C F1055 Pages: 3

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
SIXTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION(R&S), MAY 2019
Course Code: EE306
Course Name: POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
PART A
Answer all questions, each carries5 marks. Marks

1 Define the term per unit quantity. Enumerate Merits and Demerits of P.U ( 5)

2 What is the significance of current limiting reactors in power system? Where are (5 )
they located? Give examples.
3 How slack bus differs from other buses in a power system? What is the (5 )
significance of slack bus in load flow analysis?
4 What is AVR? What are the functions? ( 5)

5 Derive condition for economic load dispatch neglecting losses. ( 5)

6 Define penalty factors and loss coefficients in economic operation of power (5 )
system.
7 Explain the terms 1) steady state stability 2) dynamic stability 3) transient (5 )
stability
8 Write all methods to improve steady state stability limit of power system (5 )
PART B
Answer any two full questions, each carries10 marks.
9 A 300 MVA, 20kV three phase generator has a subtransient reactance of 20%. ( 10)
The generator supplies two synchronous motors over a 64km transmission line
having transformers at both ends as shown on the single line diagram. The
ratings of the motors are:M1-200MVA, 13.2kV, X”=20%; M2- 100MVA,
13.2kV, X”=20%. The ratings of transformers are T1-350MVA, 230/20 kV,
X=10%; T2- composed of 3 single phase transformers each rated 127/
13.2kV,100MVA, X=10%. Series reactance of the transmission line is 0.5
ohm/km. Draw the reactance diagram with all reactances marked in p.u. Select
the generator ratings as base values.

Page 1 of 3

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

C F1055 Pages: 3

10 a) Draw the zero sequence networks of star-delta and delta-delta transformers ( 5)

b) Draw and explain the oscillogram of short circuit current when an unloaded (5 )
alternator is subjected to a 3-phase fault
11 Derive the expression for fault current and draw the interconnection of sequence (10)
networks for the following faults on the terminals of an unloaded generator.
(a) single Line to Ground fault
(b) Line to Line fault
PART C
Answer any two full questions, each carries10 marks.
12 (10 )
The figure shows the SLD of a simple four bus system. The table gives the line
impedance identified by the buses on which these terminate. The shunt
admittance at all the buses is assumed to be negligible.

a) Find YBUS, assuming that the line shown dotted is not connected.

b) What modifications need to be carried out in YBUS if the line shown

dotted is connected

13 a) Compare between Gauss-Seidal method and Newton-Raphson method, in load (5 )

flow studies.
b) With neat diagram explain the working of a turbine speed governing system. (5)
14 Derive the generator load model and draw the complete block diagram of a single (10)
area system

Page 2 of 3

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

C F1055 Pages: 3

PART D
Answer any two full questions, each carries 10 marks.
15 1. Assume that the fuel input Btu/hr for units 1 and 2 are given by ( 10)
F1 = (8P1 +0.024P12 +80)106
F2 = (6P2 +0.04P22 +120)106
The maximum and minimum loads on the units are 100MW and 10MW
respectively. Determine the minimum cost of generation when the following load
is supplied. The cost of fuel is Rs`2/million Btu.

16 a) What is the significance of spinning reserve constraint in unit commitment (5 )

problem? Explain with example.
b) Explain the equal area criterion to determine the stability of a power system ( 5)
17 a) Derive the swing equation. (5 )
b) A 2 pole 50 Hz, 11kV turbo generator has a rating of 60 MW at 0.85 p.f lagging. ( 5)
Its rotor has a moment of inertia of 8800 kg-m2. Calculate its inertia constant in
MJ/MVA and its angular momentum in MJ-s/elect. Degree.
****

Page 3 of 3

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

1. Define the term per unit quantity. Enumerate Merits and Demerits of P.U.
Ans:-
A per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
Voltages, currents and impedances expressed in per unit do not change when they are referred
from one side of transformer to the other side. This is a great advantage.
 Per unit impedances of electrical equipment of similar type usually lie within a narrow range,
when the equipment ratings are used as base values.
 Transformer connections do not affect the per unit values.
 Manufacturers usually specify the impedances of machines and transformers in per unit or
percent of name plate ratings.
2. What is the significance of current limiting reactors in power system? Where are they located?
Give examples.
Ans:-
The current limiting reactor is an inductive coil having a large inductive reactance’s in
comparison to their resistance and is used for limiting short circuit currents during fault conditions.
Current-voltage reactors also reduce the voltage disturbances on the rest of the system. The main
purpose of the current limiting reactor is that its reactance should not decrease when a large short
current flows through its windings.
It is installed in feeders and ties, in generators leads, and between bus sections, for reducing
the magnitude of short circuit currents and the effect of the respective voltage disturbance.

3. How slack bus differs from other buses in a power system? What is the significance of slack bus
in load flow analysis?
Ans:-
Slack Bus/Reference Bus/Swing Bus:- Slack bus in a power system absorb or emit the active or
reactive power from the power system. The slack bus does not carry any load.
In electrical power systems a slack bus (or swing bus) is used to balance the active power |P|
and reactive power |Q| in a system while performing load flow studies.
The slack bus is used to provide for system losses by emitting or absorbing active and/or
reactive power to and from the system. It is difficult to estimate the loss without calculating the
voltages and angles. For this reason a generator bus is usually chosen as the slack bus without
specifying its real power. It is assumed that the generator connected to this bus will supply the
balance of the real power required and the line losses.
This bus sets the angular reference for all the other buses. Since it is the angle difference
between two voltage sources that dictates the real and reactive power flow between them, the
particular angle of the slack bus is not important.
4. What is AVR? What are the functions?
Ans:-

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 An automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is an electronic device for automatically maintaining
generator output terminal voltage at a set value under varying load and operating temperature. It
compares the rectified output of a voltage transformer, proportional to the terminal voltage of the
generator, (compounding transformer-to step down the voltage) with the reference voltage and
generates an error signal equal to their difference and give it to the exciter field.
Automatic voltage regulator on a generator stops fluctuation of voltage produced by it during
various load conditions.

5. Derive condition for economic load dispatch neglecting losses.

Ans:-
The problem is to find the real power generation for each plant such that the objective
function (i.e., total production cost) as defined by the equation

Is minimum, subjected to the constraints,

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 When losses are neglected with no generator limits, for most economic operation. all plants
must operate at equal incremental production cost
6. Define penalty factors and loss coefficients in economic operation of power system.
Ans:-
𝜕𝑃𝐿 1
is known as the incremental transmission loss at plant n and ( 𝜕𝑃𝐿 ) is called as the penalty
𝜕𝑃𝑛 1−
𝜕𝑃𝑛

factor. A penalty factor is employed to add a penalty to the generation cost in the cost minimization
function of that plant which has a transmission loss on delivering to a load.

The Bmn coefficients are the loss coefficients and for an n generator system the coefficient is an
n × n symmetric matrix
They are real loss coefficients. They are assumed to be constant and reasonable accuracy is
expected when actual operating conditions are close to the base case conditions used to compute
the coefficients. They are usually represented as Bmn.

The diagonal elements are all positive and strong as compared with the off diagonal elements
which mostly are negative and are relatively weaker.

7. Explain the terms 1) steady state stability 2) dynamic stability 3) transient stability.
Ans:-
Steady-state Stability:-
Steady-state stability relates to the response of synchronous machine to a gradually increasing
load. It is basically concerned with the determination of the upper limit of machine loading without
losing synchronism, provided the loading is increased gradually.
Dynamic Stability:-

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 Dynamic stability involves the response to small disturbances that occur on the system,
producing oscillations. The system is said to be dynamically stable if theses oscillations do not
acquire more than certain amplitude and die out quickly. If these oscillations continuously grow in
amplitude, the system is dynamically unstable. The source of this type of instability is usually an
interconnection between control systems.
Transient Stability:-
Transient stability involves the response to large disturbances, which may cause rather large
changes in rotor speeds, power angles and power transfers. Transient stability is a fast
phenomenon usually evident within a few second.

8. Write all methods to improve steady state stability limit of power system.
Ans:-
By reducing the X (reactance) or by raising the |E| or by increasing the |V|, the improvement
of steady state stability limit of the system is possible.

 Reduction of transfer reactance

A power system which has a lower value of transfer reactance can have better steady-state
stability limit. This can be achieved by:
i) use of parallel lines
If the power has to be transferred through long distance transmission lines, use of parallel
lines reduce transfer reactance as well as improve voltage regulations.
ii) use of series capacitors
Similarly series capacitors are sometimes employed in lines to get the same features.
 Increase in the magnitudes of E and V.
 Higher and fast field excitation system enhances steady-state power limits
 Two systems to improve the stability limit are quick excitation voltage and higher excitation
voltage.

PART B
Answer any two full questions, each carries10 marks.

9. A 300 MVA, 20kV three phase generator has a subtransient reactance of 20%. The generator
supplies two synchronous motors over a 64km transmission line having transformers at both
ends as shown on the single line diagram. The ratings of the motors are:M1-200MVA, 13.2kV,
X”=20%; M2- 100MVA, 13.2kV, X”=20%. The ratings of transformers are T1-350MVA, 230/20 kV,
X=10%; T2- composed of 3 single phase transformers each rated 127/ 13.2kV,100MVA, X=10%.
Series reactance of the transmission line is 0.5 ohm/km. Draw the reactance diagram with all
reactance’s marked in p.u. Select the generator ratings as base values.

Ans:-

Base MVA = 300

Base voltage at generator side = 20 kV

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 Base voltage in transmission line = 230 kV

Line to line voltages of transformer T2 : √3 x 127 / 13.2 = 220 / 13.2 kV

Base voltage at motor side = 230 x 13.2/220 =13.8 kV

Per-unit reactance of generator = 0.2

Per-unit reactance of transformer T1 = 0.1 x 300/350= 0.0857

Per-unit reactance of transmission line = 0.5 x 64 x300/2302 = 0.1825

Per-unit reactance of transformer T2 = 0.1 x (220/230)2=0.0915

Per-unit reactance of motor M1 = 0.2 x (300/200) x (13.2/13.8)2=0.2745

Per-unit reactance of motor M1 = 0.2 x (300/100) x (13.2/13.8)2 =0.549

10.a)Draw the zero sequence networks of star-delta and delta-delta transformers

Ans:-

b) Draw and explain the oscillogram of short circuit current when an unloaded alternator is
subjected to a 3-phase fault.
Ans:-
Whenever a 3-phase short circuit occurs at the terminals of an alternator, the current in the
armature circuit increases suddenly to a large value and since the resistance of the circuit then is
small as compared to its reactance, the current is highly lagging and the p.f. is approximately zero.

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 Due to this sudden switching, as analysed in the previous section, there are two components of
currents:
(i) a.c. component,
(ii) d.c. component (decaying).

At the instant of the short-circuit there is mutual coupling between the stator winding, rotor
winding and the damper winding and equivalent circuit is shown in Fig

The effect of damper winding and the eddy current in the pole faces disappears after the first
few cycles. Accordingly, the equivalent circuit after first few cycles reduces to the one shown in Fig.

After a few more cycles depending upon the time constant of the field winding the effect of
the d.c. component will die down and steady state conditions will prevail.

The reactance in the initial stage is called the sub transient reactance; corresponding to 2nd
Figure is called as the transient reactance and the steady state reactance is the synchronous
reactance i3rd equivalent circuit. It can be seen from the equivalent circuit that the inductance
increases as from the initial stage to the final steady state i.e.,
synchronous reactance > transient reactance > subtransient reactance.
11.Derive the expression for fault current and draw the interconnection of sequence networks for
the following faults on the terminals of an unloaded generator.
(a) single Line to Ground fault
Ans:-

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

The circuit diagram is shown in Fig

(b) Line to Line fault

Ans:-

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
 PART C
Answer any two full questions, each carries 10 marks.

12.The figure shows the SLD of a simple four bus system. The table gives the line impedance
identified by the buses on which these terminate. The shunt admittance at all the buses is
assumed to be negligible.
a) Find YBUS, assuming that the line shown dotted is not connected.
b) What modifications need to be carried out in YBUS if the line shown dotted is connected?

Line-Bus to R X
bus
1-2 0.05 0.15
1-3 0.1 0.3
2-3 0.15 0.45
2-4 0.1 0.3
3-4 0.05 0.015
Ans:-
a)

b)

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

13.a) Compare between Gauss-Seidal method and Newton-Raphson method, in load flow studies.
Ans:-

b) With neat diagram explain the working of a turbine speed governing system.
Ans:-

The real power control mechanism of a generator is shown in Figure.

The main parts are: 1) Speed changer 2) Speed governor 3) Hydraulic amplifier 4) Control
valve. They are connected by linkage mechanism. Their incremental movements are in vertical
direction. The movements are assumed positive in the directions of arrows. Corresponding to
“raise” command, linkage movements will be: “A” moves downwards; “C” moves upwards; “D”
moves upwards; “E” moves downwards. This allows more steam or water flow into the turbine
resulting incremental increase in generator output power.
When the speed drops, linkage point “B” moves upwards and again generator output power
will increase.
14.Derive the generator load model and draw the complete block diagram of a single area system
Ans:-

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

The increment in power input to the generator-load system is
PG  PD
This increment in power input to the system is accounted for in two ways:
(i) Rate of increase of stored kinetic energy in the generator rotor. At scheduled frequency (𝑓0),
the stored energy is:
Wke0  H  Pr

(ii) The rate of change of load with respect to frequency:

 K ps 
F ( s )  PG ( s )  PD ( s ) 
 1  Tps s 
 

Block Diagram model of Load Frequency Control

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 PART D
Answer any two full questions, each carries 10 marks.

15.Assume that the fuel input Btu/hr for units 1 and 2 are given by
F1 = (8P1 +0.024P12 +80)106
F2 = (6P2 +0.04P22 +120)106
The maximum and minimum loads on the units are 100MW and 10MW respectively. Determine
the minimum cost of generation when the following load is supplied. The cost of fuel is
Rs`2/million Btu.

Ans:-

From the fuel input characteristics

(i) When load is 50 MW, for economic loading the conditions are

From these equations,

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 (ii) When load is 150 MW, the equations are

Solving

Total cost = Rs. (210.868 + 373.5 + 851.496 + 757.87) × 12 × 2

= Rs. 52649.61

16.a) What is the significance of spinning reserve constraint in unit commitment problem? Explain
with example.
Ans:-

Spinning Reserve is the total amount of generation available from all units synchronized on the
system minus the present load and losses being supplied
SR=Total amount of generation- (Present load + Losses)
Loss of one unit should not cause drop in frequency. Spinning Reserve of active capacity is capacity
reserve located at operating units and units with the start-up time of up to 5 minutes. Thus, a fast-
start reserve is also a Spinning Reserve. Used to meet an unexpected increase in demand and to
ensure power supply in the event of any generating unit suffering a forced outage.
b) Explain the equal area criterion to determine the stability of a power system.
Ans:-
Thus the principle by which stability under transient conditions is determined without solving
the swing equation, but makes use of areas in power angle diagram, is called the EQUAL AREA
CRITERION.
The swing equation for the alternator connected to the infinite bus bars is

Multiplying both sides by dδ/dt, we get

Thus

On integration

Before the disturbance occurs, δ0 was the torque angle. At that time dδ/dt = 0. As soon as the
disturbance occurs, dδ/dt is no longer zero and δ starts changing.

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 Torque angle δ will cease to change and the machine will again be operating at synchronous
speed after a disturbance, when dδ/dt = 0 or when

The area A1 represents the kinetic energy stored by the rotor during acceleration, and the A 2
represents the kinetic energy given up by the rotor to the system, and when it is all given up, the
machine has returned to its original speed.
The area under the curve PA should be zero, which is possible only when PA has both
accelerating and decelerating powers, i.e., for a part of the curve PS> PE and for the other PE> PS.
For a generation action, PS> PE for the positive area and A1> PS for negative areas A2 for stable
operation. Hence the name equal area criterion.
17.a) Derive the swing equation.
Ans:-

If Ts represents the shaft torque and Te the electromagnetic torque and if these are assumed
positive for a generator, the net torque causing acceleration is

Ta = Ts – Te

and Ta is positive if shaft torque input is greater than the electromagnetic power output. For a
motor if Te the electromagnetic torque input is greater than the shaft torque output the motor
rotor will accelerate. A similar relation holds good when expressed in terms of power,

i.e.,

Pa = Ps – Pe

where Pa is accelerating power. Since a synchronous machine is a rotating body, the laws of
mechanics apply to this also. We know that power is equal to torque times the angular velocity.

Pa = Taω

Now torque is moment of inertia times the angular acceleration.

∴ Pa = Taω = Iαω = Mα

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

Where M = Iω

Here ω is the angular velocity in mechanical radians per sec, i.e., M is in joule-sec/mechanical
radian.

The acceleration α can be expressed in terms of the angular position of the rotor as

The angle θ changes continuously with respect to time when a sudden change occurs in the
system. The value of θ is given by

Taking the derivative of equation

This is the swing equation

b) A 2 pole 50 Hz, 11kV turbo generator has a rating of 60 MW at 0.85 p.f lagging. Its rotor has a
moment of inertia of 8800 kg-m2. Calculate its inertia constant in MJ/MVA and its angular
momentum in MJ-s/elect. Degree
Ans:-
𝑃 60
𝐺= = = 70.5𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑝𝑓 0.85
120𝑓 120 × 50
𝑁= = = 3000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃 2
1 2 1 2𝜋𝑁 2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐽𝜔 = 𝐽 ( )
2 2 60
1 2𝜋3000 2
= 8800 ( ) = 434.262𝑀𝐽
2 60
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 434.262
𝐻= = = 6.152
𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 70.5
𝐺𝐻 70.5 × 6.152
𝑀= = = 0.04819 MJ − s/elect. Degree
180 𝑓 180 × 50

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in