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    GROUNDWATER

    Uploaded by

    Asky Guerrero
    Groundwater is water found underground in spaces and cracks in soil, sand, and rock. It is contained in aquifers, which are permeable water-bearing geological formations that can store or yield large amounts of water. There are two types of aquifers: confined aquifers, which have an impermeable layer above trapping water under pressure; and unconfined aquifers, where groundwater is located under a permeable soil layer known as the water table. Darcy's law describes the flow of fluid through a permeable medium like an aquifer, stating that the flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure difference driving flow and inversely proportional to the distance over which it acts.

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    GROUNDWATER

    Uploaded by

    Asky Guerrero
    6 views2 pages
    Groundwater is water found underground in spaces and cracks in soil, sand, and rock. It is contained in aquifers, which are permeable water-bearing geological formations that can store or yield large amounts of water. There are two types of aquifers: confined aquifers, which have an impermeable layer above trapping water under pressure; and unconfined aquifers, where groundwater is located under a permeable soil layer known as the water table. Darcy's law describes the flow of fluid through a permeable medium like an aquifer, stating that the flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure difference driving flow and inversely proportional to the distance over which it acts.

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    Groundwater is water found underground in spaces and cracks in soil, sand, and rock. It is contained in aquifers, which are permeable water-bearing geological formations that can store or yield large amounts of water. There are two types of aquifers: confined aquifers, which have an impermeable layer above trapping water under pressure; and unconfined aquifers, where groundwater is located under a permeable soil layer known as the water table. Darcy's law describes the flow of fluid through a permeable medium like an aquifer, stating that the flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure difference driving flow and inversely proportional to the distance over which it acts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views2 pages

    GROUNDWATER

    Uploaded by

    Asky Guerrero
    Groundwater is water found underground in spaces and cracks in soil, sand, and rock. It is contained in aquifers, which are permeable water-bearing geological formations that can store or yield large amounts of water. There are two types of aquifers: confined aquifers, which have an impermeable layer above trapping water under pressure; and unconfined aquifers, where groundwater is located under a permeable soil layer known as the water table. Darcy's law describes the flow of fluid through a permeable medium like an aquifer, stating that the flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure difference driving flow and inversely proportional to the distance over which it acts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Groundwater is the water

    found underground in the


    cracks and spaces in soil,
    sand, and rock. It is held in
    aquifers—permeable
    water-bearing rock and/or
    sediment—and can be
    extracted through wells or
    bubbles up naturally
    through a spring or is
    discharged into lakes or
    streams
    An aquifer is a geological formation that is made up of permeable sedimentary
    layers that can store or yield large amounts of water
    There are two general types of aquifers:
    1. Confined aquifers have a layer of impenetrable rock or clay above them.
    A confined aquifer happens when water in porous layers is trapped by
    layers that are relatively impermeable, like granite. Or dense clay.
    Confined layers tend to be under pressure and typically are saturated
    throughout.

    2. Unconfined aquifers lie below a permeable layer of soil. Unconfined layers


    are where ground water is located. This is water right under the soil, the top
    of this is considered the water table

    DARCY’S LAW
    refers to the amount of fluid that flows through a permeable medium or body.
    Darcy’s law states that the rate at which a fluid moves through a permeable
    medium (like groundwater moving through an aquifer) is directly related to the
    difference between vertical elevations at different points in the medium, and
    indirectly directly related to the distance between those points in the medium
    the flow of fluid between two points is directly related to pressure differences,
    distances, and interconnectedness of flows within rocks/sediments.

    Darcy’s law equation is expressed as follows:


    Q = -kA (Pb – Pa)/μL
    Q is the rate at which the liquid flows

    k is the instantaneous discharge rate

    A is the cross-sectional area of a column

    (Pb – Pa) is the pressure drop over a given distance

    μ is the fluid’s viscosity

    L is the length over which the pressure tends to drop

    • Confined aquifer:
    A confined aquifer can be characterized by the quantity of groundwater flow
    per unit area (q) as follows:

    q = Kb dh/dx
    K is the hydraulic conductivity

    b is the thickness

    dh/dx is the hydraulic gradient


    X is the direction of the hydraulic gradient

    • Unconfined aquifer:
    Groundwater discharge per unit of aquifer width (q) can be determined by
    Darcy’s law when the aquifer is unconfined:

    q = -Kh dh/dx
    K is the hydraulic conductivity

    h is the saturated thickness

    dh/dx is the hydraulic gradient


    x is the direction of the hydraulic gradient

    NOTE:

    Darcy’s law does not apply to all types of soil, but rather to some types only.
    These include clay, sandy soil, and silt soil. Darcy’s law does not apply to
    permeable surfaces, such as gravel and cobbles.

    Neither the saturated nor the unsaturated flow of fluid follows Darcy’s law.

    It is only applicable when the flow of fluid is laminar.

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