Module-1 Basic Electronics
PN junction Diode:
When P-type and N-type semiconductors are placed in contact with one another, it
forms a PN junction.
PN junction forms a popular semiconductor device called diode
A diode is a two terminal semiconductor device which conducts only in one direction
offering a low resistance when forward biased and high resistance when reverse biased.
Forward Biasing PN-Junction:
PN Junction is said to be forward biased when the positive terminal of battery is
connected to p-type and negative terminal of battery is connected to n-type as shown
in fig.
If the applied voltage is less than the barrier potential, there will be no conduction
When the applied voltage is more than the barrier potential, then the holes on p-side
which are positively charged gets repelled from positive terminal and driven towards
junction.
Similarly the electrons on n-side which are negatively charged gets repelled from
negative terminal and move towards the junction.
This result in the reduction of barrier potential, hence resulting large current known as
forward current starts flowing as shown in fig.
Reverse Biasing PN-Junction:
PN Junction is said to be reverse biased when the positive terminal of battery is
connected to n-type and negative terminal of battery is connected to p-type as shown
in fig.
Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.
Module-1 Basic Electronics
When PN junction is reverse biased, then the holes on p-side of junction are attracted
towards negative terminal and the electrons on n-side of junction are attracted towards
positive terminal of battery.
Thus holes on p-side and electrons on n-side move away from the junction thereby increase
the barrier potential.
If the barrier voltage is increased, majority charged carriers cannot cross the junction and
there is no current flow across the junction.
Minority charge carriers cross the junction and leads to a small current flow called reverse
current as shown in fig.
V-I characteristics of diode:
Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.
Module-1 Basic Electronics
Forward characteristics of diode:
The positive terminal of battery is connected to p-type and negative terminal of
battery is connected to n-type.
If supply voltage is less than the cut in voltage (0.7V for Si and 0.3V for Ge) of
diode, then forward current very low.
If supply voltage is greater than the cut in voltage, then forward current increases
linearly.
Reverse characteristics of diode:
The positive terminal of battery is connected to n-type and negative terminal of
battery is connected to p-type.
Due to motion of minority carriers, a small reverse saturation current exists.
At point A, reverse breakdown of diode occurs and current increases sharply.
Diode parameters:
Cut-in voltage/Knee voltage: it is the forward voltage at which the diode starts conducting.
Breakdown voltage (Vbr): It is the reverse voltage at which the diode breaks down with sudden
rise in reverse current.
Peak inverse voltage (PIV): It is the maximum reverse voltage that can be applied to a p-n
junction diode without causing any damage to the junction.
Reverse saturation current (Ir): It is the maximum reverse current produced due to the flow of
majority carriers across the pn junction at a given temperature.
Maximum forward current (Ifmax): It is the maximum current a diode can allow under forward
biased condition without any damage to it.
Maximum Power rating (Power dissipation Pd): It is the maximum power that can be dissipated
at the junction without damaging it.
Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.
Module-1 Basic Electronics
Equivalent circuit of diode (Diode approximation):
There are three Equivalent circuit model of diode
1) Ideal diode model:
An ideal diode offers zero forward resistance and infinite reverse resistance.
The forward voltage drop is zero and reverse current is also zero.
2) Approximate model/Practical model:
A practical diode offers zero forward resistance and infinite reverse resistance.
The forward voltage drop is not zero.
Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.
Module-1 Basic Electronics
3) Piecewise linear model:
When the forward characteristics of a diode is straight-line approximation then it is called
piecewise linear characteristics.
Rectifier:
An electrical device used to convert ac voltage into pulsating dc voltage.
Rectifiers are classified into 2 categories depending on period of condition
1. Half wave rectifier
2. Full wave rectifier –which is further classified into
a) Center tapped full wave rectifier
b) Bridge rectifier
Half-wave rectifier:
Rectifiers which conducts current or voltage only during one half cycle of ac input
is called half wave rectifier.
Fig shows half wave rectifier, which single diode acts as half wave rectifier.
AC input supply to be rectified is applied through transformer to diode D and series
load resistor RL
Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.
Module-1 Basic Electronics
Operation:
During positive half cycle of supply voltage, diode is said to be forward biased and acts as
a short circuit and current flows through 𝑅𝐿 . Therefore 𝑉0 = +𝑉𝑖𝑛
During negative half cycle of supply voltage, diode is said to be reverse biased and acts as
an open circuit, no current flows through 𝑅𝐿 . Therefore 𝑉0 = 0.
Full wave rectifier:
Full wave rectifier converts both the half cycles of input ac signal to pulsating dc.
It consists of two diodes as shown in figure.
Center tapping in the secondary of the transformer is done to obtain two equal voltages
but of opposite phase.
Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.
Module-1 Basic Electronics
Operation:
During positive half cycle of supply voltage, terminal A is positive and terminal B is
negative due to center tap transformer. Diode D1 will be forward biased and hence conduct,
while D2 will be reverse biased and will not conduct. As D1 conducts, current flows
through the path A-D1-C- 𝑅𝐿 -D. Therefore 𝑉0 = +𝑉𝑖𝑛 .
During negative half cycle of supply voltage, terminal A is negative and terminal B is
positive due to center tap transformer. Diode D1 will be reverse biased, while D2 will be
forward biased and hence conduct. As D2 conducts, current flows through the path B-D2-
C- 𝑅𝐿 -D. Thus current keeps on flowing through 𝑅𝐿 .
Full wave bridge rectifier:
It is most popular rectifier.
It requires four identical diodes to form a bridge network. The circuits consists of four
diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4 connected across secondary of transformer and load 𝑅𝐿 .
The secondary of transformer is connected to node points A and C and the load resistor
(𝑅𝐿 ) is connected to other node points B and D.
Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.
Module-1 Basic Electronics
Operation:
During the positive half cycle, the point X is positive and Y is negative. Diodes D1,D2
are forward biased acts like closed switch and D3,D4 are reverse biased and acts like a
open switch and current flows through 𝑅𝐿 through the path X-A-B-𝑅𝐿 -D-C-Y as shown
below.
During the negative half cycle, the point X is negative and Y is positive. Diodes D1, D2
are reverse biased and D3,D4 are forward biased and current flows through 𝑅𝐿 through the
path Y-C-D4-B-𝑅𝐿 -D-D3-A-X as shown above.
Filter circuit:
Filter circuit are used to remove the ac component present in the output obtained from
rectifier.
Filters are the circuits which converts pulsating dc to pure dc.
Capacitor and inductor are used in filter circuits.
Filter circuit are connected between rectifier and load.
Most popular used filters are capacitor and RC filter.
Capacitor Filter circuit:
In capacitor filter circuit, capacitor is connected parallel with the output of the rectifier in
a linear power supply.
Capacitor increases the dc voltage and decreases the ripple voltage components of the
output.
Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.
Module-1 Basic Electronics
Half wave rectifier with capacitor filter:
Half wave rectifier with capacitor filter is as shown in figure.
During positive half cycle of input, diode is forward biased and capacitor charges to a peak
value Vm as shown in fig.
When input starts decreasing below its peak value, capacitor will be fully charged and
holds the charge until the input ac supply to the rectifier reaches the negative half cycle.
During negative half cycle of input, diode gets reverse biased and blocks the current
through it. During this non-conduction period, Vs is less than Vc so the capacitor
discharges through 𝑅𝐿 until Vc is less than Vs. this cycle repeats producing a very smooth
dc voltage.
Time required by the capacitor is very small to charge while its discharging time is very
large, ripple in the output gets reduced.
Zener diode characteristics:
Forward characteristics of zener diode is same as that of ordinary diode.
When the reverse voltage across the zener diode is greater than Vz, the breakdown takes
place, then reverse current increases rapidly.
Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.
Module-1 Basic Electronics
Under reverse biased condition there is a small leakage current of order of nA flowing
through the diode initially but after certain voltage, breakdown occurs and the current
increases at a constant voltage.
Zener diode as Voltage Regulator:
A zener diode can be used as a voltage regulator, since it maintains a constant output
voltage even though the current through zener changes.
Fig shows the zener diode as voltage regulator, zener is connected in parallel with the load,
therefore the circuit is also known as shunt regulator.
A resistance Rs is connected in series with zener to limit current in the circuit. Through Rs
is also known as series current limiting resistor.
Zener to work as voltage regulator, the following conditions must be satisfied.
a) Zener diode must be reverse biased.
Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.
Module-1 Basic Electronics
b) Input voltage must be greater than zener breakdown voltage.
c) The load current should be less than Iz(max).
Regulator with no load:
The resistor Rs is used to limit the zener diode current to desired value.
Regulator with load:
Consider the circuit as shown in fig, the current through Rs is sum of load current and zener
current, but care must be taken to ensure that Iz(min) is greater to keep zener under
breakdown region.11
Problems:
1) Determine the peak output voltage and current for a bridge rectifier circuit when the
secondary RMS voltage is 30V and the diode forward drop is 0.7V.
2) A diode with VF=0.7V is connected as a half wave rectifier. The load resistance is 500Ω
and the secondary RMS voltage is 22V. Determine the peak output voltage and the peak
load current.
Prepared by Nagayya S Hiremath, Asst.Prof SVIT ECE Dept.
