Database Systems

CSE 215

Lecture 02
2022
Structure Query Language (SQL)

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Today’s Outline (mainly from chapter 2)

Relational Model vs Non-relational model

SQL introduction & Brief History

Data in SQL

Basic Schema definition

Keys and Constraints

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 Two types of databases

Relational Databases Non-relational databases

• Organize data into • Organize data into
one or more tables anything but traditional
tables
– Each table has
columns and rows – Key-value pairs
– A Unique key – Documents (JSON,
identifies each row XML)
– Graphs

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Relational databases

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Non-relational databases

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 SQL Introduction
• Standard language for querying and manipulating data

Structured Query Language

• Original name was SEQUEL:

Structured English QUEry Language

• Correct modern pronunciation is

S-Q-L.

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 Chronology
•1970s IBM - first relational database System R, then DB2.
Others include:
Ingres Database - query language QUEL
Digital - Relational Database Operator
ISBL - relational algebra DML
dBase family of products for PCs
•1979 Oracle
• 1980 First standardisation efforts.
•1984 ISO SQL standard - many flaws but universally adopted.
•1992 Update to standard called SQL92 - The basic standard for
any modern database
•1999 Update to standard called SQL99 - Oracle database
conforms to SQL99
•2003 Current standard SQL2003 - Not many databases fully
support this standard yet.
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FOUR major operations of any
RDBMS

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 SQL
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
– Create/alter/delete tables and their attributes
– Today’s lecture...
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
– Insert/delete/modify tuples in tables
– Query one or more tables
– Following lectures

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 Table name Attribute names

Tables in SQL
Product

PName Price Category Manufacturer

Gizmo $19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks

Powergizmo $29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks

SingleTouch $149.99 Photography Canon

MultiTouch $203.99 Household Hitachi

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 Tables Explained
• A relation is a table.
– (Envisioned by E.F. Codd 1970, IBM)
• The schema of a table is the table name and
its attributes:
Product(PName, Price, Category, Manfacturer)
• Database = collection of relations/tables.
• Database schema = set of all relation
schemas in the database.

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 Tables Explained
• A tuple = a record/ a row in the table
– Example:
(SingleTouch, 149.99, Photography, Canon)
• A table = a set of tuples
– Like a list…
– …but it is unordered:
no first(), no next(), no last().

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 Domains
• Data types of attributes
– Restriction: all attributes are of atomic type
• that is elementary type i.e., integer, string
• Each attribute has an associated domain
– i.e. the domain of Pname is string
– The domain of price is real numbers

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Creating Tables: SQL command
CREATE TABLE Student (
name CHAR(50),
id NUMBER(10),
gender CHAR(1),
address CHAR(100),
gpa FLOAT
);

C/C++  Data type comes first and then variable name

SQL  Variable name comes first and then Data type

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 Common data types
• Characters:
Syntax: CHAR[(maximum_size)]
– Examples `kamal’
• CHAR(40)
– name CHAR(40)
• CHAR
– gender CHAR
– Padded with blank at right

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 Common data types
• VARCHAR:
Syntax: VARCHAR(maximum_size)
– Variable length character string
– Example
• VARCHAR(40)
– address VARCHAR(100)
• VARCHAR  not permitted
– Memory is allocated based on exact length of
string.
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 Common data types
• CHAR vs. VARCHAR:
– VARCHAR: no wastage of memory
– CHAR: faster processing
– Which one to use when?
• If you want to store password?
• If you want to store last name/first name etc...?

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 Common data types
• For numbers (like C)
– INT or INTEGER
– REAL
– FLOAT

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 Common data types
• Fixed point decimal numbers:
– DECIMAL[(precision , scale)] in SQL
– NUMBER[(precision , scale)] in ORACLE
• precision: how many digits in total
• scale: how many digits after/before decimal
• In SQL Decimal(p,s)

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 Example
When you insert 7,456,123.89
(In this number 9 digits in total, 2 decimal digits)
Data Type Value stored
- Number(9) 7456124
- Number(9,1) 7456123.9
- Number(9,2) 7456123.89
- Number(7,-2) 7456100
- Number(6) Rejected

• Only NUMBER  any fraction (up to 38 decimal digits)

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 Common data types
• Date data type:

Standard SQL
YYYY-MM-DD
Example:
Date ‘1994-10-21’

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 Common data types
• Oracle provides a function to_date for creating
an object of Date data type:
General syntax
TO_DATE(<string>, '<format>')
Example:
TO_DATE(‘1994-10-21’,’YYYY –MM-DD’)
TO_DATE(‘1994-OCT-21’,’YYYY –MON-DD’)
TO_DATE(‘1994-OCT-21’,’YYYY –MON-DD’)
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 Common data types
• Oracle’s default date format is DD-MON-YY
– If you use this format you don’t have to use
to_date function.

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 Common data types
• For outputing date you can use to_char
function.
• The general usage of TO_CHAR is:
TO_CHAR(<date>, '<format>')
where the <format> string can be formed from over 40
options. Some of the more popular ones are on the next
slide

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 Common data types

MM Numeric month (e.g., 07)

MON Abbreviated month name (e.g., JUL)
MONTH Full month name (e.g., JULY)
DD Day of month (e.g., 24)
DY Abbreviated name of day (e.g., FRI)
YYYY 4-digit year (e.g., 1998)
YY Last 2 digits of the year (e.g., 98)
RR Like YY, but the two digits are ``rounded'' to a year
in the range 1950 to 2049. Thus, 06 is considered
2006 instead of 1906

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 Common data types
• Two dates can be compared using = <> > etc.
• Two dates can only be subtracted NO addition, multiplication
or division.

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 NULL data

Any value of any type can be NULL.

– Signals missing value.
Students(sid: string, name: string, email: string, gpa: float
dob: date)
– Value doesn’t exist.
– Value exists but unknown.
– Value not applicable to this record.

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 NULL data

Any value of any type can be NULL.

– Signals missing value.
Students(sid: string, name: string, email: string, gpa: float
dob: date)
– Value doesn’t exist. (for example email of a student)
– Value exists but unknown. (for example dob needs
verification)
– Value not applicable to this record. (for example, L1 T1
student)
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 Creating table

CREATE TABLE <tableName> (

<list of attributes and types>
);

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 Creating table

CREATE TABLE <tableName> (

attribute1 type1,
attribute2 type2,
….
….
);

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 Creating table

CREATE TABLE Product (

maker VARCHAR(10),
model NUMBER(10),
type VARCHAR(10),
);

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 Case doesn’t matter
• Case insensitive:
– Same: SELECT Select select
– Same: Product product
– Different: ‘Seattle’ ‘seattle’

• Constants:
– ‘abc’ - yes
– “abc” - no
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 CREATE TABLE Product (
Convention to follow maker VARCHAR(10),
model NUMBER(10),
type VARCHAR(10),
);
• SQL Commands: all caps
• Example: CREATE TABLE
• Table name : Start with upper case , any
subsequent word upper case
• Example: Product, MovieStar
• Attributes: Start with lower case , any subsequent
word upper case or separate by underscore.
• Example: maker, producer, certNo (or cert_no)
• Data types
• Example: CHAR, VARCHAR
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 Activity 1: Create student database

Students(sid: string, name: string, email: string, gpa: float

dob: date)

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 Keys
Key = minimal set of attributes acting as a unique
tuple identifier.
– Consider the universe of all potential relation data,
not just what the table currently contains.
p_name price manufacturer

Gizmo 19.99 GizmoWorks

Powergizmo 39.99 GizmoWorks Product

Widget 29.99 WidgetsRUs

HyperWidget 203.99 Hyper

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 What is the key here?
A. dept
B. dept, number
Course
C. dept, number, section
dept number section instructor
D. dept, number, section, instructor
MATH 101 A Jones

MATH 101 B Smith

MATH 102 A Williams

PHYS 101 A Baker

PHYS 102 B Baker

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 Primary keys
Every table should select one key as primary key.
– Each tuple must have distinct non-NULL values of
primary key attributes.
– Adding a new record with duplicate or NULL primary key will
fail.
p_name price manufacturer

Gizmo 19.99 GizmoWorks

Product
Powergizmo 39.99 GizmoWorks

Widget 19.99 WidgetsRUs

HyperWidget 203.99 Hyper

Product (p_name: string, price: float, manufacturer: string)
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Class Exercise
Movie relation

MovieStar relation

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 Movie relation

Movie(title: string, year:int, length: int, genre: string)

CREATE TABLE Movie(

title VARCHAR(50),
year INTEGER,
length INTEGER,
genre CHAR(10),
PRIMARY KEY (title, year)
)
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 MovieStar relation

MovieStar(name: string, address:string, gender: char, birthdate: date)

CREATE TABLE MovieStar(

name VARCHAR(50),
address VARCHAR(50),
gender CHAR(1),
birthdate DATE,
PRIMARY KEY (name)
);
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 UNIQUE attribute

– Each tuple must have distinct values of UNIQUE

attributes
– More than one tuple may have null values in unique
attribute(s)
– Adding a new record with duplicate in unique attribute will fail.

Students(sid: string, name: string, email: string, gpa: float

dob: date, username: string)

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 UNIQUE attribute (example)

Students(sid: string, name: string, email: string, gpa: float

dob: date, username: string)
CREATE TABLE Students(
sid CHAR(10),
name VARCHAR(50),
email VARCHAR(50),
gpa FLOAT,
dob DATE,
username CHAR(5) UNIQUE,
PRIMARY KEY (sid)
);
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