C++ Programming | CCIT
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Table of Contents
Array 3
Introduction to array 3
Create an array 3
Array Initialization 4
Functions 8
Introduction to Array 8
General Format of Function 8
Return type9
Calling functions 9
Functions Arguments 12
Functions returning value 21
Function declaration/prototype 29
Scope of Variables 30
Scope Resolution Operator 31
Reference Variables 31
Reference Arguments 33
Function Overloading 34
Default arguments 40
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Array
An array is a derived data type that can store multiple values of same type.
Array is a group of elements of same type sharing same name and stored in
consecutive memory locations.
Creating an Array
An Array can be created by specifying data type, array name and its size.
Syntax:
datatype arrayname[ size ] ;
5050 5054 5058 5012 5016 5020 5024 5028 5032 5036
For eg: int a[10] ;
a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6] a[7] a[8] a[9]
Accessing Array Elements
Elements of an array can be accessed by using subscript operator
Syntax:
arrayname [ index ]
Note: index number begins with zero.
WAP to find total marks of 5 subjects.
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C++ Programming | CCIT
#include<iostream> Enter marks 5 for
subject 85 63 74 59 64
using namespace std;
Total marks 345
main()
{
int a[5],s=0;
cout<<"Enter marks 5 for subject"<<endl;
for(int i=0;i<=4;i++)
cin>>a[i];
for(int i=0;i<=4;i++)
s=s+a[i];
cout<<"Total marks "<<s<<endl;
}
Array Initialization
While defining an array we can directly store values into it.
Syntax:
datatype arrayname[size]={values…};
Note: If array is initialize then size of array is optional
For eg:
int a[5]={32,12,55,2,34};
int a[]={32,12,55,2,34};
int a[5]={32,12,55};
int
a[5]={32,12,55,2,34,54,22,6}; //ERROR
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C++ Programming | CCIT
WAP to read 10 no in an array and display it.
#include<iostream> Enter 10 int no.
using namespace std; 8 5 6 3 7 4 5 9 6 4
main() Array: - 8 5 6 3 7 4 5 9 6 4
{
int a[10],s=0;
cout<<"Enter 10 int no."<<endl;
for(int i=0;i<=9;i++)
cin>>a[i];
cout<<"Array:-";
for(int i=0;i<=9;i++)
cout<<a[i]<<" ";
}
WAP to read 10 nos in an int array and find sum of all elements.
#include<iostream> Enter 10 int no.
using namespace std; 8 5 6 3 7 4 5 9 6 4
main() Sum is 57
{
int a[10],s=0;
cout<<"Enter 10 int no."<<endl;
for(int i=0;i<=9;i++)
{
cin>>a[i];
s=s+a[i];
}
cout<<"Sum is "<<s;
} 5
C++ Programming | CCIT
WAP to read temperature values for 7 days of a week and find average
temperature of that week.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
int a[6],s;
float Avg;
cout<<"Enter temperature 7 days"<<endl;
for(int i=0;i<=6;i++)
{
cin>>a[i];
s=s+a[i];
Avg=s/7.0;
}
cout<<"Average temperature is "<<Avg;
}
Enter temperature 7 days
21 23 24 25 26 21 20
Average temperature is 22.8571
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C++ Programming | CCIT
WAP to read 10 nos in an int array and find sum of all even nos.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
int a[9],s;
cout<<"Enter 10 no."<<endl;
for(int i=0;i<=9;i++)
{
cin>>a[i];
if(a[i]%2==0)
s=s+a[i];
}
cout<<"Sum of even no. is "<<endl;
}
Enter 10 int no.
8 5 6 3 7 4 5 9 6 4
Sum of even no. is 28
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Functions
Functions
A function is a block of code design to perform some specific task. Functions are
used to divide program into logical modules. They are used to avoid repetition of
code in different part of program. Once a function is designed it can be used
anywhere in program whenever required.
According to return type function are of two type
Functions returning value
o Such functions when called always return us some value.
o eg:-
Z = 100 + fact( 5 ) ;
P = sqrt( 10 ) ;
cout << fact( 5 ) ;
o - As such functions returns an value So such function must be used in an
expression
Functions not returning values
o Such functions are called just to perform some task.
o eg:-
clrscr( );
circle( 200 , 100 , 50 ) ;
o Such function doesn’t return any values so they can’t be used in an
expression.
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C++ Programming | CCIT
General Format of Function
o
returntype
o
functionName(datatype args1,datatype args2,...)
{
Statements
---------------
return value ;
}
return type
It indicates the datatype of value the function is going to return.
If function is returning a value then it can be any datatype such as int, long,
float, double, char, pointer, structure etc.
If function is not returning any value then return type must be void.
if no return type is specified then by default return type is int.
Calling functions
Once a function is designed it can be call whenever required.
Syntax:
function-name( arg1 , arg2 , . .)
It transfers program control to specified function.
It executes all statements of function.
Then it return program control to the point from where the function was call.
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function to display 25 stars
. #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void star()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=25;i++)
cout<<"*";
}
main()
{
cout<<"CCIT"<<endl;
star();
cout<<endl<<"Amravati"<<endl;
star();
}
CCIT
*************************
Amravati
*************************
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function display which will print all nos from 1 to 100 .
#include<iostream> Number is 1 2 3 4 5 6 4
using namespace std; 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
void display() 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
{ 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
int i;
47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
for(i=1;i<=100;i++) 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
cout<<i<<" "; 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
}
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
main() 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
{
95 96 97 98 99 100
cout<<"Number is ";
display ();
}
Design a function even which will print all even nos in range 1 to 100
#include<iostream> Even nos. are 2 4 6 8 10
using namespace std; 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
void even() 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58
{ 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74
76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90
for(int i=2;i<=100;i=i+2) 92 94 96 98 100
cout<<i<<" ";
}
main()
{
cout<<"Even nos are ";
even();
}
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function odd which will print all odd nos in range 1 to 100
#include<iostream> Odd nos. are 1 3 5 7 9 11
13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
using namespace std;
29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43
void odd() 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59
{ 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75
77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91
int i; 93 95 97 99
for(i=1;i<=100;i=i+2)
cout<<i<<" ";
}
main()
{
cout<<"Odd nos. are ";
odd();
}
Functions Arguments
formal parameters
While calling a function
we can pass some data returntype functionName(datatype args1,...)
(actual parameters). {
actual parameters Statements
----------
For ex: even( 25 ) ;
return value ;
This data is passed on }
to function as
arguments (formal parameters).
According to argument value received the function can perform different task.
Note:
No of actual parameters and formal parameters must be same.
Datatype of actual parameters and formal parameters must be same.
Sequence of actual parameters and formal parameters must be same.
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void star(int n)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
cout<<"*";
cout<<endl;
}
main()
{
cout<<"CCIT"<<endl;
star(15);
cout<<endl<<"Amravati"<<endl;
star(25);
}
CCIT
***************
Amravati
*************************
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function display which will print all nos from 1 to specified no which is
passed as argument.
#include<iostream> 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
using namespace std; 1 2 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 7
void display(int n)
{
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
cout<<i<<" ";
}
main()
{
display(14);
cout<<endl;
display(7);
}
Design a function odd which will print all odd nos in range 1 to specified no which
is passed as argument.
#include<iostream> 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
using namespace std;
1 3 5 7
void odd(int n)
{
for(int i=1;i<=n;i=i+2)
cout<<i<<" ";
}
main()
{
odd(25);
cout<<endl;
odd(7);
}
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function even which will print all even nos in range 1 to specified no
which is passed as argument.
#include<iostream> 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
using namespace std; 2 4 6
void even(int n)
{
for(int i=2;i<=n;i=i+2)
cout<<i<<" ";
}
main()
{
even(25);
cout<<endl;
even(7);
}
Design a function display which will print all nos from 1st argument to 2nd
argument. (1st arg < 2nd arg)
#include<iostream> 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
using namespace std;
void display(int a,int b)
{
int i;
for(i=a;i<=b;i++)
cout<<i<<" ";
}
main()
{
display(10,20);
} 15
C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function interest which will calculate and print simple interest form 3
arguments p,r,t (si=(p*r*t)/100)
#include<iostream> Simple interest is 183.75
using namespace std;
void interest(int p,float r,int t)
{
float si=(p*r*t)/100;
cout<<"Simple interest is
"<<si<<endl;
}
main()
{
interest (5000,12.25,3);
}
Design a function volume which will calculate and print volume of box form 3
arguments l,b,h V=L*B*H
#include<iostream> Volume of Box is 40
using namespace std;
void volume(int l,int b,int h)
{
int v=l*b*h;
cout<<"Volume of Box is "<<v<<endl;
}
main()
{
volume(2,4,5);
}
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function volume which will calculate and print volume of sphere when
radius is pass as argument.
v=4/3*3.14*r3
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void volume(float r)
{
float v=4/3.0*3.14*r*r*r;
cout<<"Volume of sphere is "<<v<<endl;
}
main()
{
volume(2.5);
}
Volume is 65.4167
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design 2 functions area and circumference which will calculate and print area and
circumference of circle when radius is pass as argument .
A=3.14*r*r
C=2*3.14*r
#include<iostream> Enter radius 5
using namespace std; Area is 78.5
void circumference(float r) Circumference is 31.4
{
float c=2*3.14*r;
cout<<"Circumference is "<<c<<endl;
}
void area(float r)
{
float a=3.14*r*r;
cout<<"Area is "<<a<<endl;
}
main()
{
float n;
cout<<"Enter Radius ";
cin>>n;
area(n);
circumference(n);
}
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design 2 functions even and odd which will print all even / odd nos from 1 to
specified no.
#include<iostream> 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
using namespace std; 1 3 5 7
void odd(int n)
{
for(int i=1;i<=n;i=i+2)
cout<<i<<" ";
}
void even(int n)
{
for(int i=2;i<=n;i=i+2)
cout<<i<<" ";
}
main()
{
even(25);
cout<<endl;
odd(100);
cout<<endl;
odd(10);
}
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function sum which will calculate and print sum of all nos form 1 to a no.
which is pass as argument.
#include<iostream> Sum is 15
using namespace std;
void sum(int n)
{
int s=0;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
s=s+i;
cout<<"Sum is "<<s<<endl;
}
main()
{
sum(5);
}
Design a faction area which will print area of rectangle when length and breadth is
passed as argument.
#include<iostream> Area is 35
using namespace std;
void area(int l,int b)
{
int a=l*b;
cout<<"Area is "<<a<<endl;
}
main()
{
area(5,7);
}
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function fact which will calculate and print factorial of all nos form 1 to a
no. which is pass as argument.
#include<iostream> Factorial is 120
using namespace std;
void fact(int n)
{
int s=1;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
s=s*i;
cout<<"Factorial is "<<s<<endl;
}
main()
{
fact(5);
}
Functions returning value
If we want to use our returntype functionName(datatype args1,...)
function in an {
expression. Statements
For ex: ----------
return value;
z = 100 + fact( 5 ) ;
}
Then such function
must return a value by using return statement.
Syntax:
return value;
The return statement returns value at the point from where function is called.
The return value and returntype of function must be compatible.
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a faction area which will print area of rectangle when length and breadth is
passed as argument.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int area(int l,int b)
{
int a=l*b;
return a;
}
main()
{
int z=area(5,7)+area(10,20);
cout<<"Total area is "<<z<<endl;
}
Total area is 235
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function fact which will calculate and return factorial of a no. which is
pass as argument.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int fact(int n){
int f=1;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
f=f*i;
return f;
}
main()
{
int z=fact(5)-fact(4);
cout<<"Result is "<<z<<endl;
}
Result is 96
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function sum which will calculate and return sum of all nos form 1 to a
no. which is pass as argument.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int sum(int n)
{
int s=0;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
s=s+i;
return s;
}
main()
{
int z=sum(5);
cout<<"Result is "<<z<<endl;
}
Result is 15
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function interest which will calculate and return simple interest from 3
arguments p,r,n.
si=p*r*n/100
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
float interest(int p,float r,int n)
{
float si=p*r*n/100;
return si;
}
main()
{
float z=interest(5000,10.25,3);
cout<<"Result is "<<z<<endl;
}
Result is 1537.5
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function volume which will calculate and return volume of box from 3
arguments l,b,h
V=l*b*h
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int volume(int l,int b,int h)
{
int v=l*b*h;
return v;
}
main()
{
int z=volume(3,4,5);
cout<<"Result is "<<z<<endl;
}
Result is 60
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function volume which will calculate and return volume of sphere when
radius is pass as argument. ( V=4/3*3.14*r3 )
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
float volume(int r)
{
float v=4/3.0*3.14*r*r*r;
return v;
}
main()
{
int n;
cout<<"Enter Radius ";
cin>>n;
float z=volume(n);
cout<<"Volume of sphere is "<<z<<endl;
}
Enter Radius 2
Volume of sphere is 33.4933
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design 2 functions area and circumference which will calculate and return area
and circumference of circle when radius is pass as argument.
#include<iostream> Enter Radius 5
using namespace std; Area is 78.5
float circumference(int r) Circumference is 31.4
{
return 2*3.14*r;
}
float area(int r)
{
return 3.14*r*r;
}
main()
{
int n;
cout<<"Enter Radius ";
cin>>n;
float p=area(n);
float q=circumference(n);
cout<<"Area is "<<p<<endl;
cout<<"Circumference is "<<q<<endl;
}
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Function declaration/prototype
Function declaration is used to provide information about function in advance
to compiler.
If a function is called before its definition then such function has to be declared
before function call.
Syntax:
returntype functionName(data type of args…);
In function declaration argument name are optional.
Example:-
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
float interest(int,float,int);
main()
{
float z;
z=interest(5000,10.25,3);
cout<<"Simple intrest is "<<z<<endl;
}
float interest(int p,float r,int n)
{
float si;
si=p*r*n/100;
return si;
}
Simple intrest is 1537.5
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Scope of Variables
In C++ we can define variables at any point within our program.
Scope of variable depends on block or the function in which the variable is
defined.
Example:
int a ;
void demo( int x )
{
int y ;
………….
}
void main()
{
int b ;
………
for( int i = 1 ; i <= 10 ; i++ )
{
int j ;
…………..
}
int k ;
………………
}
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Scope Resolution Operator (:: )
This operator is used in C++ to perform different types of operations.
One such operation is to access a variable which is gone outside the scope due
to presence of local variable having same name.
Syntax:
:: VaraibleName
int a=5; 10
void main() 5
{
int a=10;
cout<<a<<endl;
cout<<::a<<endl;
}
Reference Variables
A reference is an alias name for a variable i.e. when we create a reference, we
assign a new name to a variable.
Syntax:
datatype &referenceName = variable ;
It will create a new reference for the specified variable.
Note: Anything you do to the reference is really done to the target variable.
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Example:
#include<iostream> 5 5 5
using namespace std ; 8 8 8
main()
{
int a=5;
int &b=a;
int &c=b;
cout<<a<<b<<c<<endl;
a++;
b++;
c++;
cout<<a<<b<<c<<endl;
}
Example:
#include<iostream> 5
using namespace std; 5
void change(int a)
{
a++;
}
main()
{
int a=5;
cout<<a;
change(a);
cout<<a;
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}
C++ Programming | CCIT
Reference Arguments
If a function argument is defined of type reference argument.
Syntax:
datatype &argname
Then the reference argument refers to the variable which is pass as argument.
Due to this the operations performed by the function by using that reference
are actually performed on original variable.
Design a function swap which will exchange values of 2 variables which are passed
as arguments.
#include<iostream> A=5 B=7
A=7 B=5
using namespace std;
void swap( int &x ,int &y)
{
int temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
}
main()
{
int a=5,b=7;
cout<<"A="<<a<<"B="<<b<<endl;
swap(a,b);
cout<< "A="<< a << " B=" << b << endl;
}
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Function Overloading
Defining multiple functions in a program having same name is called as function
overloading.
Only precaution to be taken is that
1. No of arguments or
2. Type of arguments or
3. Sequence of arguments must be different.
Compiler will decide which function to call depending on no of arguments or
type of arguments or sequence of arguments that are passed while calling the
function.
Example:
#include<iostream> RollNo is 4117
using namespace std; Name is Amit jain
void display(int rn ,string nm) RollNo is 3012
{ Name is Gopal Pandey
cout<<"RollNo is "<<rn<<endl; Branch is CS
cout<<"Name is "<<nm<<endl;
}
void display(int rn,string nm,string br)
{
cout<<"RollNo is "<<rn<<endl;
cout<<"Name is "<<nm<<endl;
cout<<"Branch is "<<br<<endl;
}
main( )
{
display(4117,"Amit jain");
display(3012,"Gopal Pandey","CS");
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}
C++ Programming | CCIT
Example:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void display(int rn, string nm)
{
cout<<"RollNo is "<<rn<<endl;
cout<<"Name is "<<nm<<endl;
}
void display(string nm, int rn)
{
cout<<"RollNo is "<<rn<<endl;
cout<<"Name is "<<nm<<endl;
}
main()
{
display(4117,"Amit jain");
display("Gopal Pandey",3012);
}
RollNo is 4117
Name is Amit jain
RollNo is 3012
Name is Gopal Pandey
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Example:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void display(int rn)
{
cout<<"RollNo is "<<rn<<endl;
}
void display(string nm)
{
cout<<"Name is "<<nm<<endl;
}
main()
{
display(4117);
display("Gopal Pandey");
}
RollNo is 4117
Name is Gopal Pandey
36
C++ Programming | CCIT
Design 2 function volume which will calculate volume of box and cube.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int volume(int L, int B, int H)
{
int v=L*B*H;
return v;
}
int volume(int n)
{
int v=n*n*n;
return v;
}
int main()
{
int a=volume(5,7,8);
cout<<"Volume of box is "<<a<<endl;
int b=volume(5);
cout<<"Volume of cube is "<<b<<endl;
}
Volume of box is 280
Volume of cube is 125
37
C++ Programming | CCIT
Design 2 functions interest which can be called by passing 3 arguments (p,r,n) or 2
(p,r)arguments.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
float interest(int p,float r,int n)
{
float si=p*r*n/100;
return si;
}
float interest(int p,float r)
{
float si=p*r*1/100;
return si;
}
main()
{
float z1=interest(5000,10.25,3);
cout<<"Interest for 3 years is "<<z1<<endl;
float z2=interest(5000,10.25);
cout<<"Interest for 1 years is "<<z2<<endl;
}
Interest for 3 years is 1537.5
Interest for 1 years is 512.5
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a functions sum which can be called by passing 4 or 3 or 2 arguments.
#include<iostream> Sum is 1400 9000 50
using namespace std;
int sum(int a, int b, int c, int d)
{
int s=a+b+c+d;
return s;
}
int sum(int a, int b, int c)
{
int s=a+b+c;
return s;
}
int sum(int a, int b)
{
int s=a+b;
return s;
}
main()
{
int s1=sum(100,200,500,600);
int s2=sum(1000,5000,3000);
int s3=sum(27,23);
cout <<"Sum is "<<s1<<" "<<s2<<" "<<s3;
}
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C++ Programming | CCIT
Default arguments
While defining a function, we can assign default values for each of the last
arguments.
Syntax :
datatype argname = value
Only arguments from the right side can be assigned default value.
The default value must be a constant literal.
We cannot use a variable or argument name or an expression as value to
argument.
The default value will only be used when less no of arguments are passed to the
function then actually required.
Example:
# include<iostream> Interest is 1500
using namespace std; Interest is 500
float interest(int p, int r, int n=1)
{
float I;
I = p * r * n /100.0;
return I;
}
main()
{
float s;
s= interest (5000, 10.25, 3);
cout << "Interest is " << s<<endl;
s= interest (5000, 10.25);
cout << "Interest is " << s<<endl;
} 40
C++ Programming | CCIT
Design a function sum which can be called by passing 4 or 3 or 2 arguments
#include<iostream> Sum is 950
using namespace std; Sum is 2200
void sum(int a,int b,int c=0,int d=0) Sum is 90
{
int s = a + b + c + d ;
cout<<"Sum is "<<s<<endl;
}
main()
{
sum(100,400,200,250);
sum(1000,1200);
sum(10,50,30);
}
41
