Enterprise Systems

• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems

• Suite of integrated software modules and a common
central database
• Collects data from many divisions of firm for use in nearly
all of firm’s internal business activities
• Information entered in one process is immediately
available for other processes
How Enterprise Systems Work
Enterprise Software
• Built around thousands of predefined business processes
that reflect best practices
– Finance and accounting
– Human resources
– Manufacturing and production
– Sales and marketing
• To implement, firms:
– Select functions of system they wish to use
– Map business processes to software processes
 Use software’s configuration tables for customizing
Business Value of Enterprise
Systems
• Increase operational efficiency
• Provide firm-wide information to support decision making
• Enable rapid responses to customer requests for
information or products
• Include analytical tools to evaluate overall organizational
performance and improve decision-making
The Supply Chain
• Network of organizations and processes for:
– Procuring materials
– Transforming materials into products
– Distributing the products
• Upstream supply chain
• Downstream supply chain
• Internal supply chain
Supply Chain
Supply Chain Management
• Inefficiencies cut into a company’s operating costs
– Can waste up to 25 percent of operating expenses
• Just-in-time strategy
– Components arrive as they are needed
– Finished goods shipped after leaving assembly line
• Safety stock: buffer for lack of flexibility in supply chain
• Bullwhip effect
– Information about product demand gets distorted as it
passes from one entity to next across supply chain
The Bullwhip Effect
Supply Chain Management Software
• Supply chain planning systems
– Model existing supply chain
– Enable demand planning
– Optimize sourcing, manufacturing plans
– Establish inventory levels
– Identify transportation modes
• Supply chain execution systems
– Manage flow of products through distribution centers
and warehouses
Global Supply Chains and the
Internet
• Global supply chain issues
– Greater geographical distances, time differences
– Participants from different countries
 Different performance standards
 Different legal requirements
• Internet helps manage global complexities
– Warehouse management
– Transportation management
– Logistics
– Outsourcing
Demand-Driven Supply Chains: From
Push to Pull Manufacturing and
Efficient Customer Response
• Push-based model (build-to-stock)
– Earlier SCM systems
– Schedules based on best guesses of demand
• Pull-based model (demand-driven)
– Web-based
– Customer orders trigger events in supply chain
• Internet enables move from sequential supply chains to
concurrent supply chains
– Complex networks of suppliers can adjust immediately
Push- Versus Pull-Based Supply
Chain Models
The Emerging Internet-Driven Supply
Chain
Business Value of Supply Chain
Management Systems
• Match supply to demand
• Reduce inventory levels
• Improve delivery service
• Speed product time to market
• Use assets more effectively
– Total supply chain costs can be 75 percent of operating
budget
• Increase sales
Customer Relationship Management
• Knowing the customer
• In large businesses, too many customers and too many
ways customers interact with firm
• CRM systems
– Capture and integrate customer data from all over the
organization
– Consolidate and analyze customer data
– Distribute customer information to various systems and
customer touch points across enterprise
– Provide single enterprise view of customers
Customer Relationship Management
(CRM)
Customer Relationship Management
Software (1 of 2)
• Packages range from niche tools to large-scale enterprise
applications
• More comprehensive packages have modules for:
– Partner relationship management (PRM)
 Integrating lead generation, pricing, promotions, order
configurations, and availability
 Tools to assess partners’ performances
– Employee relationship management (ERM)
 Setting objectives, employee performance management,
performance-based compensation, employee training
Customer Relationship Management
Software (2 of 2)
• CRM packages typically include tools for:
– Sales force automation (SFA)
 Sales prospect and contact information
 Sales quote generation capabilities
– Customer service
 Assigning and managing customer service requests
 Web-based self-service capabilities
– Marketing
 Capturing prospect and customer data, scheduling and
tracking direct-marketing mailings or e-mail
 Cross-selling
How CRM Systems Support
Marketing
Responses by Channel for January 2019 Promotional Campaign
CRM Software Capabilities
Customer Loyalty Management
Process Map
Operational and Analytical CRM
• Operational CRM
– Customer-facing applications
– Sales force automation call center and customer
service support
– Marketing automation
• Analytical CRM
– Based on data warehouses populated by operational
CRM systems and customer touch points
– Analyzes customer data (OLAP, data mining, etc.)
 Customer lifetime value (CLV)
Analytical CRM Data Warehouse
Business Value of Customer
Relationship Management Systems
• Business value of CRM systems
– Increased customer satisfaction
– Reduced direct-marketing costs
– More effective marketing
– Lower costs for customer acquisition/retention
– Increased sales revenue
• Churn rate
– Number of customers who stop using or purchasing
products or services from a company
– Indicator of growth or decline of firm’s customer base
Enterprise Application Challenges
• Expensive to purchase and implement enterprise
applications
– Multi-million dollar projects in 2018
– Long development times
• Technology changes
• Business process changes
• Organizational learning, changes
• Switching costs, dependence on software vendors
• Data standardization, management, cleansing
Next-Generation Enterprise
Applications (1 of 2)
• Enterprise solutions/suites
– Make applications more flexible, web-enabled,
integrated with other systems
• S OA standards
• Open-source applications
• On-demand solutions
• Cloud-based versions
• Functionality for mobile platform
Next-Generation Enterprise
Applications (2 of 2)
• Social CRM
– Incorporating social networking technologies
– Company social networks
– Monitor social media activity; social media analytics
– Manage social and web-based campaigns
• Business intelligence
– Inclusion of BI with enterprise applications
– Flexible reporting, ad hoc analysis, “what-if” scenarios,
digital dashboards, data visualization