleration? (b) What is the difference between the
acceleration of his head and feet if the astronaut is 2.00 m
tall? (c) How fast in rpm (rev/min) is the arm turning to
3.29. A Ferris wheel with produce the maximum sustained acceleration?
radius 14.0 m is turning
about a horizontal axis
through its center (Fig.
E3.29). The linear speed
of a passenger on the rim
is constant and equal to
7.00 m/s. What are the
magnitude and direction
of the passenger’s
acceleration as she
passes through (a) the
lowest point in her circular motion? (b) The highest point in
her circular motion? (c) How much time does it take the
Ferris wheel to make one revolution?
Section 3.5 Relative Velocity 3.33. A canoe has a velocity of 0.40 m/s southeast relative
to the earth. The canoe is on a river that is flowing 0.50 m/s
3.31. A “moving sidewalk” in an airport terminal building
east relative to the earth. Find the velocity (magnitude and
moves at 1.0 m/s and is 35.0 m long. If a woman steps on
direction) of the canoe relative to the river.
at one end and walks at 1.5 m/s relative to the moving
sidewalk, how much time does she require to reach the
opposite end if she walks (a) in the same direction the
sidewalk is moving? (b) In the opposite direction?

3.34. Two piers,

A and B, are
located on a
river: B is 1500 m
downstream
3.32. A railroad flatcar is traveling to the right at a speed of from A (Fig. E3.34). Two friends must make round trips from
13.0 m/s relative to an observer standing on the ground. pier A to pier B and return. One rows a boat at a constant
Someone is riding a motor scooter on the flatcar (Fig. speed of 4.00 km/h relative to the water; the other walks on
E3.32). What is the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the the shore at a constant speed of 4.00 km/h. The velocity of
motor scooter relative to the flatcar if its velocity relative to the river is in the direction from A to B. How much time does
the observer on the ground is (a) 18.0 m/s to the right? (b) it take each person to make the round trip?
3.0 m/s to the left? (c) zero?
 PROBLEMS
3.41. CALC A rocket is fired at an angle from the top of a
tower of height ho = 50.0 m/s. Because of the design of the
engines, its position coordinates are of the form x(t) = A +
Bt2 and y(t) = C + Dt3, where A, B, C, and D are constants.
Furthermore, the acceleration of the rocket 1.00 s after
firing is a = (4.00i + 3.00j). Take the origin of coordinates to
be at the base of the tower. (a) Find the constants A, B, C,
and D, including their SI units. (b) At the instant after the
rocket is fired, what are its acceleration vector and its
velocity? (c) What are the x- and y-components of the
rocket’s velocity 10.0 s after it is fired, and how fast is it
moving? (d) What is the position vector of the rocket 10.0 s
after it is fired?
3.47. CP A test
rocket is launched
by accelerating it
along a 200.0-m
incline at 1.25 m/s2
starting from rest at
point A (Fig. P3.47).
The incline rises at
35.0° above the horizontal, and at the instant the rocket
leaves it, its engines turn off and it is subject only to gravity
(air resistance can be ignored). Find (a) the maximum
height above the ground that the rocket reaches, and (b)
the greatest horizontal range of the rocket beyond point A.
3.43. CALC If r = bt2i + ct3j where b and c are positive
constants, when does the velocity vector make an angle of
with the x- and y-axes?

3.45. CP CALC A small toy airplane is flying in the xy-plane

parallel to the ground. In the time interval t = 0s to t = 1.00
s, its velocity as a function of time is given by v = (1.20
m/s2)ti + [12.0 m/s2 – (2.00 m/s2)t]j. At what value of t is the
velocity of the plane perpendicular to its acceleration?
3.49. Dynamite! A demolition crew uses dynamite to blow horizontal path 90.0 m above the ground and with a speed
an old building apart. Debris from the explosion flies off in of 64.0 m/s(143 mi/h), at what horizontal distance from the
all directions and is later found at distances as far as 50 m target should the pilot release the canister? Ignore air
from the explosion. Estimate the maximum speed at which resistance.
debris was blown outward by the explosion. Describe any
assumptions that you make.

3.51. A jungle veterinarian with a blow-gun loaded with a

tranquilizer dart and a sly 1.5-kg monkey are each 25 m 3.55. An airplane is flying with a velocity of 90.0 m/s angle
above the ground in trees 70 m apart. Just as the hunter of 23.0° above the horizontal. When the plane is 114 m
shoots horizontally at the monkey, the monkey drops from directly above a dog that is standing on level ground, a
the tree in a vain attempt to escape being hit. What must suitcase drops out of the luggage compartment. How far
the minimum muzzle velocity of the dart have been for the from the dog will the suitcase land? You can ignore air
hunter to have hit the monkey before it reached the ground? resistance.

3.57. CP CALC A toy rocket is launched with an initial

velocity of 12.0 m/s in the horizontal direction from the roof
of a 30.0-m-tall building. The rocket’s engine produces a
horizontal acceleration of (1.60 m/s3)t, in the same direction
as the initial velocity, but in the vertical direction the
3.53. In fighting forest fires, airplanes work in support of
acceleration is g, downward. Air resistance can be
ground crews by dropping water on the fires. A pilot is
neglected. What horizontal distance does the rocket travel
practicing by dropping a canister of red dye, hoping to hit a
before reaching the ground?
target on the ground below. If the plane is flying in a
 3.61. A projectile is being launched from ground level with
no air resistance. You want to avoid having it enter a
temperature inversion layer in the atmosphere a height h
above the ground. (a) What is the maximum launch speed
you could give this projectile if you shot it straight up?
Express your answer in terms of h and g. (b) Suppose the
launcher available shoots projectiles at twice the maximum
launch speed you found in part (a). At what maximum angle
above the horizontal should you launch the projectile? (c)
How far (in terms of h) from the launcher does the projectile
in part (b) land?

3.59. The Longest Home Run. According to the Guinness

Book of World Records, the longest home run ever
measured was hit by Roy “Dizzy” Carlyle in a minor league
game. The ball traveled 188 m (618 ft) before landing on
the ground outside the ballpark. (a) Assuming the ball’s
initial velocity was in a direction 45° above the horizontal
and ignoring air resistance, what did the initial speed of the
ball need to be to produce such a home run if the ball was
hit at a point 0.9 m (3.0 ft) above ground level? Assume that
the ground was perfectly flat. (b) How far would the ball be
above a fence 3.0 m (10 ft) high if the fence was 116 m (380
ft) from home plate?

3.63. A grasshopper leaps

into the air from the edge of
a vertical cliff, as shown in
Fig. P3.63. Use
information from the figure
to find (a) the initial speed
of the grasshopper and (b)
the height of the cliff.
3.65. Look Out! A snow
ball rolls off a barn roof
that slopes downward at
an angle of 40o (Fig.
P3.65). The edge of the
roof is 14.0 m above the
ground, and the
snowball has a speed of
7.00 m/s as it rolls off the
roof. Ignore air
resistance. (a) How far
from the edge of the barn
does the snowball strike
the ground if it doesn’t strike anything else while falling? (b) 3.69. A 5500-kg cart carrying a vertical rocket launcher
Draw x-t, y-t, vx-t, and vy-t graphs for the motion in part (a). moves to the right at a constant speed of 30.0 m/s along a
(c) A man 1.9 m tall is standing 4.0 m from the edge of the horizontal track. It launches a 45.0-kg rocket vertically
barn. Will he be hit by the snowball? upward with an initial speed of 40.0 m/s relative to the cart.
(a) How high will the rocket go? (b) Where, relative to the
cart, will the rocket land? (c) How far does the cart move
while the rocket is in the air? (d) At what angle, relative to
the horizontal, is the rocket traveling just as it leaves the
cart, as measured by an observer at rest on the ground? (e)
Sketch the rocket’s trajectory as seen by an observer (i)
stationary on the cart and (ii) stationary on the ground.

3.67. Leaping the River II. A physics professor did

daredevil stunts in his spare time. His last stunt was an
attempt to jump across a river on a motorcycle (Fig. P3.67).
The takeoff ramp was inclined at 53.0°, the river was 40.0
m wide, and the far bank was 15.0 m lower than the top of
the ramp. The river itself was 100 m below the ramp. You
can ignore air resistance. (a) What should his speed have
been at the top of the ramp to have just made it to the edge
of the far bank? (b) If his speed was only half the value
found in part (a), where did he land?
 shell. You can ignore air resistance and assume the shell
hits at the same height above ground from which it was
fired. Find the distance between the tanks (a) when the
round was first fired and (b) at the time of impact.

3.71. A 76.0-kg boulder is rolling horizontally at the top of a

vertical cliff that is 20 m above the surface of a lake, as
shown in Fig. P3.71. The top of the vertical face of a dam
is located 100 m from the foot of the cliff, with the top of the
dam level with the sur face of the water in the lake. A level
plain is 25 m below the top of the dam. (a) What must be
the minimum speed of the rock just as it leaves the cliff so
it will travel to the plain without striking the dam? (b) How
far from the foot of the dam does the rock hit the plain?

3.75. In a Fourth of July celebration, a firework is launched

from ground level with an initial velocity of 25.0 m/s at 30.0°
from the vertical. At its maximum height it explodes in a
starburst into many fragments, two of which travel forward
initially at 20.0 m/s at +-53.0° with respect to the horizontal,
both quantities measured relative to the original firework
just before it exploded. With what angles with respect to the
horizontal do the two fragments initially move right after the
explosion, as measured by a spectator standing on the
ground?

3.73. Two tanks are engaged in a training exercise on level

ground. The first tank fires a paint-filled training round with
a muzzle speed of 250 m/s at 10.0° above the horizontal
while advancing toward the second tank with a speed of
15.0 m/s relative to the ground. The second tank is
retreating at 35.0 m/s relative to the ground, but is hit by the
 momentarily at rest? What are the coordinates of the
particle at these times? What are the magnitude and
direction of the acceleration at these times? (d) Does the
magnitude of the acceleration depend on time? Compare
to uniform circular motion.
3.77. In an action-adventure film, the hero is supposed to
throw a grenade from his car, which is going 90.0 km/h, to
his enemy’s car, which is going 110 km>h. The enemy’s car
is 15.8 m in front of the hero’s when he lets go of the
grenade. If the hero throws the grenade so its initial velocity
relative to him is at an angle of 45° above the horizontal,
what should the magnitude of the initial velocity be? The
cars are both traveling in the same direction on a level road.
You can ignore air resistance. Find the magnitude of the
velocity both relative to the hero and relative to the earth.

3.81. An airplane pilot sets a compass course due west and

maintains an airspeed of 220 km/h. After flying for 0.500 h,
3.79. CALC Cycloid. A particle moves in the xy-plane. Its she finds herself over a town 120 km west and 20 km south
coordinates are given as functions of time by where of her starting point. (a) Find the wind velocity (magnitude
and direction). (b) If the wind velocity is 40 km/h due south,
in what direction should the pilot set her course to travel due
R and are constants. (a) Sketch the trajectory of the west? Use the same airspeed of 220 km/h.
particle. (This is the trajectory of a point on the rim of a
wheel that is rolling at a constant speed on a horizontal
surface. The curve traced out by such a point as it moves
through space is called a cycloid.) (b) Determine the
velocity components and the acceleration components of
the particle at any time t. (c) At which times is the particle
 3.85. CP Suppose the elevator in Problem 3.84 starts from
rest and maintains a constant upward acceleration of 4.00
m/s2, and the bolt falls out the instant the elevator begins to
move. (a) How long does it take for the bolt to reach the
floor of the elevator? (b) Just as it reaches the floor, how
fast is the bolt moving according to an observer (i) in the
elevator? (ii) Standing on the floor landings of the building?
(c) According to each observer in part (b), how far has the
bolt traveled between the ceiling and floor of the elevator?

3.83. In a World Cup soccer match, Juan is running due

north toward the goal with a speed of 8.00 m/s relative to
the ground. A teammate passes the ball to him. The ball
has a speed of 12.0 m/s and is moving in a direction 37.0°
east of north, relative to the ground. What are the
magnitude and direction of the ball’s velocity relative to
Juan?
3.87. Projectile Motion on an Incline. Refer to the
Bridging Problem in Chapter 3. (a) An archer on ground that
has a constant upward slope of 30.0° aims at a target 60.0
m farther up the incline. The arrow in the bow and the bull’s-
eye at the center of the target are each 1.50 m above the
ground. The initial velocity of the arrow just after it leaves
the bow has magnitude 32.0 m/s. At what angle above the
horizontal should the archer aim to hit the bull’s eye? If
there are two such angles, calculate the smaller of the two.
You might have to solve the equation for the angle by
iteration— that is, by trial and error. How does the angle
compare to that required when the ground is level, with 0
slope? (b) Repeat the problem for ground that has a
constant downward slope of 30.0°.
3.35 . Crossing the River I. A river flows due south with a
speed of 2.0 m/s. A man steers a motorboat across the
river; his velocity relative to the water is 4.2 m/s due east.
The river is 800 m wide. (a) What is his velocity (magnitude
and direction) relative to the earth? (b) How much time is
required to cross the river? (c) How far south of his starting
point will he reach the opposite bank?

3.37 The nose of an ultralight plane is pointed south, and

its airspeed indicator shows 35 m/s. The plane is in 10-m/s
a wind blowing toward the southwest relative to the earth.
(a) In a vectoraddition diagram, show the relationship of
(the velocity of the plane relative to the earth) to the two
given vectors. (b) Letting x be east and y be north, find the
components of (c) Find the magnitude and direction of

3.36 . Crossing the River II. (a) In which direction should the
motorboat in Exercise 3.35 head in order to reach a point
on the opposite bank directly east from the starting point?
(The boat’s speed relative to the water remains 4.2 m/s) (b)
What is the velocity of the boat relative to the earth? (c) How
much time is required to cross the river?
3.38 An airplane pilot wishes to fly due west. A wind of 80.0 3.39 Bird Migration. Canadian geese migrate essentially
km/h (about 50 mi/h) is blowing toward the south. (a) If the along a north–south direction for well over a thousand
airspeed of the plane (its speed in still air) is 320.0 km/h kilometers in some cases, traveling at speeds up to about
(about 200 mi/h), in which direction should the pilot head? 100 km/h. If one such bird is flying at 100 km/h relative to
(b) What is the speed of the plane over the ground? the air, but there is a 40 km/h wind blowing from west to
Illustrate with a vector diagram. east, (a) at what angle relative to the north–south direction
should this bird head so that it will be traveling directly
southward relative to the ground? (b) How long will it take
the bird to cover a ground distance of 500 km from north to
south? (Note: Even on cloudy nights, many birds can
navigate using the earth’s magnetic field to fix the north–
south direction.)