Solution FinalLA USTH2022-2023 Group1

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University of Science and Technology of Academic year: 2022–2023

Hanoi
*** Date: 02/02/2023 Duration: 120 minutes Student’s name:
Total marks: 20
Final examination, Group 1 Important instructions ...........................

Subject: Linear Algebra 1. Notes, books, calculators and electronic devices ...........................
are not permitted.
Subject code: 2. Show your work with detailed calculations and ...........................
arguments to get full marks for these questions!
Good luck!
Exam code: N◦ of pages: Student’s ID:
Signatures Academic Coordinator: Lecturer (or Head of Subject) : ............................

1. Consider the following system of linear equations in variables x, y, z with parameter m

x − 2y + z= 0
2y − 8z = 8
−4x + 5y + mz = −m

(a) (3 marks) For m = 9, solve the system by using Gauss-Jordan elimination method.
(b) (1 mark) Find all the value(s) of m such that the system has no solution.

2. Given the following matrix with parameter k


 
1 1 1 1
0 1 −2 0 
A= 
2 1 0 −3
−1 −1 0 k

(a) (2 marks) For k = 2, find det(A).


(b) (2 marks) Find all the value(s) of k such that A is invertible.

3. Let T : R4 → R2 be a linear transformation defined by

T (x, y, z, w) = (x + y + z + w, w − x).

(a) (1 mark ) Find the standard matrix of T .


(b) (2 marks ) Find the matrix of T relative to bases B = {(1, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0, 0)}
and B ′ = {(1, 1), (1, 0)}.
(c) (1 mark ) Find a basis of the kernel of T . Is T one-to-one?

4. Consider the vector space R4 together with the dot product and consider the following system of
linear equations
2x1 + x2 − 6x3 + 2x4 = 0
x1 + 2x2 − 3x3 + 4x4 = 0
x1 + x2 − 3x3 + 2x4 = 0

(a) (2 marks) Find a basis for the orthogonal complement of the solution space of this system.
(b) (1 mark) Use the Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization process to find an orthonormal basis of
this orthogonal complement.
√ √ √ √
(c) (1 mark) Find the orthogonal projection of the vector v = ( 10, 10, 10, 10) onto this
orthogonal complement.

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5. Given the following matrix  
2 0 −2
A = 0 3 0 
0 0 3

(a) (2 marks) Find a 3×3 nonsingular matrix P and a 3×3 diagonal matrix D such that P −1 AP =
D.
(b) (2 marks) Compute Ak for any nonnegative integer k.
(Hint: Use the equality P −1 AP = D in part (a).)

2
ANSWER KEY
   
1 −2 1 | 0 1 0 0 | 29
1. (a)  0 2 −8 | 8  −→ 0 1 0 | 16 .
−4 5 9 | −9 0 0 1 | 3
All row operations: R3 − (−4).R1 → R3 ;
R2 /2 → R2 ;
R3 − (−3)R2 → R3 ;
R2 − (−4)R3 → R2 ;
R1 − R3 → R1 ;
R1 − (−2)R2 → R1 .
⇒ x = 29, y = 16, z = 3.
   
1 −2 1 | 0 1 −2 1 | 0
(b)  0 2 −8 | 8  −→ 0 2 −8 | 8 .
−4 5 m | −m 0 0 m − 8 | −m + 12
The system has no solution iff m = 8.

2. By expanding along the 3rd column, we obtain

0 1 0 1 1 1
|A| = 1 2 1 −3 + 2 2 1 −3 = −4k + 1.
−1 −1 k −1 −1 k

(a) For k = 2, |A| = −7.


(b) A is invertible ⇔ |A| =
̸ 0 ⇔ k ̸= 1/4.

3. (a) The standard matrix of T is 


1 1 1 1
A= .
−1 0 0 1
 
′ 1 1
(b) Notice that inverse of matrix B = is
1 0
 
0 1
A=
1 −1

We have T (1, 0, 0, 1) = (2, 0),T (0, 1, 0, 1) = (2, 1),T (1, 0, 1, 0) = (2, −1),T (1, 1, 0, 0) = (2, −1).
Thus the coordinate matrices T (1, 0, 0, 1), T (0, 1, 0, 1), T (1, 0, 1, 0), and T (1, 1, 0, 0) relative to
B ′ are
      
0 0 1 2 1
[T (1, 0, 0, 1)]B ′ = , [T (0, 1, 0, 1)]B ′ = = ,
2 1 −1 1 1
      
0 1 2 −1 −1
[T (1, 0, 1, 0)]B ′ = = , and [T (1, 1, 0, 0)]B ′ =
1 −1 −1 3 3
The matrix of T relative to B and B ′ is
 
0 1 −1 −1
2 1 3 3

(c)

x+y+z+w =0
x−w =0

3
is equivalent to

x=w
y = −z − 2w

Let z = s, w = t we have x = t, y = −s − 2t. So (x, y, z, w) ∈ ker(T ) if and only if (x, y, z, w) =


(t, −s − 2t, s, t) = s(0, −1, 1, 0) + t(1, −2, 0, 1). Hence v1 = (0, −1, 1, 0) and v2 = (1, −2, 0, 1)
form a basis of ker(T ).
We see that ker(T ) ̸= {0}. Thus T is not one-to-one.
     

 3 0 

  
0 −2 
4. (a) The solution space of this system is V = s.   + t.   ; s, t ∈ R .
   

 1 0 

0 1
 
 
x1
x2  ⊥
A vector  x3  belongs to the orthogonal complement V of the solution space if and only if

x4
   
3 0
0 −2
it is orthogonal to 1 and  0 , i.e. a solution of the system
  

0 1

3x1 + x3 = 0
− 2x2 + x4 = 0
     

 −1 0 

0 1
   

 
Therefore, V = s.   + t.   ; s, t ∈ R .
   

 3 0 

0 2
 
   
−1 0
 0  1
Thus {
 3  , 0} is a basis for V ⊥ .
  

0 2
(b) 2 vectors are
 orthogonal
 1 already.So,we  need to normalize them only. An orthonormal basis

 − √
10
0 

  √1  
0
   

for V is u1 =  √3  , u2 =   .
   5 

  10  0 
√2
 
0
 
5

(c) The orthogonal
√  projection of v onto V ⊥ is < v, u1 > .u1 + < v, u2 > .u2 = 2.u1 + 3 2.u2 =
−2/

√ √ 10
3 2/ 5
 √ .
 6/ 10 
√ √
6 2/ 5

λ−2 0 2
5. (a) The characteristic polynomial of A is det(λI − A) = 0 λ−3 0 = (λ − 2)(λ − 3)2 .
0 0 λ−3
So, the eigenvalues of A are 2 (with multiplicity 1) and 3 (with multiplicity 2).
For the eigenvalue 2, to find corresponding eigenvectors we solve the system

4
    
0 0 2 x1 0
0 −1 0  x2  = 0
0 0 −1 x3 0
Using Gauss-Jordan elimination
   
0 0 2 0 1 0
0 −1 0  −→ 0 0 1 .
0 0 −1 0 0 0
The system has solutions  
1
t 0 ,

0
where t ∈ R.Therefore  
1
p 1 = 0

0
is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 2.
For the eigenvalue 3, to find corresponding eigenvectors we solve the system
    
1 0 2 x1 0
0 0 0 x2  = 0
0 0 0 x3 0
The system has solutions      
−2t −2 0
 s  = t  0  + s 1 ,
t 1 0
where s, t ∈ R.
   
−2 0
Therefore p2 =  0  , p3 = 1 are 2 linearly independent eigenvectors corresponding to
1 0
eigenvalue 3.
 
1 −2 0
Let P be the matrix with column vectors p1 , p2 , p3 :P = 0 0 1 .
0 1 0
 
2 0 0
Then P is nonsingular and P −1 AP = 0 3 0 .
0 0 3
(b) From P −1 AP = D we get (P −1 AP )k = Dk =⇒ P −1 Ak P = Dk =⇒ Ak = P Dk P −1 .
   
1 −2 0 | 1 0 0 (2) 1 0 0 | 1 0 2
r23 ,r21
Now we find P −1 . We have [P |I] = 0 0 1 | 0 1 0 −→ 0 1 0 | 0 0 1 .
0 1 0 | 0 0 1 0 0 1 | 0 1 0
 
1 0 2
So P −1 = 0 0 1 . Hence
0 1 0
 k   k
0 2k+1 − 2.3k
  
1 −2 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 2
Ak = 0 0 1  0 3k 0  0 0 1 =  0 3k 0 ,
0 1 0 0 0 3k 0 1 0 0 0 3 k

for any nonnegative integer k.

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