+3 a r mmi HL 20g¬ micmiooeaRFO 2 H

I-t isieoco3gcr infend Ce a o ai po tn mtoonoete

4-itmeang tu, rgiskerg mo of insnucBon8 ave des ualfo o c hh 16-6;
bina oves
6 t Aa bus a rea daa fom he saa o
omoy ov for eiter ((-ts r or

8-7Ft ata^na
sus Can addes y oe a = , 8 , 5 7 6 renep bcabtne
Mem apa = 4M By- 00000H- F665F.
L
oaaes n stre &-rt SyBE-uide leahon
a

Sioten 67E wnd& Can e stua n too tongeCuhve menoy lbadson&.

odd
Ho-pin nfp ovR on a
sivg e r5 up
Mao. opeaiy freuaey
Too odes Mivumum Moele Sigle ayse-
Maoimwn

Lnte toay 4reifeciee o eog6 P :

CSee Afona Mataiels J- 5

8TO uo Tnferfaco Uvst-

SenDs eut aAdces, Rktas inshiebns fom memo r Aota fron boats a
men anß wtes daa to borz £ memor
teanler all hanfer t asdress on e ouges fr te E
Ey.Ecenbon. tnit
Tells tea BIU tare e to fefch ivahruebiomk o sato fom-, decodas
inehueon ececfes iwuehins.

A£U:
Confru Ciruifax, Isuebon Decose
Ey Contains Ooiro? cireut
sth diec itena) oferadom

Ta decoder tan aes sunfons

feAka om ama) ito a seies a acbos y c
4EU Caies ont
 Kag 6-bt Atv -

ad, skack, D,oR, xoR, incramet ,dearemaxt Co

Penet shift- binay mumbora
GR fezikler
hl- F5 tih indi'cafes soma CovnAib'on oduaad
a eceadon an

tnhme onr onirds coan operabo ie Eu.

6 - P regisler o -

3 achva fags as doan eld;

8o85 Conbahe-
SI1 12 to 9 8 7 6 S 93 Gi

Ca
Paai
Auduany
Zer
a
Sigle-ste Te
Ltemup pualle
Stig Dieehon
Oveefo isiates overfe
U -

Undeftned or ort Cana

Sho fas c, S,A, P6, z 4 0F - Conibor o -stor Renet by ofoeboy
3 :D,T6& Ih os to Codo coxain entsos +eu roaros
Sefor Reee t w specif
6-
ban ou ream
Thuod Ar sike sBebivg Rrough a bogram
I tbned fo alloa or broki bi4e irefenupfon abrogre
ed R zti ingc`mß

3- Geherafurbose Ragiserz
GPR A , 4 , G1, B, CM, CA, DK & D£

Inkiiduuse s 8-tislerg fore Ap aats as accumdartor

TBus tëfaa tnt lew,

TheThe uaue
tle Fv Jeesd Jeaian tnueion or ececuh an ihgbueon. r
des nef repue uses of bures, 01u feftlaz pto 6 siog y A Ra
 oll ng isinckon hres in FIO osd s t - a l a e
fe )
n- EU is f fr nast inasuetsoa.if simreos bstnea5om
R tngoucbon fom ta. quaua in 3TU dumbed
quaus
mut ca
Mare t e

*mmdasfania fom a na a4eas, breAAG -an-quu

asbeadds up ocagging- ao ata Pibelinin?.

Segmest Rgisez :

memT
oulr faus 65,536 (. K Gyes )
Rosnber at
any iven hme 8og6 o c uht,

m e s tein teis 1MS ae

4Sagnest gise upa to hatuaer

Geqment eat fe 2o86 t oonciwte af a fast culan hir
Sagmat g : es ce4e degmet) reg'skir, shox saginest (E) agikr
sba Sagmet Es Da senet ( P

zuahsbon - h i Mewmor

4se meK an oe sefaratedo To of Es

fr sal prgrung steh do nst

na al6YKBin each aea
Botfom o es
met, teay Can biaas, 70000
56566T ToP o sS

hor e, cs regiser Mds phern 64

6-ofshtirg asses festa
met fom ath eu BIU Sooo Botfom of ss

awre Aehing isbuabon. tode 99,T T o- as

byo by
Ttu BIU ala2 inserE zepes
38 4o
sabalns far a segmezt 2566h
6Y
stads at 34ea 348to H eoDH Boef Ds
T p a fe segmestaiyg as stovad in a sgrmet vqaiT is ofles
tallad ee me a

dackts a gezðon_efnemo at asidato tne aAcw e les

Bubogram. eoeaut oK
Ss eagial Fdds par -6its of sfad
- of-_ozam

al ta r daa
-Hoo nama sqme
ae
adrses

eis code seged.

hotds t6-6it aDcAs, or offse, of #ea nast ye
Tta Covceina tau - an offset - because tesa valua mutt be ofs fo
&gmert bose asIcas in csto Fmduca tes vpuired
0
aaad) kc)
Physia a4*e sext p ou 0IU.

P 219 Handud va 1896 Top f cs

zaroeg
Physia a d s CS: 34 8 4 o
TP 2 1 H 39A H -coda Bye
3 8 A B H
P=Yy
348on
Sfat

aes sqment bose: os form

eS:TP 348A 4219

Stra Segmert egiger 2 aoc i e r eg

T B086 dlo usto se aside an etie 6 e B y sgmextE as Skox

uher 16-it gf staoians of gaoe SS ragisk

lotahon wfore a cwow mof reant store o te &a

SS egiste = 5oo0 H, SP 55E OH

. SS Sooo o inurle S665M
SP: 5 6FE Top of Se
S6 6EH: Phsia
SP 5hEO

soetofs
 Pie 2 adoo egien in t Eu:

aun use
tohstd
t i t efoe of adasa aonin one o 4e sgneB
S I Cur be us2to Ad e o f a daa aore in t dck sepmet
t
exs- adAingcodledr of s to sme aas rgiakg eneeute 6
number in t DS re ser

Meo - L meyle oe0c0H to 565FF

Lre has resesvc Do000to 6007H anA6 65OH to 5 AKShH
ArJr ntermp ferivahaliaadon o Poatures.

Ta aeKt in shih a hnosr an acces data ave refer to as AJlaesig Mede.

oherans may be oai in qters, uitei te itnuaAb2 ofeas, in nao

ifuet tyfeo cf aahesing maes:

Regiskr ptlressi?:
TrasEs a coer ef a S o On forn fee source epser or coveteta o a reoy

taont eSesineidova a or mewo loon

R mou cx, DX: copies l6-6i aotens of rg'ser Dr ito c

neiote Asdemig
oeer e sove, an inmearle brë cond sa, into 4e Aeebinaton vagitaF
OTenory lodon
m o u A£,2 : oies a b - sina 12t in a r A.

Moues a be r oon Cetoeona meror lectd'onand a regise

Doer nof-s a meory-to- memo barsfer,ecapuH, Mous isbuedra

Mou Co, LIST Csies 4ea uore U-it)- s22 Cont of meMoy tocasht £rST
ino veglsle co.
 Ropiskr. Tndirc AMIregrir,: ason %ea
Savsjerg pyfe or co beioeena
a
agiskr 2 a memo
8X, DL4 SL)
.

an de o base giser 8P, sgmet efet alees

mov A,Ler]: copies o siza A frore Ra k
inecer exico 1agisle A

8se-fluy -Tndeo Arasing taason aDese

ocefoena riune memn
Travsfes a be or
DI or ST)
boe gisler Ler or 8*) lus a n indders vregisler
a

MoU Iexo+DI], ec:abtes tea b-si20

tonz ef replafes ec ifo
DL
tà segmet menoy teabon. alacases br 6x pus

egiater- Relcrhive 4Altaig

bues a bea Detoeon. a iser Ra memo bado asclocase oy
an inle0 a base Tegister hlus a isolacone
MOU AX, Eeo+Y] : (oads A* pom Aofa segme~t ahrs m a b
6x*4
MoU AK, ARRAYTSx memov foaboa in ARRAY
phus ea content o

Base- eelative-Pus-Tadeso ARdxesing

Tasfez abe or wn8 beAoene a rpisior R memo toabon ass
ya basa &an inles giuter us a sisblaamet
MOU AK, ARRAY LBx+DT] B moy A, rx+DI+ ) tbass A D
a data segmet memory tewon axssefamos a aRAAY 6
DT or alAin e , DI&y.

T ftfoeh tde BhoB mansio2 dets o- a tosD*esig

modes ife above
CSe Abna Matesials ] 6
 Some More tout Raleg 4 nez I6-6it 4
ismain must be leoarfe in memo bovked to iz
P
met psler es aa 16-it efat onin tn 6-t TP
inferaal uai topta edd of 6
6Comdes 4e» a0-it phzsi aese
oveta in es an IP a8 eolaind 2anier
Y
bee or sarf of o Cuwrt oede aegmert b
CS Comaink t
nodtaehe insue5
to

Gsara offse fom tess a e n t» Ge

T s vapisr foito t auert Safe segmet

ofeand Ar most inshnuebo a e ftla fom feis cegmeACwed o f s e t f

SI , Dr o r t6-Git Asblacom ert
an
fek o
6-
Compching R20-bi sial a e e

cstie, in ecats o 64e bot fo

Es in
To ES repisk bdn to *e
be t DS) ts p e .
al-
Es DI to e i n a lo E phrsia
Sig insnuosons atsays uge +
efe destt nand 2L

segmet n e boiuded éy more ttan Ohe sgrIet 2risier

in
Ts Ds 2 ES Max point fo t Kae egmert in memoyand

instnucbon ans aoter segmeRt a s a destinadm sefeA in anottel

sting tiedion

Ax Regiee:
ata16-5it accumulata lo 8-it accumuaty ¬J
o oUT inshuokonj alesye use te AX o 4 r inbuthig ote th 6
o 8 da to or fom- an Ho pos.
Mudbatoyon 2 division ieiuod n a'so use tu 40 0r 4

44 is me a8 es accumuor o 095mioorocaggor
 arlBe giar, on t gaon apope nguii udre tonkrhe tan
we asdrenig 8o86 menont
4*emer afeona uslaing Rs ng'ski
cotert aestg mes

a t o t e r g s k Lecause dome iuebon nihas SHcst, o TATE

PooP use e Conden o eo a8a toufes
T inghuaion Loop sraRT aoefomahically deoamest e 1
i ajfeahug Plos e u edee if cotents of co besoes zo0

7f e o , sog6 aceafes neot iwtruason otodsa teo g 6

ades to labe " sTAK

RepiskeZ
Useotol #a ider 6-it rsubrvkucf ) tn cone of 16bit 16-4t
t o he kih 6-6't divden o 3 - t Aind aa t enaa
peavg in ox o f a t6-%t diviaion

a Regise, aamosY m mupliabon 4 &idion oberabont

asabair: 4 Ox-A
 y- lefter oyrbds - Mnemonics - to vepzee
ssen gagae vse 2- ,3- r

f r ta oper
kHes in Maemvric - inibak or shorene of t Esh od (s)
aion fespmao A 2a irnetuobon
wnenber omei
Mnemonis - Jusf a deice fo help us
t can be loade itb mamoy 4 nus.
AL - a ate to mackine gueye &o ttat
hardaare 4 sofftare
AP- CAlberg e secret of ourcompuders
Os 0 o n foge
teaoks us altout say e computer handuware A
and abiaBm nRoank communiasfe t s os
Mackia ebensext, easier fo we tean macia l a g a 2

Reosnsolenan A#P
wabs us o wneraan mpter a ifecrtura R as
aor ils usliy - - teletom bagrnf rEN - P

Tiemendous adartageter taeei? nusua brogonim min erlems kle ts

loo at a þroblee orm a ferext vieo bohnt anta bngram ner ho Kho23
H i A kre language.

rasens language setemets an uoual otlen in a sianbbr formtet

has four Relols a8 soon l o

fabe 6plede operae

Held Feld Comment Fiel
AL,Ot 9D CoRRECTDN KATA

sheoftal Kngv_ot fme e ademeRt 's ttea .

Mnerouics or oheadon codes fr fe insfnucbbo fo be
owins daka, MenoaAdes, pot aes a fe ane
þezforme.
ot ropks
onoi Ata ineb o Se eamel- Data Ifemg.
Stay hte a seicaón, no part of AtP but
Some ivorradoa. akou pregam
verw mpo fat
ishuedons J e o
 Asse Sagasge wfac
ComneE
broam imbne it daut, a edpecraly tn *
Use
oom mas muout 4e an

sre fuafone of a odtoInsesos ts fen ucko

agumB
Cada il, te. Reer
u e a semi cdon G) a n carever o u
a t alt clavacteg on fe ine o iBs viget are tommert

May covain pinsle eCaacfer, indula Man

MoU 4, 1oH t e reson fr eis ohafemet
no madia
Afheag on stya DE an qusembka souxa þogru geavades
a

Coe any no of tommed utkout a - e tn si22 o rog

any
Ma use pexae or (ccerCane

þuroeo ,to Ce und o uoe

Gasdtiv names in AL are reRrvel aer eair oo

specio codikomg
nclude ,o akgo
Inshnucktg - Mou, 4PD oeabong ttat tea comcte Ca eceat
Direchves ENO, sEENT - to þrovike inrornaionto +ea aseme
Dperafog R , STZE - used in edpressjong

w Pread Symls- @DAT, @MoDE veung infbrmaionto a r brogoam

sina Teserved o p r f a a upora - èrn memoge sill Le z e v a e t a .

Idedifies
A iifer ( q ) s a ame ket yo af#? f aninin gor g -
an tat you ecpeato veferunea
Tibo Ae of tsexhfior- r2ame anlade
m e - refers to ta a e o a ara dem auck as coUNreR in
Ceer CDUNTER DG
SaBe-asleo ofan insues
 Same rdes for Cot a name latel 8

Caliagny Mfoosde elaach

Atphabare Leten A-2,-2
-9 nok fns Samcfer)
Speaic elaracón 2,-,8, 6, . e t fnk claackr
Staoing- 4%al o r shecia dancn orm- So.
are reoredh
Mao leng% is 34 dCarades(! ) , 2escinbhve, meanigname4

Shedement
n asemby o_pam orisi ofa ce of safomenz and of too
code
Jemuchong u Qs Moy R 49D uticdh t aweer fansces to objae
aooe 2s
airechves skch tell ta ausenbler to efom a shecfefasn r
defind a afa höm
hovrat
Cefer1 oporcbon- Loperand)J T,6mmetJ
Maoof 32 Caractera on ine C1), searate af lea one ane atas
a

Boames: TAehfhe speraa dea1 Cc ne

Direahve CoUNT DB slame, obwabion , deran
30: MOV 40,0 fase, 2opevands
T tdeer,oferin operand- ray begin any oumn,hooevor, ote-
Congisfet stanbg as t ea a cfune fer toa esteo - rore raasatle

Tta oleratoo-,uch must be toded, is teu most cemmo ued r

defining eta areas £ Colerg tshnicbons
hor efa dem , a oeabon such a8 D3 a Dadofina a Reld, a

area or osfaat.
hor irshicb, ar oheaben APD r MoU inkicafes an ofembo to afm.
TA
oberan proviêes a n information- fr ta oherabon. fto aeh oa.
for a dafa dem oberand afine8 an iniba vae
CouTER
hor an. ingmicim, an oferan) inaitates ore to paufor 4ea aton

An inghucsos ajerand Moydotain on foo ea e no etena

RET ; latun fon a
ocaure
A
 s o u r a

hata
a

a
tea wYin
fo cobo
corool
irecbve eradeso u you fo
sakeme-tr t l a g e r e e k s

4£ ppfia ne.of program- a

and vet quenmldz ofa
Progon
auemdes
a t on) Auig
ts f
anates
in Ojoar

Drckes- cowat
shfames -

names t
e d to gives
Th
oade
man
-
eoeata le
o
are as folaoR:
iraetive8
Tu
mos comon

TITIE Diveetives
T PAGE O Aa
qnembonoasam
c
of lishug aof a n apant of
aceao

fomet Bule
Kefp to aorte Aae n o eef
on
lvsth o q
,ancd t e ines fo
bunbose no.o
i + e i r onl
nae.
Tas tes
Diraabve
Aesiqrnatek
PAGE
4t efat ol-a mgaarn, and fornmaë (5
ne
ddareters ena
bRe
mac. o .O PAGE 60, 3 2
6 PAGE Cler,ColdG] in.

132 clavack er
2 uids is er e
kgk ts Go kines her boge claactes:
Go-132
anno. of
enber: B s er ege: lo-255 PAGE 5O, 8o
Tapic
&atenetcauseg fe
arsemClerto lefauelE
Omission oaPAGE
ta
io 2-eaah oge o
pogam o þrint
ov
tihe r a

drech ve
a
TITE auges

y e Onca
TETEE teot LComment]
Form
f namo +progr
her fel- Oommo acdcat e

4 mment -
aAAibona deschbbon -oPhona
TrTEE AsMSORT tregum fo so- 8heletz'name
Aseny

2 EGMEA Tireghve
soe6 funchins i Afet ssama in mahio ss to doina stas stnge
DS 4 Aafin dao eng t es- f oide erecufaSle pegparn8-
an fomat is
uoe to Ajia 62es in mamo
obeedoL
Bemert-ramLL SEGMENT

a t - nansa ENDS
 sta of eqmait
Ttu SEGMBAT shemect sfas té ramiytaner@ious
rezet, uniqua
1 fSlouo asenby
must be
r smet- a m

On a
cauges e segmet to a
PARA-
Tpica orepeuiremet
-

divie
ave
-

t's
o Kat>laetig aiak
FggrCoundany
16 o 10H
defau!t PARA
Ominsibn e an oferan
unt o p m e uan=
omia -
insliates aseter fo Combine &gm ext
Hoy are lina aeF asenb
- s STACK,cOMMON!, PUBCIC, AT
-Na onutes seadon o code oNE
en_ineirs, incoed in apostophie
clas- uad fo zm velefed sma
8fa0c 2agma.
se 'cod Aafr r 'Staoc' far code - , Aata -pr

EOirghve
ENDP dsrecve ends a pocacure
ENDS ireebue ends a 32mos
END dire5ve erds tea astie ogoam f apheagag te o htemet
KbmAT smert- ame ENDS
otacue- ana NOP

END Lrocadure -hama

ASsUME Pirechve:

ro ts end,zou kae fo fet) *e asemblere pupa f ach degmat

Ttu epivnI
ivecve i AssumË , coei toAa aagmo R
4SSUME SS: staonara, DS;
datao9naa, CS: Codde 22 nane .
oeraa nay aara a" 40n
4SsUME may also ortain en ey fr Es
as. ES: da sqane 2
na max unte ES: AOTHEA G ns
 coela
ireaives, if t ju-a meoge fo Alh asenbler cone oynbeke
oter

SPRoc 9irabye:
bronchR
cosef agrm uich on&ler
ouw a mox
Tu cs Corars exeorable

OPerbhn optan Comnest

PROC 6AR Begns ocakure2
rotaourama
otaure - hane EnOP E kof ocaku
re-nane mu be preekt, uniqus Sloe adeney largupe nam anwneio
Tr
T oean.FAR. s relatas to pogoaru exaahon

6E8u Direcde Epu valert

L nwneel aluo u s vamo
or seti2mboi'e names uit ofe
Coao vnames

oRna7 Emat Sneoc- rame

FACToR E8U 12

rcin. -
9peste
DuP
Un to inbolio sevaia) lesrmg fo 22r0

PRICE
Ds inikaheg tan fo ero

DuP2) reserves lco wihalir data sc t a ofse

OEGHT 9B lo0
-

DERGHT in 9s

(8 MODE vave
Selealg a tansan mevo moda fr ymuyr R
Deerote a sqme are na eta mao. 8iaadea aqme
Mosoy
Ti
Sma
Ma umn

- m- anutteyr semaEt
NEAR 64ms
 Comfrc ol t AL o te grate an 6

Sang
iny mede craales CoM oozram and o r s Cradte .EXE g a r

assEG Olroue
tells MASMto facm te segmes tn stansn odera ua y
Mtsop higl-arel lavguaga
Oe Cav a 2 fe seqmeb in am der in soueca ogoam ÄHoat

irdhto comabiG prlens

Tu segmeR are cdessfal 4 e CocE, sTAEL 9T4 Oireabe
w CoDE > Nat beginh Code aamet
T Cae egmet as if ts alla, is aadued y es e p regse2

aemas ss e se oegisk
s i n o f loo is moe Hean. anoupk r gean * a n
DATAT Manc tea beginni- of t s agnet
A vieles are def in t ara fellaw PAT deadve alal

T4 P , e five storege fr uarasles uaiy data dofiuubon ireah e .

Ttay crede soroae at asemby Aira, aad an e r iiboli2a a touiatle
to shafig valua.
a

Tu t e ma atain ar wndeinaor winhaliacvelu or it r a y

tDntain iikoli2a consat, Afiad dker a8 a carack a a asa
humeal elues
hot Eoneio2
otioaa foloa amin rles
 DD 9eftna doue

DT TRn

&opencion- a oferau ma specify wuiolinCofot alua

DATAX D8
DaTAY 98 2S
A TAZ D3 21,12 ,23,2, 25
9ATAzto 21, DATAZ+122J
Te ods, uniihalir
93 S DUP (12) a art w kar oc oc ococ oc

ABEL Direchve
migns a soeific atthbute tag . , oo, douke d ak) to a eHec.

Syas iv cs 2Ome ABEC diptanca

e NER r GAR
S n e o in ame o a uance in 9s 2ame BEL T
8ma amiged to aneS m r e BYTE, AoRD, er .
alfog ug o sesefe a vaae i a Aff kana /or atthbute

Chavacer Shi
clenechRin iga qe quotë ' '),
sto in AserI fmst o u t opospopka8.

Alurnenico rskact
fttou by8, uefl fr tagjica eaboa
Decim folloed y Dor nona, tonuela irto ho i n ojeo toca
Hecadesi
 Ohera tng:
* erator oides a facdl for cha-gig audzhe oferande dusiY
awse
2M4Sefoms oikamebTR lorl sperborg at ause te, nsfa xnaa
Tu vesut s caloulafed R Racad in meoy at te aureat þng
lens
4 bsP most Paeay ud deaors ae

U Ained oherafar

Seff ifRmahie oferate in oder of precazdenca

oferafor OachbHo
farentte8RS
Rshsue sizn (una

Mullkadbn
Oiinonn
MoD Modus aitenehe Teainder)

sshachon

(2 Goxdean Dfeate
Ane,OR, alO7, XoR

e ofeator:
Yens + aistanta
f label r aneda fam bezhnni{ PR e t .
a

T tiafon teanm Ce 6 tgsk.

Mov MoV ad, of Couter_; ar point to couater
 (5 SE oeratu
Reuns samatvala ef a abel or arioke an ofar ym,of
Me az, 8 amay1 Sat 2s to aagmat a 1
Mou ds, q

(-an umove immaie alua to a segest s k J

PTR aeratr
f o r e s a aniale or labes be ud as if it oese f a spedified

PTR
Mbe ond, la. dool,gor, a tie, nGK, 5AR ek.

3Ralahgra deratz
E8, NE, £T, AE, GT, GE
Rehuar a vale ef o5656H ken a rakiozt's a r o wan if ts t b

CSufoearg
S u f t an ofeans taff+ on igcout o.of Gifs SHe, SHR
oaerand r y k ipe elasor a poesio

9SHoRT oeetr:
A b ' i e s a ale s Sei in t vage - 1 + 18 S fom ta

High Poi
Refug ti 846x o loud 84% of a consautr esmeasjo.

FeNG TH pove
Refunns no.F , o o ,Aan, eron aleodr ia aialR
any aiale uas iihaliaa ht t Dup dreca

THS oRa:
oreak aoperand of a
shecified tye at a .
ront pngram bcabon..
 used whto PTR
T r ma be any oe
of tose

euns a bye ta¬ Aafincs t noda scape ofaz eoced

a
shetd ataer a kale a
vaiaske
usedAo
reguA it raphe 4 in 4coa
or ectema
r o a n elafed, Aafa rebdeD, weafia

G e r t Override : panbo ara-

tea a e s of- a kasel or vanala eahhe
alalaes
caufon (3).
tola as
g n sgmet o
a

ES+ 10H
Meu BH, ES: t o ; Aeo fom:
MOU CO, ss: [ e

CRamairi-Saa Yonself[)

Eomesioo
Aionmainabono ohentors A derands ted ie oinvae bp ea

amenles idto a singa vala

Tu sieef eu valua shoul not Ge greae7 faan ter ai2 o e

Default Atkernarte iamet oe Memox forenco Lsfucbon:

ee of Men: efeseno efaultSejoat Attemaye sg
CS
CP
stoe oheaidn ss SP
S,Es,SS EA-Effae4sPes
Sjr Soure C6,ESS SI
Oknab'ov Es
SS
Cs, PS,s
 Insctons i 8086
Broaly claksifedinfo fo lou 8r:
Data Tinnsfe Gvamp Tshne hions
hneh
tMav.ila Ken
shi
Conbr Tes
(
5or ecCovuasos, fltcn.ygqiss enntn in hwo ane as u ma
cs)
(es) = 0000 (0s) = l000 s) 200, S - 3000

4x) Loo0 ) 3oo o y , o0l0 X =Yooo

Paf Tnse ntnb

Faers d o Seöen too v g e , &eioean a vagislg e mamyand honsfe

an immede a to a regiser or mamor

OaA a oa
Mromoni B Mou
one Pgs ae afare oteise menhona.
MaJ men r mem/ r 2

moU , 8x 2-ge £ (AX) = (G*) = 300OH 2-s7e

1o , Lo, 2->ye, Ax) = 0cue at 1300o 2-S

mov Le+SI+20yoHJ, , 4-bye»(15340H) -4 ,4-6le
LG 13000 to300 +20 Yo = 15340

(2 MOU , Aat
s a imnediode dad ieo te egiser, - 3 bes to
M u MoU co, 31S2M oo)31$2 H 3-t

MOU man/rg, dlad

Move imumeAioed A% ta mzla rony, 3to6 by
MOV Cax+ DL+204oH, yo2H (s4vH)» 02 f ((s4y1 H) 14

1300 Oyo0+20Yoh 1 5 o H 6-bye

B= ,
 (7 MOu AC, mem i
on tea accumatr fon menr, s yez lorg
M O U 4,to6yH AJ = a =o4lo6 H)3-e
DSIO0o +106 4406Y J
MoU men, :
( t t o 6 ) - 4 s ) ,2-
mou o6, A

(6 rak, men/rg:
MDV
s
vememr egna aA s g t g e r , 2-4 by ln
to a

SS, Dx s s ( P 2*ze
MoU
in Ge acconpr la nlY ou Tmp, cACe 2ET, FRET a ,

Cages cs Can

wT isasns

(7 Mou mer sea m

Mov MOV [oJ, ps 3000 )= (2) bze

(PusH me/ :
eIler enf onts fop e 4a staoK
Save eter memo r

PusH C8x+ 02 3 3-by, 0d at 138002H - e top o 8ke

(9

- b l long, ap is decrameted z
fusHPuSH B

PuSH 8 :

Puht sgmet egisles cevnkens on t ahaae, 1-572 lA, sp

deoamale 2.
eRL PusH DS
yPuSH

(2 PoP men/va8

24bye (o
P o P cex+sI] { on Aom tob of paoc t 13300H, sp inson et y2
1- log
3 PoP 8

opboafe o-Vo

(5PoP
oppeite of 4
Rags are afete

SAHF

so15 opehKa fgs are afare

xCH rz
8odage egizerd n8 uit, a accumularr, t - l a l ,t6-E okeahon
KGHG A£, B
RCHC A,CO
 9 XCH m8, menre8
H)tE),2-l
xGH 4 ,Lox A).(1s0o0 H)(13o0o

PEA r8,mam
aadert teat is sfeifrae i
A t mgses tity t e t6-t ofset
emo ofeaa, 2- eo l
U)» s5¬a -yl
LEA , [aC+ OF62 M
1 9 0 0 2 R62M o 3562J

(1CS mom

1652M) ,(Ps) 1165 , 1-4y

; (sI):
O S SI, [I652H)
+1652 11652HJ
C'Ds =400o

(22 ES ,

2-47t2
Es DI Le3; (or) - (13
300HJo (ES= 13oo2 H)o,

(23 ngak.
to accumuladt o koa 16-taAslocas in im Dx
put

' 4o, ox (#0+ (o0oHan 6-4it,1-sy

4)=.o0oH), 8-6,
4 , 9x,

Pot
U T 9%, A
obhofe of 23

(2600T o , Ae

XCAT
Perftm tste loo u via At G pile, 1-s

gk otains atehngfset askces af fea looma - ta4ke.

Af aeoioe
4

timest c Isuehog
nforms makomaioS oteabons ovz e o a a:usino binang,igna i
Bc
wwigad baCa gecO + umigras wrpauca
n signa bina oeabins, O5 inlicatës ukader ts casu cem

4DD Ac, da:

4 immeioe sk to 40 or As epis, A-3 byo l o
4PD 4, 534SH 4K)= 20oo+a s 53NSH' 731S, 3-ye
Affede Rog of, go95matide Rogs
A D men/, a :
ndd imanasdafa 8- 16-it da to g s i gr ramay etbon camdes , 3-6 4 lor

AD AX, SH J = 415H, 3-

3 Aadd men/r1, mem/reg2:

 AO immete deta d t a 1-3 bzles log, Peys offtefed aama as

A7merrg1, mem/g2

G SuB AC, dak

sUB me/eg, laty

SBO AC ,afy

(3 CMpAc, dats
mpare 8ht or 6-it immèsiae At ait acaumulator s fofmad

2 - 3 by rg Ra afeat- e oF, 2 2025 onatbla s .

CmP me , mo/ a2

( IAIC TeR_
Incree p t donkrs 1 o 16-t r1skr, 1-S
5las afeks - of, Sh, A , P, z

U FNC r r e

8 t I 6 - E oferrboa 2-
 zNc Lx+SIJ: (seooH)-(9000M), 2-a

oEC e/e
ANEC Men/
Aegate conit o rmgirkor memon lodon- fms as tomlomat f vale

ecimay Aju- feumudlartor- tonveiz ta

binaresulf o- n ADD or Dc
irks
f A fep is set or tocta -its of 4p>9, 6 ts ale)b AC. aad is set

Ras affee-sog5omeibe peags a OF undefnad

MoU 4 5 H
4pD A, 49H 4£ 3S+ 19 7EH
8H
C22 AS: Deci Ajs 4fer 6atnt,
Canverh a binay r o o a suB or ses insucbon in AL A pckal sonmt

MOV RL, 18H

Mou Af, 35H

A,B A 1H
DAS 4f 17
te fale: 4, ca,en, s5 4x ( a - wclaia
(23 AAA: AsCI ABzust afA AGo2
Ajusa bivany result 4 D 4c irsnucb'on ie 4t.
skee: C 2f mof y af t£ 2 greder t n 9 or 451ts 1, Py s l s 6to

4C 1p A
 S:, 4djt rsult of ACI SbáshBa
Just as

Afu estfmue eomal oa wmbacre e hungo

diides 4 10 4 sles tlo qufrest to AM 4 rnai nds in *

FRagg afea - P6, s z5 ( 45, c5 ots- wrlalenie! )

at 440:,Aljusl-Refre Oizjom
(vide in AW bio» to liiion
fust r wntece eco ale
449 mutes AH 1 0 , asAs bmduef to 4c and deas A

Rogs a o e - ame Q8 AM

MU£ mereg: Uxig mulb

utbly AX Af brreger or mem0tecobon oez.
2e mulbbline Mule r
8-t AC e-t / memo A mu B3

I-E A 16-it va mamox MUp men-

4F, P6,s7 Å zh_- udapino

Imue SignaLtgor) muMsbl.

09 IV mem/v: msigmad Asle

Oride i ondos qf * or
i A0 a sheoheo gisk ar meno Cet
Siag hdenl Didsor Wotlent Remai nr
(oea) (dfeand
16-t AC AH DEV BH
32-t Ox:A
orU C*
Flo AK,C6,OF, Ph,SH L z6 -

wndaAe
(31 C0 onvet Bya fo Dog
olnds a t-bylz siga alo to a siga o l y aicaiugt a i Git ( btz
Of4 oo * bils in AH.

o Hoys are afale, 1-bya b

(32 D : onvo-o to Drue oo
8oleds a ohe o d sigad talu fo a s i o doute a o in Dx:AK b

lonePes are afecte, 4 - long

Bi Manapulaton gMebind.
3 3 8ms w Aogica Insrasonp
estif

AND
fanosprmets: tD +C, dafa
ANDMe/ , daa
4 . e r , me reR2
Kag C60, 060 ard P5,sh z25 e ae A6-unlepa

OR
ais ma OR Ac, lafs
oR merr lata
0R,man 1 , e rej2
ggSame Sane as AND

..
 XoR
Anams pmas xoR AC, dats
OR Men/, dat
KoRea, me/rg
las: Sane as AnD

TEST Test bis Sut &oRs

shecife bit confiaurabon

,

AO gito est a Ael Ar a

Oses
net- daygp Jeshrabon oferam
elve sehs teo 27
if any falr of matfabik
are 1
elears zh
TEST AC, k z
TEST mem/esR, dat
TEST mem/re 1 mem/Te2
A6 -

undafha.
Ph, s5 P z5
a s : Clears Ch e oF, affechs
,

S NOT:

yno tOT mer v

Nof s are affaf

$hftoberahion:
T e aft dout may ba saaihe
a Constant 1 or
24 torèrtr of ce

Sot aitmase lgioshsfs a r e availale

#Knese ssft- To mwby or iide binany nunes Sy oe3 of 2.

gica -To slate bijz in byës_o ors

oys P6, S5 tZF -
as logi ofeabo
ie

Ah-unde pne aC6lot suft bi f destnabe oean

O et to 1 if m6 ds ckayje in one sf- ptuie Rsat

SHE/ SHR mn/re, Cout giad stift af+/RK&E

a vh tont, afr r t. nambe Cotauroin c vepisef

skeos inseget Ss3 SHR-o is imeii a MSB e ate-.tost

 bat 4F msleia
ToRs:4Hfes ch,oF, P6.SF,
4 za
iimon b foues o 2
SH e l in mul5pliaha + SHR

tount:ikmeye stsft Aff- lig@t

o

SAL/ SR men/ra
t t lep- ipin a
b ao in vegiskr o wenox wntezz
Staifis o

SA sinilan f SHp
SR
Y skfo s - tos, 2- bs l

fae ngrmtehong_
i ave r a r e r lost
fent fom shif ihicbons tha

t ahade at oa en abfea at anoteas au.

Ro RoL men/eg, ourt Rofcde At ar ei2
Roaes biE lePor tst ina tyfa ar o in a opeler a
memot cotents

Fags
(RC /cR menfra , out: Rotate eft or 2iToug a
Same a8 abov2 4 i'n eo 85) eocopt Rtrafabon ts r o a n

% o caled PrimiriveA, aloos a

shing o opT or nds fo be deafad on, 0e elen-
ext at akura
Availadeo mou, omare scan for a given valus f move stirgelemetg to a a
r o t accumulator.
Tee baic obeabims may be efeta a ho. e by receaking REP.
Tu Cp 94sumeg Rat a soura sri» esides in t wrest Dats Segme
T desasor aiy may be tta aenot Es
PDI g s s mus tontain tha ofaer áahee oBua fdesst a t i .
0 s , ses 4 £Et tan te uc to iniöaiae t segrmezt ialoo registet

Acdomabal As St ad/r r pien in antieihedon of _roR

int nt ating elenet
fD5 0, Ra indec reziter tovctons ae auco adall tneremerks, sfe
 tey ae Resremeded } o1

oerations
Avi iedonk:
E P /REPE/RePz/REPNE REPAIZ:
áife Rebeat i l e nef qua) a a
Repeat, Rabeat
tile pu, epest zaro,

insucdon?
insncbons t Conveds any shi rimahe
1b prefio
inb e-ececuti laof, Leemupi'ble-Tye
, foDS STOS
eEP reaede wt movS
i s istruena
co Aatsa Count mor to acaobon of
Aeoramex co1 aad rebaafr R
o each exetud'oe, eEP

ejerahon unt) e o ts 0, at wb peint ocoa oag

tonnueg te vnest instueton
LEPE, LEPZ, REPNE/ REPMz:- labeat skinondibo Conarbona
vna
Refet a shing oferaton a shecfied no.of himes or unnil a
s me
Preaca we SCAS &Cmps , rs elaga tRa 0 F
Rags-Q per si insmebons

mous shir, 80uee stbi

desinatoa :Move si
2 e: M mouse mousO
Moves daa behoanmemory lbeon, Momelly uad «dH REP Pefc.
Tasfer a or uom em s082 akhi to Aesbvadon shig aAhw-

Oesh'naon - ES:9I Sorua- oS:sI

o fbgs are feese

(3 Cnmps deshadon- rir, oue 8hiry:

p cnpsa, aps B, anPs
Comaresskans oanx legi in momy
CmpsD-Compae3 es enesgU- ompaneg don
,

f s0 9 oheabon tonaes fom feft fo nz& and increma st*

 by r bzr a wn aaif 's o, teaton is in ree»se
95

REPNE rls ufan fowt rmath ts f u , REPRE nle

fen eo fA mismateh
m or bot end e ocis decromedo fo o

47, C6,oF, Ph s h l af are e2ta

R

(sCAS desbnaon shn: San Sh*g

Subhacta *R
Aesknabbn 3hi alamat ahrsa P I Aom fe condext o ALO

* tpdakez Ra fes w afernaion in an caerands

H e each eseaben, OI aplae as
ser oF
To fomats: SCASG scAS
8 aSove

S 2-sg Seo hi

s uplare SI as e o
ooat: PoDs
Albt Ra are
aeoe

STOS esfinabon Bhi Sfaa shi

Reverse o )

ProRahavser Lgbucbins
TA vsucbims cdae t sepeuno of inbubong to be fetla.
age torde of Ip cS

Toder of sapuana tnara semert- SitoRT, vEAR e - Iba-Segmt

ifeene FiAR l a r -Snetopeatn
Categenes

wUondbana) honeter
( CASC adore- name
 onto te» staok, f teen
4 2 4L ualos p (offket of naot iehuobon )

a loads an tdersegnezt aldes

4 a cAS stos cs octo ta shao

fe
beR ae afezt.
a - n e t cA Tsucn
suchonL
cALL olisp-Ig LiE 3 3-bg

Ircer- met oAsp Fehnuco

CAL a/res 5 bE lng Asles es e rP &tac an sale 4-pteo
,
on

e s odrees indto zp t cs, ropeselirae

o Memo y 2- long Auskes cs IP o staoe. anl loaa 4-bylk
&hart- fpom shecifeb addeas ivfo zP 4 cS ,eopectaesudin

RET

1-b, e n foo ina-sgmet subrmuti ne

RETNAor rEARSmte & RET - ARSlro

Uw JMP: Junp
dotondbonay
June te designcta adras undor an ardi bon
4 30P asdc s - ( 1 8 to 127 l s , neas. i t i n . + o -32Kdctadf)

t enote code 2oprresE).

Amas:
JPP Ai-16 3- la, cen um of P 6-it Ablaasmast to 1p
Jncp disb-8 2
JP mena3 2-1 0oes omey w reRwer to P.
Sr Ar 5
me ; 2 -y
14s-1, 1 2-47s» c oamao
w8- ineasagmet R a 2 - er-tno
Aloe
rasea Jun Lehakebws Jioabon
shfes g-to cPu loR, Tue aalikon
tn foe takao poca
pero agnaa+
SmeT as jmt maa aai i t dilacmmet
Faes an

rions arats
Mnemonic operason
Ch1
Juni any Cho
JNC
22r0

nn
g n or - e
JS
JNS
oofive
Ph 1
paly e r a
3P/SPE
3N/JPo
Jo Oefloi

JNO
akoveJun inetAr Betro no enua
J+ JNE
SHE/JNB nor 2paSun if nsbe
abov C=
JB/ JNAEe
belna/ Jum fHa seo wor en
Ch1 o zh = 1
JBE/ JA f nd- alova
f r euad/ Sume
graruns if nottr les na-epa s o5)
zh o =

Ja/36E
epa/ Jnb if ne sh oR oA) 1
JGE/ N
les/ Jun fvttar panepuas Cs *oR on)
=

St/3NGE
ee tan or epm/ Junf ntgreate k ) z6 =
1
JEE/NGL
Aove or Bebo pr too unuigra valu2 an Gractor or les -tooaiguo valu

(3 eron onie ebucbong

e 4 o vegalata . rpekiban. of sofirre lops i t C gskt as coute
Shok- bansfer, a-byko log, uses a sigad g-it ataplacomet to asl ud

lasans omats
Soop d-8 ;.shn ladel
 FooPE pop z
PoofE/Aoop Nz dia-8
Sex 8-it amp if cw0

iem Jntnucsinms:
[ oin be daalt in 5t ablerJ

To fovida ordef oe poaRrOr anl i inferæcbon c ik eniphmo.

Fag erabipn
CMC
Comflemet oy 1l
STC

StD Se
deas IA
STL Sef

&ofena mconiaabo
HeT stops cpu ußt a
handasare tvefernu eccu
OAIT
CoC 4-e ree ueon
ANOP Wo oterzbon
 eXE COm Poaam
Too f erease gams:coM ECE

gtaeK
tode , at and te
COM-gram-consishs os on smest f£at aenfains
AoP rogam r ueful as a arallufliy ogam ar a4 a msit pogona(ona
a r's inetG in meoyA is availate uhila okorogamk ur).

a ral mee, on XE ogramCorsls sepaate ce, , a A acK sopmeb

and s mak eua f m e sens ograms
o EXE g +a inkarauto maoalyzereafes 'a axtiauar fmat a r
t a n t i n it on d i e , rcaaif h a shecio nacder blou ttal ts 512 o

mov by lny

foventog b e d an EXE COM goam

Deal in r s rogram's Sie , Sgmexfarbon P Iubaliacbb
Sea aaAonmafials ]

Asomblir, xi an &oeoati
ojeat ok| Sceaas ile
Assenb aguge EKE or.Com
CSoune adeASM

Aenblna Souce egram:

senber convrs 2ouea. samenty in mackina.cle an bay an
e o mesoge on 8Creon
oberaho
Tpienove- rames ioledy nules, fean srelled incorec an eeran
aainir a ane Hat 's het daia.
ophoo outt Rles ave : okjeaf (blj), Auhra (-4ST) 4 Grezd-vesenoa
(CR r.s8R)
08 epcra f n i a prezam ito execufatle fm
odiogoi2r eor a ecaminigaeeafe maclina Code
cR e f pr lange ogramte seg such inshmucbtms veferenet atrch lha
autes tea sembeso generaie senet nos for tkn in B a
fST t e to uith tt CRh ile refers
narar bieaf- rogovo
fra2 f enor meA4Ge
Ain te objeat mockle tf t ogoam
Tu Unr erfoms fe fa lfounpák modiue
t o n one gelarae axenled
Combineg, if repuosl, mae
irco one eveorfase mgoqnL
mosole 2 inibalraes if whs
shecial instucbons
Geeradk a e EXE

to faciliafes i &uksegeort loalin fr eceatd times

modeule a nunber o
nbo, Jou c a n eoeaste tu EcE creaX
tg moce in t progamdu uust
-
Bc, utanevera change ank
indo an oaT mosle
+ourca eam, asented again
8aJ modele irdo an .EXE modkeule
in tRa

Boeog a ogoam
Can n n o eceoe itF
Havig wenle e.lince a fmgam , Jon of tes 8ounea
ust umfe fes rane
T f EXE Fe is ia defautaive
in exfeneion.
Te he6 or whnit E c E wnder
if ts augsese to u n it
T s opam- mducos vno vii Ce oulat,

2 use lae commandds fo sep ttoRh iz eceaonn 2 6

DEBUG
DEBUG ve :flkane.eE - vdoybhen omb
in Des:0 dees ns sho t macina
T o ied CMe ssnezt,ay -

code accu rak

4Eferz.
Toieo doneny ef rarisker press Rfllocne

One-Pans an Tioo-Pas tasernbes:_

ne-Pass Arsenbe
s e m l e r reos t extire soure pngram avetz a 2mkst faSe
fames lalelk u in t ogam, fe, nars ode felds an
bregpm logde & teair rdative babbns (ofsebs ) itein gart
Qder n s tts amout Code to k geontel fr eanh tnauahta
Roteste orlem- Fonsan Refarenta- cagkin yhe of inshueaos in cs o )
eern t tale) ofan ihabon-,et tes nblo kas not f entukt
( a - oo AmemPer
T o 4en Wer uses t mdr tacfe tot ts consbuede) in pes 1

aComplefe te okjeat ode f eaoh inshucvon

a r n roducos, on raquest, vanons 0je 04J), isf (-£ST) «d cw-
reserona (.cRF) Fles
8ftet eaie-o we

Keyboan video SeavicoR: DosFuncbon 2 Ldemube

Te wemb lavguoge , 0s finoktm P Ltenles are sad % servkog:
A intemp ocurz ser any awrek areaufi þrogram is ieteepl
emare gerorate for vaiehy of reasas- usuall? reate fo þeaiflenk
deioe udh ag yboon, Oise uve o Pinter
Tto del cpu resognd aeR Aoo pes of intemua - Haadiare so fare Lkmup
kaadsave ifenupE14 gezerateß den a þeularal derie neads eckon fonu
4 0have aCato a sukroune leaa in 0s, uoually /o oufe.
Tu Commor 8ofhare infemps - IUT 1ol r ueso seeucas, T 16h f r

aooan senios, ENT 17h fer nter seuag, INT 1 faha o la,
wT 1CH fov ue itma zwT 21h f os Sehas

Gexara rm NT r a fom o 25s

sieon an 8o86 8ceufes an wT iucbo,if uill
O e r Dacement SP by 2 2 bugh e fgs on tta sfao
2 ush cone3 cc on tea stack_
2 bush te ofsat (zP) of nestiwbucbon orfo tt sao
(3

sheafted-e: NT 8H, n TP il| be real fom o0020H

( G e a r o alu. f es Aom an adsoiute memoy asdna of t Aes taa
sheafa us 2 zUT., * nCs l l be rea fom 00022H
6 e h e Rese bot# 16 T h Peops l ottez are no ofeztea

Sora UsefS TahaionS

TT 21 h :
aled 9es fonehon al 17 difrat Amcbons uciteo!y idenz

uncions o8k o o9k are aaiua) asfoleuos

6uncon N. ercbbmL is nd inshn
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