MAY XX, 2021

CIEN 300XX

HYDRAULICS 2:
ORIFICES AND
WEIRS
C I L O T, C L A R I Z E M I K A
EXIOMO, REANNA APRIL
MAGSOMBOL, DANIELA
M O PA S , LY K A
NOCHE, EMMANUEL
TA O PA , D A N B E RT
 HYDRAULICS 2:

ORIFICE
• an opening with a closed perimeter through which fluid flows. It is used
primarily for the metering control of fluid flow
• common cross-sectional shapes: circular, square, rectangular, triangular
 ORIFICES:
THEORETICAL DISCHARGE (vt)
Derivation
 ORIFICES:
THEORETICAL DISCHARGE (vt)

where = theoretical velocity

= total head producing the flow
= theoretical flow
= cross-sectional area of the orifice
 ORIFICES:
COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY (Cv)
• It has been shown experimentally that the actual mean velocity of the jet from a
sharp-edged orifice is a little less than the theoretical velocity . This difference is
attributed to the fluid’s viscosity which was neglected in the derivation. To correct
for the head losses initially neglected, a correction factor known as the coefficient of
velocity (Cv) shall be applied.

• This orifice coefficient is measured by using principles of projectile motion:

, y<0
 ORIFICES:
CONTRACTION OF THE JET
• The individual particles of the mass of fluid approaching the orifice follow
converging paths. Due to the inertia of the particles lying close to the inner wall,
they cannot make abrupt changes in their direction as they reach the opening. This
causes them to follow curvilinear paths effecting a contraction of the jet up the
section, say m-n, at which the stream paths are assumed parallel, and the pressure
having a value equal to that of the surrounding medium.
• A caliper is commonly used to measure directly the amount of contraction of the jet
issuing from an orifice
 ORIFICES:
CONTRACTION OF THE JET
 ORIFICES:
COEFFICIENT OF CONTRACTION (Cc)
• The section m-n where the contraction of the jet ceases is called vena contracta
and its distance from the inner wall of the orifice is approximately ½ of the diameter
of the orifice (D)
• The dimensionless ratio of the cross-sectional area of the vena contracta () to the
cross-sectional area of the orifice is known as the coefficient of contraction (Cc)
 ORIFICES:
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
• Actual discharge (:
• It is measured by maintaining a constant head over the orifice and measuring the
volume of the outflow collected over a period of time

• the coefficient of discharge (C) is the ratio of the actual to the theoretical velocity of
discharge
 ORIFICES:
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
 ORIFICES:
ORIFICE COEFFICIENTS
 ORIFICE COEFFICIENTS:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A calibration test of a 12.5 mm circular sharp-edged orifice in the vertical side of a
large tank showed a discharge of 590 N of water in 81 seconds at a head of 4.70 m.
Measurement of the jet showed that it traveled 2.35 m horizontally while dropping 30
cm. Compute the three orifice coefficients.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A calibration test of a 12.5 mm circular sharp-edged orifice in the vertical side of a large tank showed a
discharge of 590 N of water in 81 seconds at a head of 4.70 m. Measurement of the jet showed that it
traveled 2.35 m horizontally while dropping 30 cm. Compute the three orifice coefficients.
 ORIFICES:
LOST HEAD AT AN ORIFICE
• Derivation
 ORIFICES:
LOST HEAD AT AN ORIFICE
• Using Bernoulli’s Energy Equation, the head lost at an orifice can be derived as:

• For large tanks where its cross-sectional area is much more larger than that of the
orifice , then the velocity of approach is negligible and the equation reduces to:
 ORIFICES WITH CONSTANT HEAD:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A sharp-edge orifice 75 mm in diameter
lies in a horizontal plane, the jet being
directed upward. If the jet rises to a
height of 8 m and the coefficient of
velocity is 0.98;
• Calculate the jet velocity
• Calculate the head loss of the orifice
• Calculate the head under which orifice
is discharging (neglecting air
resistance)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A sharp-edge orifice 75 mm in diameter lies in a horizontal plane, the jet being directed upward. If the jet
rises to a height of 8 m and the coefficient of velocity is 0.98;
• Calculate the jet velocity, the head loss of the orifice, the head under which orifice is discharging
(neglecting air resistance)
 ORIFICES WITH CONSTANT HEAD:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A cylindrical vessel has two identical 50 mm
diameter orifices provided in one of the sides
at depths of 2 m and 5 m below the free
surface of water. Assuming constant head, Cv
= 0.98 and Cc = 0.65, solve for the ff:
• the total discharge of the two orifices in N/s
• the vertical and horizontal distances from
the lower orifice to the point of intersection
of the two jets
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
A cylindrical vessel has two identical 50 mm diameter orifices provided in one of the sides at depths of 2 m
and 5 m below the free surface of water. Assuming constant head, Cv = 0.98 and Cc = 0.65, solve for the
ff:
• the total discharge of the two orifices in N/s
• the vertical and horizontal distances from the lower orifice to the point of intersection of the two jets
 ORIFICES WITH CONSTANT HEAD:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A jet is issued from the side of a tank under
a constant head of 3m. The side of the tank
is inclined by 45º. The depth of water in the
tank is 6.7 m. Neglecting air resistance and
assuming Cv = 1.0, solve for the ff:
• maximum height to which the jet will rise
• the point the jet will strike a horizontal
plane 1.2 m below the bottom of the tank
• the velocity of the jet as it strikes the
ground
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A jet is issued from the side of a tank under a constant head of 3m. The side of the tank is inclined by 45º.
The depth of water in the tank is 6.7 m. Neglecting air resistance and assuming Cv = 1.0, solve for the ff:
• maximum height to which the jet will rise, the point the jet will strike a horizontal plane 1.2 m below the
bottom of the tank, the velocity of the jet as it strikes the ground
 ORIFICES WITH CONSTANT HEAD:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Water flows from a tank through 200 mm and 1.25 mm orifices with a total drop in
water surface of 12.20 m. The coefficient of discharge for both orifices is C = 0.65.
Considering the flow to be uniform and neglecting velocity of approach, solve the ff:
• h1, h2, maximum discharge in kN/s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
Water flows from a tank through 200 mm and 1.25 mm orifices with a total drop in water surface of 12.20
m. The coefficient of discharge for both orifices is C = 0.65. Considering the flow to be uniform and
neglecting velocity of approach, solve the ff:
• h1, h2, maximum discharge in kN/s
 ORIFICES:
UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES
Suppose a constant inflow () is supplied to a tank at t = 0 with an outflow () flowing
through an orifice:
• If , then the flow is steady and the total head producing the flow () will be at a
constant height
• If , then the flow is unsteady and the total head producing the flow () will be either
rising or falling
 ORIFICES:
UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES
 UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES:
CASE 1: Qin = 0
CASE 1: , no inflow, the total head For containers with constant cross-
producing the flow is decreasing (falling sectional area from h1 to h2,
head)

𝒉𝟏
where As is a function 𝟏of h 𝑨𝒔 𝒅 𝒉 𝟐
𝒕= ∫ 𝒕= ( √ 𝒉𝟏 − √ 𝒉𝟐)
𝑪( 𝑨 𝒐 ) √ 𝟐 𝒈 𝒉 √ 𝒉
𝟐 𝑪 ( 𝑨 𝒐 ) √𝟐 𝒈
 UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES:
CASE 2: Qin ≠ Qout
CASE 2A: , the total head producing the CASE 2B: , the total head producing the
flow is decreasing (falling head) flow is increasing (rising head)

where As is a function of h
where As is ah function of h
1
𝐴𝑠 𝑑 h
𝑡 =∫
h2 𝐶 ( 𝐴𝑜 ) √ 2 𝑔h− 𝑄 𝑖𝑛
 UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A tank 5m in cross-sectional area is fitted with a sharp-edge orifice 50 mm in
2

diameter in its base. The coefficient of discharge is 0.62

• Calculate the time taken for the level of water in the tank to fall from 2 m to 0.5 m
• If water is admitted to the tank at 98.1 N/s, what is the rate of head rise if the initial
head is 1 m?
• Calculate the depth of water in the tank when the level becomes steady
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A tank 5m2 in cross-sectional area is fitted with a sharp-edge orifice 50 mm in diameter in its base. The coefficient of
discharge is 0.62
• Calculate the time taken for the level of water in the tank to fall from 2 m to 0.5 m
• If water is admitted to the tank at 98.1 N/s, what is the rate of head rise if the initial head is 1 m?
• Calculate the depth of water in the tank when the level becomes steady
 UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
A composite non-prismatic tank has a 5 m-high cylindrical section connected to a 2
m-high frustrum of a cone at the bottom with upper and lower base diameters
measuring 2.5 and 1.25 m respectively. The bottom contains a 100 mm diameter
sharp-edge orifice with a coefficient of discharge 0.60. If the tank is initially fully-filled,
solve for the following:
• the time it takes to empty only the cylindrical part
• the time it takes to empty all of the liquid that was initially contained in the frustrum
• the time it takes to empty the entire tank
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 7
A composite non-prismatic tank has a 5 m-high cylindrical section connected to a 2 m-high frustrum of a cone at the bottom
with upper and lower base diameters measuring 2.5 and 1.25 m respectively. The bottom contains a 100 mm diameter
sharp-edge orifice with a coefficient of discharge 0.60. If the tank is initially fully-filled, solve for the following:
• the time it takes to empty only the cylindrical part, the time it takes to empty all of the liquid that was initially contained in
the frustrum, the time it takes to empty the entire tank
 UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
A cylindrical drum of 1.22 m radius and 3.66 m length is half-filled with water. If the
drum is lying with its length horizontal, solve for the following: (C = 0.60)
• the diameter of an orifice located at the bottom center part that would take the drum
50 min and 34 s to be emptied
• the time it takes to lower the water surface by 0.5 m
• the depth of the tank after 40 mins with the same orifice as the first situation
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
A cylindrical drum of 1.22 m radius and 3.66 m length is half-filled with water. If the drum is lying with its length horizontal,
solve for the following: (C = 0.60)
• the diameter of an orifice located at the bottom center part that would take the drum 50 min and 34 s to be emptied, the
time it takes to lower the water surface by 0.5 m, the depth of the tank after 40 mins with the same orifice as the first
situation
 UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
A tank with vertical sides has a division wall provided with
a 0.02 m2 orifice. The tank has a trapezoidal cross-section
with the parallel sides having a 5 m and 3 m width. Using
C = 0.50 and Cv = 0.98, solve the following if the water
surface near the side that is 5 m wide is higher:
• the rate of discharge through the orifice
• the time it takes for the water level surfaces to be 1 m
apart
• the time it takes for the flow of water through the orifice
to stop
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
A tank with vertical sides has a division wall provided with a 0.02 m2 orifice. The tank has a trapezoidal cross-section with
the parallel sides having a 5 m and 3 m width. Using C = 0.50 and Cv = 0.98, solve the following if the water surface near
the side that is 5 m wide is higher:
• the rate of discharge through the orifice, the time it takes for the water level surfaces to be 1 m apart, the time it takes for
the flow of water through the orifice to stop
 UNSTEADY FLOW IN ORIFICES:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
A cylindrical vessel 3 m-high and 1.5 m in diameter is filled with water to a depth of
2.5 m. In its side, a 50 mm circular orifice is placed 300 mm above the bottom of the
vessel. If the vessel was rotated about its own axis at 60 rpm and the water was
allowed to escape through the orifice for 3 minutes, solve for the following:
• the difference in elevation of the water surface at the center and at the periphery of
the tank
• the volume of water discharge
• the equivalent depth of the water if brought to rest
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 10
A cylindrical vessel 3 m-high and 1.5 m in diameter is filled with water to a depth of 2.5 m. In its side, a 50 mm circular
orifice is placed 300 mm above the bottom of the vessel. If the vessel was rotated about its own axis at 60 rpm and the
water was allowed to escape through the orifice for 3 minutes, solve for the following:
• the difference in elevation of the water surface at the center and at the periphery of the tank, the volume of water
discharge, the equivalent depth of the water if brought to rest

h/2

h/2
y

x
 HYDRAULICS 2:

WEIRS
• overflow structures built across an open channel to measure the flow
• according to the form of the crest, weirs may be sharp-crested or broad-
crested
 WEIRS:
CONTRACTED RECTANGULAR
WEIRS
• when the weir does not completely extend across the width of the channel

where = length of crest

= number of head contraction (1 or 2)
= measured head
 WEIRS:
CONTRACTED RECTANGULAR
through an orifice:
WEIRS
Suppose a constant inflow () is supplied to a tank at t = 0 with an outflow () flowing

• If , then the flow is steady and the total head producing the flow () will be at a
constant height
• If , then the flow is unsteady and the total head producing the flow () will be either
rising or falling
 WEIRS:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 11
A rectangular, sharp-crested weir with end contractions is 1.4 meters long. How high
should it be placed in a channel to maintain an upstream depth of 2.35 m for a flow of
400 L/s?
 WEIRS:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 12
Determine the flow over a suppressed weir 3 m long and 1.2 m high under a head of
900 mm. The weir factor Cw = 1.91. Consider velocity of approach.
 WEIRS:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 13
A V-notch weir is located or cut at one end of a tank having a horizontal square
section of 10 m by 10 m. If the initial head on the weir is 1.20 m and it takes 375 s to
discharge 100 m3 of water, what could’ve been the vertex angle of the weir? Use C =
0.60
 WEIRS:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 14
Water flows under a parabolic weir that is 2 m deep and 2 m wide at the top under a
constant head of 1.5 m. Assuming C = 0.65, determine the discharge through the
weir
 WEIRS:
SAMPLE PROBLEM 15
A trapezoidal weir having side slopes of 1H to 2V discharges 500 m /s under a
3

constant head of 2m. Find the length of weir assuming C = 0.60

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