Title: Mastering the Art of Critically Appraising Literature Reviews

Navigating the vast landscape of academic literature can often feel like traversing through a dense
forest without a map. In academic writing, literature reviews play a pivotal role in shaping the
understanding of a topic by synthesizing existing research, identifying gaps, and offering critical
insights. However, crafting a literature review that is both comprehensive and critical can be a
daunting task, requiring time, expertise, and meticulous attention to detail.

The process of critically appraising a literature review involves more than just summarizing existing
studies. It requires a deep understanding of the subject matter, proficiency in research methodologies,
and the ability to evaluate the credibility and relevance of sources. Moreover, it demands analytical
thinking skills to identify biases, inconsistencies, and limitations within the literature.

One of the primary challenges faced by scholars and students alike is the sheer volume of available
literature. With an ever-expanding body of research across various disciplines, sifting through
countless articles, books, and journals can be overwhelming. Moreover, distinguishing between high-
quality studies and unreliable sources adds another layer of complexity to the task.

Another obstacle in crafting a literature review is ensuring coherence and clarity in presenting the
synthesized information. Organizing the literature in a logical manner, establishing connections
between different studies, and maintaining a coherent narrative requires careful planning and
structure.

Moreover, conducting a critical appraisal of the literature demands a nuanced understanding of

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You will want the organization be up to date with good reporting practice, and to ensure that their
guidance, handbooks and style guides help you to achieve these standards. The structure will help
you to clearly express your ideas and demonstrate how your sources are connected. Articles Get
discovered by sharing your best content as bite-sized articles. This permits citations to be identified
if only one of the two components are mentioned in the abstract. We found that when officers felt
that in their performance review they had been treated. This more detailed information will appear in
pop-out boxes with a double-lined surround to distinguish it from the information core to producing
and interpreting CATs, and from the boxes with a single line surround which contain additional
resources relevant to the different parts of the review. CATs helped clinicians learn the skills to
search for relevant evidence, critically appraise and write evidence summaries—fundamental skills to
practice and teach evidence-based medicine ( 17 ). The GRADE approach provides guidelines for
making recommendations based on research evidence, which you may find help you to consider how
to interpret the findings of systematic reviews (see and for further guidance). Training evidence-
based veterinary medicine by collaborative development of critically appraised topics. It is in the new
corporate coaching culture of companies employing their own coaches. Additional information for
those more experienced in the CAT methodology is provided in the pop out boxes with double-lined
surrounds. What to consider when critically appraising a systematic review. The level of reliability of
study results depend on the design of study, in which clinical trial has the highest rank. Systematic
reviews are currently considered as one of the highest forms of research evidence and it can be
tempting to view a systematic review as providing “the definitive answer” to a clinical question.
Under this method, checklist of statements of traits of. General types of questions often considered
by such checklists include the following. These are “umbrella” terms for a given concept and are
organized in a database-specific thesaurus. I. Contents of getting review of literature on performance
appraisal. SLRs may be quantitative (by only reviewing quantitative studies), qualitative (by only
reviewing qualitative studies), or mixed methods (by reviewing both quantitative and qualitative
studies). Studies that had duplicated data, including the same group of patients or for whom there
were updated results available, were excluded. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs 2.
RCTs 3. Cohort studies 4. Case-control studies 5. A recent development is the emergence of
Overviews of Reviews (OoRs). Additionally, this review provides further information for those with
some experience of CATs who would like to better understand the historic context and process,
including further detail on more advanced concepts. This is where the judgement of the veterinary
professional becomes important. As with any type of review publication, they can become outdated
and should be re-assessed regularly ( 9 ). Coverage by internet search engines is not transparent and
changes frequently. Results of the search are screened against the eligibility criteria, typically by at
least two independent people to avoid errors of judgment. Were participants followed up for a
sufficient length of time. In the results, the following must be present: any term from species, any
term from patient, any term from intervention, any term from the comparator. Report this Document
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The level of reliability of study results depend on the design of study, in which clinical trial has the
highest rank. Also, be sure to adhere to your style guidelines because headings, title pages,
references lists, and other sections or formatting features may differ. The first page of the PDF of
this article appears above. It is not unusual to exclude large numbers of studies retrieved from the
original search once the inclusion and exclusion criteria are fully considered. Original data should be
presented in such a way that readers can check the statistical accuracy of the paper. Publications
looking at the PICO topic as it relates to other species (including humans), or those containing in
vitro studies could be investigated. This is sometimes referred to as being like combining apples and
oranges (10). London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2020). Moberly 8 Lisa D.
Morrow 5 Jenny Stavisky 5 Constance White 9. Were the cut-offs that were used to classify patients
as having a positive test result clearly described. Solna: European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control (2011). As with any type of review publication, they can become outdated and should be re-
assessed regularly ( 9 ). Stand-alone literature reviews are the most common type of literature review
and are frequently assigned by professors. Keeping up to date. Answering specific clinical questions.
Third, identify patterns in approaches to your topic. Statistical hypothesis testing involves
calculating the probability of achieving the observed results if the null hypothesis were true. In
addition, the questions asked when using a CAT format are usually narrow and tend to be very
specific to a clinical scenario or experience ( 9 ). Role of Regulatory authorities in Quality education,
practice, and rights of. 3. Intra Cranial Pressure and nursing interventions.pptx 3. Intra Cranial
Pressure and nursing interventions.pptx Critical appraisal 1. Be sure to meet with a reference librarian
if you are unsure how to create an effective search strategy. Note that even though all studies may
appear to be retrieved, there are many studies which are not published due to nonsignificant results.
Key methodological points to consider in the appraisal of a cross-sectional study are listed in Box 6.
Miser, MD, MA, Department of Family Medicine, The Ohio State University, 456 West 10th Ave,
Columbus, OH 43210 MD, MA Find this author on Google Scholar Find this author on PubMed
Search for this author on this site. With the provision of new CAT collections that can be utilized
often at no cost, there are good options available for those in clinical practice who do not yet have
the skills to generate CATs themselves. The clinical bottom line was that there was insufficient
evidence to demonstrate a difference in relation to the greatest clinical improvement between the
performance of meloxicam or carprofen in dogs with osteoarthritis. In this case, devote most of your
space to explaining the connections between sources, but you must also include a thesis and a
conclusion, even though they will be brief. General types of questions often considered by such
checklists include the following. Soon after, a discussion followed about the role of CATs in
veterinary education by Hardin and Robertson ( 23 ). The topics covered in this database have
expanded to include other specialties besides emergency medicine, including cardiothoracics and
paediatrics. Secondly, even if a systematic review has been well-conducted it might have identified
significant limitations or gaps in the current evidence base, and rightly recommend that its findings
are interpreted with caution (although this is a good rationale for conducting some new research!).
Was the study performed according to original protocol? 7.
The rows of the forest plot represent the individual studies included for that comparison and
outcome. Solna: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2011). Developing Critically
Appraised Topics DAAC Conference January 28, 2006 1 Defined as a brief “summary of a search
and critical appraisal of the literature related to a focused clinical Appraisal 9.Conclusions Systematic
review of research versus CAT Narrowed down to. Statistics Toolkit. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
(2008). Methods should be adequately documented so that they can be replicated. The pyramid
shape also indicates that the majority of evidence sources are at the bottom, with fewer, less biased
studies at the tip of the pyramid ( 54 ). Training evidence-based veterinary medicine by collaborative
development of critically appraised topics. Adobe InDesign Design pixel-perfect content like flyers,
magazines and more with Adobe InDesign. The interpretation of data and conclusions drawn should
be grounded in the risk of bias of the included studies, so as to reflect the believability of the
findings, as well as the direction and precision of results relating to the benefits and harms of the
interventions assessed. With the rise of corporate practice groups, there have emerged roles with the
responsibility of ensuring EBVM-based practice. Protocols will also set out how studies will be
searched for, and how (and which) data will be collected, analyzed and combined. Role of
Regulatory authorities in Quality education, practice, and rights of. Note that even though all studies
may appear to be retrieved, there are many studies which are not published due to nonsignificant
results. Communications of the Association of Information Systems, 37 (43), 879-910. They reach a
consensus on which studies to include and then independently appraise their quality, before
collaborating again to summarize the findings and arrive at the clinical bottom line. They serve as a
public repository of data and have a searchable archive of key questions addressed by systematic
reviews. While the increased demand for executive coaching in the marketplace has opened up.
Systematic reviews present the ideal opportunity to undertake in-depth assessments of evidence
relevant to your practice and have the potential to influence national guidelines in your area.
Systematic reviews have a necessarily narrow focus (e.g., “hypothermia to reduce neurological
damage following coronary artery bypass surgery,” Ref. 5); however it may be more informative for
clinicians to be able to access a summary of evidence from a range of related systematic reviews.
SLRs may be quantitative (by only reviewing quantitative studies), qualitative (by only reviewing
qualitative studies), or mixed methods (by reviewing both quantitative and qualitative studies). The
search was limited to studies in human subjects and English language in peer-reviewed journals from
1966 to June 2011. All this information should then be written up in an accessible format to help
inform practitioners, patients, policy-makers, and others who may be interested in the review
findings. This review is focused on critically appraised topics (CATs) as a form of evidence synthesis
in veterinary medicine. The best evidence topic report: a modified CAT for summarising the available
evidence in emergency medicine. Kilburg, 1996a; Orenstein, 2002; Stevens, 2005; Turner, 2006;
Wasylyshyn, 2003). For example, the term “tup” can be used to describe a male sheep in the UK; in
other countries this term is not generally used. Research suggests at least two databases should be
searched, including CAB Abstracts since it contains the most comprehensive database for veterinary
topics ( 38 ). Having established the protocol, the next step is to search relevant electronic databases,
reference lists and other sources as determined by the search strategy, to seek studies meeting the
eligibility criteria. On completion of the systematic review, the methods used are documented in the
review report, similar to that set out in primary research. If the abstract is relevant, the full text of the
article is scanned.
Due to the rapid approach, the process is not as detailed nor in depth as other types of review, and
therefore there is more potential to miss relevant evidence sources ( 9 ). Hypothermia to reduce
neurological damage following coronary artery bypass surgery. Were the cases representative of a
defined population. Methodological differences between types of evidence syntheses include the
processes and standards for identifying, selecting, and analyzing the sources reviewed and included
( 7 ). Using the example of a dog with osteoarthritis, the five steps involved in creating and applying
a CAT to clinical practice are outlined, with an emphasis on clinical relevance and practicalities. Issuu
turns PDFs and other files into interactive flipbooks and engaging content for every channel. Each
component has similar value to establish whether the results can realistically be applied as a
reference. Does the size of the effect outweigh the cost to implement the intervention. The data in
CAB Abstracts are available for subscription by institutions ( 39 ), and for individual subscription as
VetMed Resource ( 40 ) which includes bibliographic records, limited full-text, and links to free and
subscription articles. CATs are not without limitations, the primary one relating to the rapid approach
used which may lead to selection bias or restrict information identified or retrieved. To browse
Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade
your browser. The majority of known CAT collections in veterinary medicine are published in
English, and to the authors' knowledge, none of the reviews in these databases go to the extent of
searching for non-English publications for inclusion. Publications may be inconsistent in the terms
used in their titles and abstracts to describe the same thing, so creating a list of synonyms for each
PICO component will help to ensure that relevant material is located. Other cost-effective options
are available ( 37 ). It is a good practice to then keep your review up-to-date and consider
republishing it every few years depending on the speed of progress in the field. A well-conducted
systematic review might (for a number of reasons) have only included studies on participants very
dissimilar to the patient(s) the clinician has in mind. Furthermore, for evidence-based medicine
(EBM) to be implemented successfully into clinical practice, access to relevant evidence needed to
be quickly and easily accessible at the point of patient care ( 18 ). Some professional bodies offer
access to databases as a member benefit. Automated indexing systems can both omit relevant subject
headings from a record which can impact on retrieval or include erroneous subject headings. The
clinical bottom line was that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate a difference in relation to
the greatest clinical improvement between the performance of meloxicam or carprofen in dogs with
osteoarthritis. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of
systematic reviews. In this way, readers of the systematic review can see for themselves the steps
taken to judge both the quality and reproducibility of the systematic review methods. The first
mention of veterinary professionals using a CAT format was by Cockcroft and Holmes ( 2 );
according to the authors, veterinary CATs did not exist at that time. The outcome measured here is
all-cause stroke and systemic embolism, ischemic and unspecified stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.
There are awards available for students to publish CATs currently ( 78 ), which should facilitate this
process. Later when he wrote further text urging health practitioners to organize knowledge into a
useable and reliable format and practice evidence-based medicine, others took up this challenge.
There are a number of resources that contain a good description of common study designs ( 1, 8, 59
), including some with flow diagrams for helping to determine what type of study design has been
used ( 8, 60, 61 ). Digital Sales Sell your publications commission-free as single issues or ongoing
subscriptions. It also depends on the terminology used to describe disease conditions or procedures.
Studies that had duplicated data, including the same group of patients or for whom there were
updated results available, were excluded.