Solution FinalLA USTH2022-2023 Group1
Solution FinalLA USTH2022-2023 Group1
Solution FinalLA USTH2022-2023 Group1
Hanoi
*** Date: 02/02/2023 Duration: 120 minutes Student’s name:
Total marks: 20
Final examination, Group 1 Important instructions ...........................
Subject: Linear Algebra 1. Notes, books, calculators and electronic devices ...........................
are not permitted.
Subject code: 2. Show your work with detailed calculations and ...........................
arguments to get full marks for these questions!
Good luck!
Exam code: N◦ of pages: Student’s ID:
Signatures Academic Coordinator: Lecturer (or Head of Subject) : ............................
x − 2y + z= 0
2y − 8z = 8
−4x + 5y + mz = −m
(a) (3 marks) For m = 9, solve the system by using Gauss-Jordan elimination method.
(b) (1 mark) Find all the value(s) of m such that the system has no solution.
T (x, y, z, w) = (x + y + z + w, w − x).
4. Consider the vector space R4 together with the dot product and consider the following system of
linear equations
2x1 + x2 − 6x3 + 2x4 = 0
x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 + 4x4 = 0
x1 + x2 − 3x3 + 2x4 = 0
(a) (2 marks) Find a basis for the orthogonal complement of the solution space of this system.
(b) (1 mark) Use the Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization process to find an orthonormal basis of
this orthogonal complement.
√ √ √ √
(c) (1 mark) Find the orthogonal projection of the vector v = ( 10, 10, 10, 10) onto this
orthogonal complement.
1
5. Given the following matrix
2 0 −2
A = 0 3 0
0 0 3
(a) (2 marks) Find a 3×3 nonsingular matrix P and a 3×3 diagonal matrix D such that P −1 AP =
D.
(b) (2 marks) Compute Ak for any nonnegative integer k.
(Hint: Use the equality P −1 AP = D in part (a).)
2
ANSWER KEY
1 −2 1 | 0 1 0 0 | 29
1. (a) 0 2 −8 | 8 −→ 0 1 0 | 16 .
−4 5 9 | −9 0 0 1 | 3
All row operations: R3 − (−4).R1 → R3 ;
R2 /2 → R2 ;
R3 − (−3)R2 → R3 ;
R2 − (−4)R3 → R2 ;
R1 − R3 → R1 ;
R1 − (−2)R2 → R1 .
⇒ x = 29, y = 16, z = 3.
1 −2 1 | 0 1 −2 1 | 0
(b) 0 2 −8 | 8 −→ 0 2 −8 | 8 .
−4 5 m | −m 0 0 m − 8 | −m + 12
The system has no solution iff m = 8.
0 1 0 1 1 1
|A| = 1 2 1 −3 + 2 2 1 −3 = −4k + 1.
−1 −1 k −1 −1 k
We have T (1, 0, 0, 1) = (2, 0),T (0, 1, 0, 1) = (2, 1),T (1, 0, 1, 0) = (2, −1),T (1, 1, 0, 0) = (2, −1).
Thus the coordinate matrices T (1, 0, 0, 1), T (0, 1, 0, 1), T (1, 0, 1, 0), and T (1, 1, 0, 0) relative to
B ′ are
0 0 1 2 1
[T (1, 0, 0, 1)]B ′ = , [T (0, 1, 0, 1)]B ′ = = ,
2 1 −1 1 1
0 1 2 −1 −1
[T (1, 0, 1, 0)]B ′ = = , and [T (1, 1, 0, 0)]B ′ =
1 −1 −1 3 3
The matrix of T relative to B and B ′ is
0 1 −1 −1
2 1 3 3
(c)
x+y+z+w =0
x−w =0
3
is equivalent to
x=w
y = −z − 2w
x4
3 0
0 −2
it is orthogonal to 1 and 0 , i.e. a solution of the system
0 1
3x1 + x3 = 0
− 2x2 + x4 = 0
−1 0
0 1
⊥
Therefore, V = s. + t. ; s, t ∈ R .
3 0
0 2
−1 0
0 1
Thus {
3 , 0} is a basis for V ⊥ .
0 2
(b) 2 vectors are
orthogonal
1 already.So,we need to normalize them only. An orthonormal basis
− √
10
0
√1
0
⊥
for V is u1 = √3 , u2 = .
5
10 0
√2
0
5
√
(c) The orthogonal
√ projection of v onto V ⊥ is < v, u1 > .u1 + < v, u2 > .u2 = 2.u1 + 3 2.u2 =
−2/
√ √ 10
3 2/ 5
√ .
6/ 10
√ √
6 2/ 5
λ−2 0 2
5. (a) The characteristic polynomial of A is det(λI − A) = 0 λ−3 0 = (λ − 2)(λ − 3)2 .
0 0 λ−3
So, the eigenvalues of A are 2 (with multiplicity 1) and 3 (with multiplicity 2).
For the eigenvalue 2, to find corresponding eigenvectors we solve the system
4
0 0 2 x1 0
0 −1 0 x2 = 0
0 0 −1 x3 0
Using Gauss-Jordan elimination
0 0 2 0 1 0
0 −1 0 −→ 0 0 1 .
0 0 −1 0 0 0
The system has solutions
1
t 0 ,
0
where t ∈ R.Therefore
1
p 1 = 0
0
is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 2.
For the eigenvalue 3, to find corresponding eigenvectors we solve the system
1 0 2 x1 0
0 0 0 x2 = 0
0 0 0 x3 0
The system has solutions
−2t −2 0
s = t 0 + s 1 ,
t 1 0
where s, t ∈ R.
−2 0
Therefore p2 = 0 , p3 = 1 are 2 linearly independent eigenvectors corresponding to
1 0
eigenvalue 3.
1 −2 0
Let P be the matrix with column vectors p1 , p2 , p3 :P = 0 0 1 .
0 1 0
2 0 0
Then P is nonsingular and P −1 AP = 0 3 0 .
0 0 3
(b) From P −1 AP = D we get (P −1 AP )k = Dk =⇒ P −1 Ak P = Dk =⇒ Ak = P Dk P −1 .
1 −2 0 | 1 0 0 (2) 1 0 0 | 1 0 2
r23 ,r21
Now we find P −1 . We have [P |I] = 0 0 1 | 0 1 0 −→ 0 1 0 | 0 0 1 .
0 1 0 | 0 0 1 0 0 1 | 0 1 0
1 0 2
So P −1 = 0 0 1 . Hence
0 1 0
k k
0 2k+1 − 2.3k
1 −2 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 2
Ak = 0 0 1 0 3k 0 0 0 1 = 0 3k 0 ,
0 1 0 0 0 3k 0 1 0 0 0 3 k