Physics Paper 2 IGSCE

6
1. Fig. 2.1 shows a cylinder containing gas compressed by the movement of a piston.
compressed gas

final position of piston

cylinder

initial position of piston

Fig. 2.1

Initially the volume of the gas was 470 cm3. The piston moves up and compresses the gas to a
volume of 60 cm3. The whole arrangement is left for some time until the gas cools to its original
temperature. The pressure of the gas is now 800 kPa.

(a) Calculate the initial pressure of the gas.

pressure = .........................................................[3]

(b) Explain, in terms of molecules, the effect on the pressure of the gas if it was not given time to
cool to its original temperature.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(c) The area of the piston is 5.5 × 10–3 m2 (0.0055 m2).

Calculate the force exerted by the gas on the piston when the pressure is 800 kPa.

force = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]
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2.3 A metre rule balances when the 50 cm mark is directly above a pivot.

(a) State where in the rule its centre of mass is located.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows an apple and a 0.40 N weight placed on the rule so that the rule remains
balanced at the 50 cm mark.

0.40 N
apple weight
50 cm
mark

25 cm
45 cm
pivot

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

The centre of mass of the apple is 25 cm from the pivot and the centre of mass of the weight
is 45 cm from the pivot.

Calculate

(i) the weight of the apple,

weight = ............................................... [2]

(ii) the mass of the apple.

mass = ............................................... [1]

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 (c) The apple is not moved. The weight is removed from the rule and the pivot is moved to the left
until the rule balances as shown in Fig. 3.2.

apple
50 cm
mark

pivot

Fig. 3.2 (not to scale)

(i) Explain why the arrangement in Fig. 3.2 balances.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The pivot in Fig. 3.2 is closer to the 50 cm mark than to the centre of mass of the apple.

Compare the weight of the rule to the weight of the apple.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

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3.6 A scientist needs to find the density of a sample of rock whilst down a mine. He has only a
spring balance, a measuring cylinder, some water and some thread.

(a) In the space below, draw two labelled diagrams, one to show the spring balance being
used and the other to show the measuring cylinder being used with a suitable rock
sample. [2]

(b) The spring balance is calibrated in newtons. State how the mass of the rock sample
may be found from the reading of the spring balance.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) State the readings that would be taken from the measuring cylinder.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) State how the volume of the rock would be found from the readings.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(e) State in words the formula that would be used to find the density of the sample.

density =
[1]

[ Total : 6 ]

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4.1 A large plastic ball is dropped from the top of a tall building.

Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for the falling ball until it hits the ground.

20

15
speed
m / s 10

0
0 1
time / s

Fig. 1.1

(a) From the graph estimate,

(i) the time during which the ball is travelling with terminal velocity,

time = ................................................ [1]

(ii) the time during which the ball is accelerating,

time = ................................................ [1]

(iii) the distance fallen while the ball is travelling with terminal velocity,

distance = ................................................ [2]

(iv) the height of the building.

height = ................................................ [2]

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 (b) Explain, in terms of the forces acting on the ball, why

(i) the acceleration of the ball decreases,

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [3]

(ii) the ball reaches terminal velocity.

..................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 11]

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5.1 (a) Energy from the Sun evaporates water from the sea. Some of this water eventually drives a
hydroelectric power station. Give an account of the processes and energy changes involved.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(b) In a hydroelectric power station, 200 000 kg of water per second fall through a vertical distance
of 120 m. The water passes through turbines to generate electricity, and leaves the turbines
with a speed of 14 m / s.

(i) Calculate the gravitational potential energy lost by the water in 1 second. Use g = 10 m / s2.

potential energy lost = ............................................................[2]

(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the water leaving the turbines in 1 second.

kinetic energy = ............................................................[2]

[Total: 8]

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3
6. The racing car shown in Fig. 2.1 uses a Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS). This system
stores within the car some of the kinetic energy lost when the car slows down for a corner. The
driver can later release the stored energy when maximum power is required.

Fig. 2.1

(a) The car approaches a corner and decelerates from 82 m / s to 61 m / s in 0.90 s.

deceleration = .......................................................... [2]

(b) (i) The energy lost during the braking in (a) is 8.4 × 105 J. 40% of this lost energy is directed
to the KERS system. Determine the amount of energy stored.

energy stored = ...............................................................

(ii) The driver later uses all of this stored energy to give 60 kW of useful extra power for 3.0 s.
Calculate the energy released.

energy released = ...............................................................

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 (iii) Calculate the efficiency of the KERS system.

efficiency = ...............................................................
[4]

(c) Suggest a possible device to store energy when a moving vehicle slows down. For this device,
state the change that occurs as more energy is stored.

device .......................................................................................................................................

change ......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

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 1
7. (a) (i) On Fig. 3.1, draw a graph of extension against load for a spring which obeys Hooke’s law. [1]

extension

0
0 load

Fig. 3.1

(ii) State the word used to describe the energy stored in a spring that has been stretched or
compressed.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Fig. 3.2 shows a model train, travelling at speed v, approaching a buffer.

model train
buffer

spring

Fig. 3.2

The train, of mass 2.5 kg, is stopped by compressing a spring in the buffer. After the train has
stopped, the energy stored in the spring is 0.48 J.

Calculate the initial speed v of the train.

v = ...........................................................[4]

[Total: 6]

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3
8. An athlete of mass 64 kg is bouncing up and down on a trampoline.

At one moment, the athlete is stationary on the stretched surface of the trampoline. Fig. 3.1 shows
the athlete at this moment.

springs

Fig. 3.1

(a) State the form of energy stored due to the stretching of the surface of the trampoline.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The stretched surface of the trampoline begins to contract. The athlete is pushed vertically
upwards and she accelerates. At time t, when her upwards velocity is 6.0 m / s, she loses
contact with the surface.

(i) Calculate her kinetic energy at time t.

kinetic energy = .........................................................[2]

(ii) Calculate the maximum possible distance she can travel upwards after time t.

maximum distance = .........................................................[3]

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 (iii) In practice, she travels upwards through a slightly smaller distance than the distance
calculated in (ii).

Suggest why this is so.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The trampoline springs are tested. An extension-load graph is plotted for one spring. Fig. 3.2
is the graph.

extension

0
0 load

Fig. 3.2

(i) State the name of the point X.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State the name of the law that the spring obeys between the origin of the graph and
point X.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 9]

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1
9. Fig. 3.1 shows an oil tank that has a rectangular base of dimensions 2.4 m by 1.5 m.

oil

depth of oil
1.5 m

1.5 m

2.4 m

Fig. 3.1

3
The tank is filled with oil of density 850 kg / m to a depth of 1.5 m.

(a) Calculate

(i) the pressure exerted by the oil on the base of the tank,

pressure = ................................................................. [2]

(ii) the force exerted by the oil on the base of the tank.

force = ................................................................. [2]

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(b) The force calculated in (a)(ii) is the weight of the oil.

Calculate the mass of oil in the tank.

mass = ................................................................. [1]

(c) When he is checking the level of oil in the tank, a man drops a brass key into the oil and it
sinks to the bottom of the oil.

(i) State what this shows about the density of brass.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain how attaching the key to a piece of wood could prevent the key from sinking.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 7]

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 2
10. A student wishes to find the volume of a piece of wood of irregular shape. Her experiment requires
the use of a small brass object of mass 200 g.

(a) Calculate the volume of the brass object. The density of brass is 8.4 g / cm3.

volume = ...........................................................[2]

(b) To find the volume of the piece of wood, the student has a measuring cylinder, a supply of
water and the brass object in (a). The piece of wood and the brass object are small enough to
be placed in the measuring cylinder.

(i) The piece of wood does not sink in water.

Suggest why.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe what the student does to find the volume of the piece of wood, stating the
measurements that she makes and any calculations required.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[4]

[Total: 7]

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11.
5 (a) Complete the following statement:

The moment of a force about a point is ....................................................................................

multiplied by ..........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a uniform iron bar B of weight 30 N and length 1.40 m. The bar is being used to
lift one edge of a concrete slab S. A stone, placed 0.20 m from one end of B, acts as a pivot.
A force of 40 N pushing down at the other end of B is just enough to lift the slab and hold it as
shown.

1.40 m

0.20 m force 40 N
concrete slab iron bar B
S
stone

Fig. 3.1

(i) On Fig. 3.1, draw an arrow to show the weight of bar B acting from its centre of mass. [1]

(ii) State the distance d of the centre of mass of bar B from the pivot.

d = ...........................................................[1]

(iii) Calculate the total clockwise moment, about the pivot, of the forces acting on bar B.

total clockwise moment = ...........................................................[3]

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 (iv) Calculate the downward force which the slab S exerts on the end of bar B.

force = ...........................................................[2]

(v) Suggest a change to the arrangement in Fig. 3.1 that would reduce the force required to
lift the slab.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 9]

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