SERVICE LOAD CHECKING:

Serviceability Checks of Prestressing Steel

Due to tendon jacking force, f pJ :

f pJ ≤ min ( 0.94 f py , 0.84 f pu , max jacking force as per manufacturer )

Immediately after force transfer:

f pi ≤ min ( 0.82 f py ,0.74 f pu ) for pre tensioned

f pi ≤ 0.70 f pu for post tensioned

The range values of f py:

f py ≤ 0.80 f pu for Prestressing bars

f py ≤ 0.85 f pu for Stress-relieved tendons

f py ≤ 0.90 f pu for Low-relaxation tendons

INITIAL CONDITION – STAGE 1, Stress Transfer:

f pi =f pJ −∆ f pR−∆ f pES for pre tensioned

f pi =f pJ −∆ f pES −∆ f pA−∆ f pF for post tensioned

Pi= A ps f pi

Losses for Elastic Shortening, ∆ f pES :

Eci =4700 √ f 'ci for normal weight concrete

Eci =( γ conc )1.5 0.043 √ f 'ci for values of γ conc between 1440∧2560 kg /m3

−PJ
( ) MDe
2
e
f cs= 1+ 2 +
Ac r Ic

E ps
∆ f pES = f for pre tensioned
Eci cs
n
1
∆ f pES = ∑ ( ∆ f pES ,¿ pretensioned ¿ ) j = 12 ∆ f pES, ¿ pre tensioned ¿ for post tensioned
n j=1

Losses for Steel Stress Relaxation, ∆ f pR :

∆ f pR=f ' pi
(
log t f ' pi
10 f py )
−0.55 where f ' pi =f pJ
Losses for Friction, ∆ f pF :

∆ f pF =f pJ ( μα + kL )

y
α =8 (radian)
x
Losses for Anchorage, ∆ f pA :

∆ f pA =E ps ( ∆L )
A

Checking of actual stresses:

−Pi
(
e ct MD
) {
0.50 √ f ci for ends of simply supported
'
t
f= 1− 2 − t ≤ f ti
Ac r S 0.25 √ f ci for all other locations
'

f b=
−Pi
Ac ( e cb M D
1+ 2 +
r Sb )
≤ f ci
{
0.70 f 'ci for ends of simply supported
'
0.60 f ci for all other locations
FINAL CONDITION – STAGE 2, Service Loadings after n days:

f pe (n days) =f pi −∆ f pR−∆ f pCR −∆ f pSH

Pe = A ps f pe (n days)

Loss for Steel Stress Relaxation, ∆ f pR :

∆ f pR=f ' pi [ log t 2−log t 1

10 ]( f ' pi
f py )
−0.55 where f ' pi =f pi ∧t 1 =t(¿ stage 1)

Creep Loss, ∆ f pCR :

Ec =4700 √ f c for normal weight concrete

'

Ec = ( γ conc )1.5 0.043 √ f 'c for values of γ conc between 1440∧2560 kg /m3

M SD e
f csd=
Ic

{
E ps
∆ f pCR = K CR ( f cs−f csd ) where K CR = 2.0 for pre tensioned
Ec 1.6 for post tensioned

Shrinkage Loss, ∆ f pSH :

K SH =1.0 for pre tensioned

∆ f pSH =8.2 x 10−6 K SH E ps 1−0.0024 ( V

S )
( 100−RH )

V
where RH =relative humidity ; =volume ¿ surface ratio
S
Checking of actual stresses:

−Pe
( MT
)
t
ec
1− 2 − t ≤ f c {0.60 f c for Prestress plus total loads
t '
f=
Ac r S

f b=
−Pe
Ac (
e cb M T
1+ 2 +
r S b
) ¿ {
≤ f t less than∨equal 0.62 √ f c for ClassU beams ¿ between 0.62 √ f c ∧1.00 √ f c for Class
' ' '
FINAL CONDITION – STAGE 3, Long-term Service Loadings after n years:

f pe (n years )=f pe (n days) −∆ f pR

Pe = A ps f pe (n years)

Loss for Steel Stress Relaxation, ∆ f pR :

∆ f pR=f ' pi [ log t 2−log t 1

10 ]( f ' pi
f py )
−0.55 where f ' pi =f pe(n days) ∧t 1 =t 2 (¿ stage 2)

Checking of actual stresses:

−Pe
( MT
)
t
ec
1− 2 − t ≤ f c {0.45 f c for Prestress plus total loads
t '
f=
Ac r S

f b=
−Pe
Ac (
e cb M T
1+ 2 +
r S b
) ¿ {
≤ f t less than∨equal 0.62 √ f c for ClassU beams ¿ between 0.62 √ f c ∧1.00 √ f c for Class
' ' '
ULTIMATE STRENGTH FLEXURAL DESIGN

Cracking Moment:

( )
2
r
f =0.62 λ √ f c
'
M cr =f r S b + Pe e+
cb r

Step 1: Compute factored moment and trial depth, (0.6 in per ft span)
Step 2: Choice of preliminary section
Mn
A ' c= trial total concrete
0.68 f ' c h
Mn
A ps= trial prestressing steel
0.72 f pu h
Step 3: Calculate the stress fps in the prestressing tendon at nominal strength using the strain-
compatibility approach
 As ' A 's A ps ρf y ρ'f y
ρ= ρ= ρp= ω= ω'=
bd bd bdp f 'c f 'c

β 1=0.85−0.007 ( f ' c −28 ) ≥ 0.65

If fpe < 0.5 fpu, strain compatibility analysis
If fpe > 0.5 fpu,
Bonded tendons:

( {
f ps=f pu 1−
γp
β1
f d
ρ p pu + ( ω−ω ' )
f 'c d p })
f py
if ≥ 0.9 then γ p =0.28
f pu
f py
if ≥ 0.85 then γ p =0.40
f pu
f py
if ≥ 0.80 then γ p =0.55
f pu
Unbonded tendons:
For span/depth ratio ≤ 35
f 'c
f ps=f pe +70+
100 ρ p
For span/depth ratio > 35
f 'c
f ps=f pe +70+
300 ρ p
Step 4: Determine if the trial section is considered rectangular or flanged
A ps f ps+ A s f y −A ' s f y
a=
0.85 f ' c b
Step 5: if hf is larger than c and a, analyze as rectangular section
c=a/ β 1
Step 6: Reinforcement Indices and Nominal Moment:
For a < hf (flanged and rectangular section)
ρ p f ps ( ω−ω ' )
ω p= '
ω T =ω p +d
f c
dp

If ω T <0.36 β 1
 (
M n= A ps f ps d p−
a
2 ) a
( ) a
+ A s f y d− + A ' s f y −d '
2 2 ( )
If ω T ≥ 0.36 β1

M n=f ' c b d p2 ( 0.36 β1 −0.08 β12 )

For a > hf (flanged section)

A pw f ps A ps f ps + A s f y −0.85 f ' c ( b−b w ) hf
a= =
0.85 f ' c bw 0.85 f ' c b w
As A 's A ps ρw f y ρ 'w f y
ρw = ρ 'w= ρ pw = ωw= ω 'w=
bw d bw d bw d p f 'c f 'c
ρ pw f ps ( ωw −ω ' w )
ω pw = '
ωT =ω pw +d
f c
dp

If ω T <0.36 β 1

M n= A pw f ps d p− ( a
2 ) ( h
+ A s f y ( d−d p ) +0.85 f 'c ( b−bw ) h f d p − f
2 )
If ω T ≥ 0.36 β1

M n=f ' c bw d p ( 0.36 β1 −0.08 β1 ) + 0.85 f c ( b−b w ) hf d p−

2 2 '
( hf
2 )
Step 7: Check minimum reinforcement
A s> 0.004 Ac
Step 8: Check cracking moment
M u >1.2 M cr
Step 9: Select the size and spacing of the non-prestressed tension reinforcement
Step 10: Verify the design moment
M u ≤ φM n