ROYAL UNIVERSITY OF BHUTAN

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PHUNTSHOLING: BHUTAN

Teaching Steel Structures to Young Architects of CST

31/08/2023:Nimesh Chettri
 Overview
1.Brief description of the module
2.Great minds in Structural engineering
3.Introduction to structure types
4.Steel Structures typology
5.Properties of Steel
6.Codal Provisions
7.Loadings in Structures
8.Calculations on connection type

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 1.Brief description of the module
 Module Code & Title : TSM306 Design of Structures-II
 Credit : 12
 Continuous Assessment (Theory)
a. Term Test I: in 5th week, Unit I-III – 10 Marks
b. FC:– 20 Marks
c. Assignment I: Software works (QGIS) – 5 Marks (14/08/2022)
d. Assignment II: Software works (STAAD)– 5 Marks (10/09/2022)
e. Assignment III: Field based assessment– 5 Marks (09/10/2022)
f. Classwork: 5 Marks
g. Semester End Examination: 50 Marks
 Pre-requisites: TSM205 Design of Structures-I
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2.Great minds in Structural Engineering

(July 23, 1920 – October 8, 2016).

Professor of structural engineering in
the department of civil engineering at
the University of California, Berkeley.
Father of Finite Element Method.
Text book – 1. Dynamics of structures
2. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
*** Edward Wilson.
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2.Great minds in Structural Engineering

Professor (A.K. Chopra) Emeritus of

Structural Engineering in the
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of California at
Berkeley.
Retired in 2016.
Text book - Dynamics of Structures:
Theory & Application to Earthquake
Engineering.
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 3.Great minds in Structural Engineering

Thomas Paulay Robert Park Nigel Priestley

 Professors Tom Paulay, Bob Park and Nigel  Professor of structural engineering at
Priestley each made a massive contribution to the University of California, San Diego.
structural seismic concrete design both in New  Major contribution in seismic resilience of
Zealand and internationally. bridges, Masonry structures and retrofitting
 Department of Civil Engineering at the University aspects.
of Canterbury New Zealand.
 Text book - Seismic Design of Reinforced
 Text book - Reinforced Concrete Structures. concrete and masonry Buildings.

(uploaded in vle) 6
 4. Professor in the College of Engineering at Cornell University
(US)
• Building code Subcommittee 318-D American Concrete Institute
(ACI).
• Honorary member of American Society of Civil Engineering.
• Major contribution in Reinforced concrete structures and
prestressed structures.

Arthur H. Nilson

(uploaded in vle)

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5. Professor Devdas Menon
• Indian Institute of Technology Madras.
• Chairman of the Bureau of Indian Standards.
• Major contribution in reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete
structures.
• Sir Arthur Cotton Memorial Prize for 1992-93 by Institution of
Engineers (India)- for Development of Coconut Shell Composites for
Building Construction

(uploaded in vle)

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Structures can be:
1. Reinforced Concrete structures
2. Steel structures
3. Composite structure

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 Introduction
• Architecture plans the layout to satisfy the functional requirements and structure to look
aesthetically pleasing.
• Structural Engineer locates structural elements to cause least interference to the function and
aesthetics of the structure. Then he makes strength calculations to ensure safety and
serviceability of the structure.
• This process is known as ‘Structural Design’.
• Finally the structure elements are fabricated by the contractor.
• If all people work as a team then a safe, useful, aesthetic and economical structure is
conceived. But in most of the case they fulfill partially only.
• Since, Structural Engineer is central to this team, it is necessary for him to have adequate
knowledge of architecture and contractor and it is his responsibility to advice both in order to
achieve good structure.

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Advantages & Dis-advantages
of Structural Steel

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 Advantages
• High Strength per unit mass: Its strength is 10 times that of concrete.
• It has assured quality and high durability
• Faster construction: Easy fabrication, erection & easy to handle.
• More economical: large strength to weight ratio.
• It is ductile and robust: Resist EQ force.
• Ecofriendly & high scrap value: Recycled & reused.
• Alterations in the design can be done easily: Steel structure can be
strengthened at anytime.
• Properties do not change over time.
• Longer life (if properly maintained).
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 Dis-advantages
• Needs frequent maintenance: Maintenance cost is high as it
needs frequent painting to prevent corrosion.
• Susceptible to corrosion and fire hazard.
• Higher initial cost: Steel members are costly.

Note : Special steels and protective measures for corrosion

and fire are available and the designer should be familiar with
the options available.
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 Metallurgy of Steel

• When carbon in small quantity is added to iron, ‘steel is obtained’.

• If carbon content is largely increased then the mechanical property of the steel
will increase but the ductility of steel will decrease.
• Generally the carbon content in Structural steel is in the range of 0.12-0.25%.
• Beyond 2% carbon brittle cast iron is formed.

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Properties of Structural Steel

1. Physical Properties
2. Mechanical Properties

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Basic Properties Required for Steel

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Physical Properties

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• Limit of Proportionality (A): It is the limiting value of the stress up to
which stress is proportional to strain.
• Elastic Limit: This is the limiting value of stress up to which if the
material is stressed and then released (unloaded) strain disappears
completely and the original length is regained. This point is slightly
beyond the limit of proportionality
• Upper Yield Point (B): This is the stress at which, the load starts reducing
and the extension increases. This phenomenon is called yielding of
material. At this stage strain is about 0.125per cent and stress is about 250
N/mm2
• Lower Yield Point (C): At this stage the stress remains same but strain
increases for some time.
• Ultimate Stress (D): This is the maximum stress the material can resist. Stress strain curve of mild steel (Fe 250)
This stress is about 370–400 N/mm.At this stage cross-sectional area at a
particular section starts reducing very fast. This is called neck formation.
After this stage load resisted and hence the stress developed starts
reducing.
• Breaking Point (E): The stress at which finally the specimen fails is called
breaking point. At this strain is 20 to 25 per cent.
• If unloading is made within elastic limit the original length is regained i.e.,
the stress-strain curve follows down the loading curve shown in Figure. If
unloading is made after loading the specimen beyond elastic limit, it
follows a straight line parallel to the original straight portion as shown by
line FF‘. Thus if it is loaded beyond elastic limit and then unloaded a
permanent strain (OF) is left in the specimen.
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 Elastic
Region

Stress strain curve of mild steel

(Fe 250)
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Ductile and Brittle Materials: Metallic engineering
materials are commonly classified as either ductile or brittle
materials. A ductile material is one having a relatively large
tensile strain up to the point of rupture (for example, structural
steel or aluminum) whereas a brittle material has a relatively
small strain up to this same point. An arbitrary strain of 0.05
mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing line between these
two classes of materials. Materials that fail in tension at
relatively low values of strain are classified as brittle.
Examples are concrete, stone, cast iron, glass, ceramics, and a
variety of metallic alloys. Brittle materials fail with only little
elongation after the proportional limit. In these material, there
is no appreciable change in rate of strain. There is no yield
point and no necking takes place. Ultimate point and breaking
point are one and the same. The strain at failure is very small.

9/10/2023
9/10/2023
Stress strain curve- High strength steel
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Stress strain curve- Concrete 32
 Specifications and Codes
Rolled Steel sections:
• Molten steel (from the furnace) is poured into a casting system
where steel solidifies but never allowed to cool completely.
Then the hot steel passes through a series of rollers that
squeezes the material into different cross-sectional shapes.
• Hot rolling helps to deform without the loss in ductility.
• IS 800 2007 ( general construction in steel – code of practice)
• IS 875 1987 Part 1 ( Dead Load) ,2 ( Imposed Load) and 3
(wind Load)
• IS handbook No 1 –Properties of structural steel rolled section

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Typical Rolled Steel sections

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Codes

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GRAVITY LOADS

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LATERAL LOADS

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 BONUS
LECTURE
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Indian Standard Specifications

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 Design Methods

1. Working Stress Method (Elastic)

2. Ultimate Load Method (Plastic)
3. Limit State Method

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Special Consideration in Steel design

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Nodal Connection

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EXAMPLE 1:

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EXAMPLE 2:

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EXAMPLE 3:

Refer following table:

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WELDED CONNECTIONS

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STEEL BEAMS

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must

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305.9

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5

Md =

Md =

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STEEL COLUMNS

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𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝒌𝒎𝒊𝒏

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