6 Inverse Functions
6 Inverse Functions
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6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS:
Exponential, Logarithmic, and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
6.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives
1. (a) See Definition 1.
(b) It must pass the Horizontal Line Test.
2. (a) −1 () = ⇔ () = for any in . The domain of −1 is and the range of −1 is .
(b) See the steps in Box 5.
(c) Reflect the graph of about the line = .
3. is not onetoone because 2 6= 6, but (2) = 20 = (6).
4. is onetoone because it never takes on the same value twice.
5. We could draw a horizontal line that intersects the graph in more than one point. Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test, the
function is not onetoone.
6. No horizontal line intersects the graph more than once. Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test, the function is onetoone.
7. No horizontal line intersects the graph more than once. Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test, the function is onetoone.
8. We could draw a horizontal line that intersects the graph in more than one point. Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test, the
function is not onetoone.
9. The graph of () = 2 − 3 is a line with slope 2. It passes the Horizontal Line Test, so is onetoone.
Algebraic solution: If 1 6= 2 , then 21 6= 22 ⇒ 21 − 3 6= 22 − 3 ⇒ (1 ) 6= (2 ), so is onetoone.
10. The graph of () = 4 − 16 is symmetric with respect to the axis. Pick any values equidistant from 0 to find two equal
function values. For example, (−1) = −15 and (1) = −15, so is not onetoone.
11. No horizontal line intersects the graph of () = 3 + 4 more than once. Thus, by the Horizontal Line Test, the function is
onetoone.
Algebraic solution: If 1 6= 2 , then 31 6= 32 ⇒ 31 + 4 6= 32 + 4 ⇒ (1 ) 6= (2 ), so is onetoone.
√
3
12. The graph of () = passes the Horizontal Line Test, so is onetoone.
13. () = 1 − sin . (0) = 1 and () = 1, so is not onetoone.
14. The graph of () = 4 − 1 passes the Horizontal Line Test when is restricted to the interval [0,10], so is onetoone.
15. A football will attain every height up to its maximum height twice: once on the way up, and again on the way down.
Thus, even if 1 does not equal 2 , (1 ) may equal (2 ), so is not 11.
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° 561
562 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
16. is not 11 because eventually we all stop growing and therefore, there are two times at which we have the same height.
17. (a) Since is 11, (6) = 17 ⇔ −1 (17) = 6.
(b) Since is 11, −1 (3) = 2 ⇔ (2) = 3.
18. First, we must determine such that () = 3. By inspection, we see that if = 1, then (1) = 3. Since is 11 ( is an
increasing function), it has an inverse, and −1 (3) = 1. If is a 11 function, then ( −1 ()) = , so ( −1 (2)) = 2.
√ √
19. () = + ⇒ 0 () = 1 + 1(2 ) 0 on (0 ∞). So is increasing and hence, 11. By inspection,
√
(4) = 4 + 4 = 6, so −1 (6) = 4.
20. (a) is 11 because it passes the Horizontal Line Test.
(b) Domain of = [−3 3] = Range of −1 . Range of = [−1 3] = Domain of −1 .
(c) Since (0) = 2, −1 (2) = 0.
(d) Since (−17) ≈ 0, −1 (0) ≈ −17.
21. We solve = 5
9
( − 32) for : 9
5
= − 32 ⇒ = 95 + 32. This gives us a formula for the inverse function, that
is, the Fahrenheit temperature as a function of the Celsius temperature . ≥ −45967 ⇒ 9
5
+ 32 ≥ −45967 ⇒
9
5
≥ −49167 ⇒ ≥ −27315, the domain of the inverse function.
0 2 2 2 20 20 2
22. = ⇒ 1 − 2 = 02 ⇒ = 1 − 2
⇒ = 1− 2 ⇒ = 1 − 02 .
2
1 − 2 2 2 2
This formula gives us the speed of the particle in terms of its mass , that is, = −1 ().
23. = () = 5 − 4 ⇒ 4 = 5 − ⇒ = 14 (5 − ). Interchange and : = 14 (5 − ). So
−1 () = 14 (5 − ) = 5
4
− 14 .
6 − 3
24. We write = () = and solve for : (5 + 7) = 6 − 3 ⇒ 5 + 7 = 6 − 3 ⇒
5 + 7
6 − 7 6 − 7
5 + 3 = 6 − 7 ⇒ (5 + 3) = 6 − 7 ⇒ = . Interchanging and gives = ,
5 + 3 5 + 3
6 − 7
so −1 () = .
5 + 3
25. First note that () = 1 − 2 , ≥ 0, is onetoone. We first write = 1 − 2 , ≥ 0, and solve for :
√ √
2 = 1 − ⇒ = 1 − (since ≥ 0). Interchanging and gives = 1 − , so the inverse function is
√
−1 () = 1 − .
26. Completing the square, we have () = 2 − 2 = (2 − 2 + 1) − 1 = ( − 1)2 − 1 and, with the restriction ≥ 1,
√
is onetoone. We write = ( − 1)2 − 1, ≥ 1, and solve for : − 1 = + 1 (since ≥ 1 ⇔ − 1 ≥ 0),
√ √ √
so = 1 + + 1. Interchanging and gives = 1 + + 1, so −1 () = 1 + + 1.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
SECTION 6.1 INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES ¤ 563
√ √
27. First write = () = 2 + + 1 and note that ≥ 2. Solve for : − 2 = + 1 ⇒ ( − 2)2 = + 1 ⇒
= ( − 2)2 − 1 ( ≥ 2). Interchanging and gives = ( − 2)2 − 1 so −1 () = ( − 2)2 − 1 with domain ≥ 2.
√ √
28. = () = 1 + 2 + 3 ( ≥ 1) ⇒ −1= 2 + 3 ⇒ ( − 1)2 = 2 + 3 ⇒ ( − 1)2 − 2 = 3 ⇒
= 13 ( − 1)2 − 23 . Interchange and : = 13 ( − 1)2 − 23 . So −1 () = 13 ( − 1)2 − 23 . Note that the domain of −1
is ≥ 1.
√ 5 √ √ 3
3 3 3
29. We solve = 2 + for : 5 = 2 + ⇒ = 5 − 2 ⇒ = 5 − 2 . Interchanging and
√ 3
5
gives the inverse function = −2 .
√
1−
30. For () = √ , the domain is ≥ 0. (0) = 1 and as increases, decreases. As → ∞,
1+
√ √ √
1 − 1 1 − 1 −1
√ · √ = √ → = −1, so the range of is −1 ≤ 1. Thus, the domain of −1 is −1 ≤ 1.
1 + 1 1 + 1 1
√
1− √ √ √ √ √ √
= √ ⇒ (1 + ) = 1 − ⇒ + = 1 − ⇒ + = 1− ⇒
1+
2 2
√ √ 1− 1− 1−
(1 + ) = 1 − ⇒ = ⇒ = . Interchange and : = . So
1+ 1+ 1+
2
1−
−1 () = with −1 ≤ 1.
1+
√ 2 − 3
31. = () = 4 + 3 ( ≥ 0) ⇒ 2 = 4 + 3 ⇒ = .
4
2 − 3 2 − 3
Interchange and : = . So −1 () = ( ≥ 0). From
4 4
the graph, we see that and −1 are reflections about the line = .
32. = () = 2 − 4 ( ≥ 0) ⇒ 4 = 2 −
⇒
√ √
= 4 2 − [since ≥ 0]. Interchange and : = 4 2 − .
√
So −1 () = 4 2 − ( ≤ 2). From the graph, we see that and −1 are
reflections about the line = .
33. Reflect the graph of about the line = . The points (−1 −2), (1 −1),
(2 2), and (3 3) on are reflected to (−2 −1), (−1 1), (2 2), and (3 3)
on −1 .
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°
564 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
34. Reflect the graph of about the line = .
√
35. (a) = () = 1 − 2 (0 ≤ ≤ 1 and note that ≥ 0) ⇒
2 = 1 − 2 ⇒ 2 = 1 − 2 ⇒ = 1 − 2 . So
√
−1 () = 1 − 2 , 0 ≤ ≤ 1. We see that −1 and are the same
function.
(b) The graph of is the portion of the circle 2 + 2 = 1 with 0 ≤ ≤ 1 and
0 ≤ ≤ 1 (quartercircle in the first quadrant). The graph of is symmetric
with respect to the line = , so its reflection about = is itself, that is,
−1 = .
√
36. (a) = () = 3
1 − 3 3 = 1 − 3 ⇒ 3 = 1 − 3 ⇒
⇒
√
= 3 1 − 3 . So −1 () = 3 1 − 3 . We see that and −1 are the
same function.
(b) The graph of is symmetric with respect to the line = , so its reflection
about = is itself, that is, −1 = .
37. (a) 1 6= 2 ⇒ 31 6= 32 ⇒ (1 ) 6= (2 ), so is onetoone.
(b) 0 () = 32 and (2) = 8 ⇒ −1 (8) = 2, so ( −1 )0 (8) = 1 0 ( −1 (8)) = 1 0 (2) = 1
12
.
(c) = 3 ⇒ = 13 . Interchanging and gives = 13 , (e)
so −1 () = 13 . Domain −1 = range() = .
Range( −1 ) = domain( ) = .
(d) −1 () = 13 ⇒ ( −1 )0 () = 13 −23 ⇒
( −1 )0 (8) = 13 14 = 12
1
as in part (b).
√ √
38. (a) 1 6= 2 ⇒ 1 − 2 6= 2 − 2 ⇒ 1 − 2 6= 2 − 2 ⇒ (1 ) 6= (2 ), so is 11.
1 1 1 1
(b) (6) = 2, so −1 (2) = 6. Also 0 () = √ , so ( −1 )0 (2) = 0 −1 = 0 = = 4.
2 −2 ( (2)) (6) 14
√
(c) = − 2 ⇒ 2 = − 2 ⇒ = 2 + 2. (e)
Interchange and : = 2 + 2. So −1 () = 2 + 2.
Domain = [0 ∞), range = [2 ∞).
(d) −1 () = 2 + 2 ⇒ ( −1 )0 () = 2 ⇒ ( −1 )0 (2) = 4.
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°
SECTION 6.1 INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES ¤ 565
39. (a) Since ≥ 0, 1 6= 2 ⇒ 21 6= 22 ⇒ 9 − 21 6= 9 − 22 ⇒ (1 ) 6= (2 ), so is 11.
1 1 1 1
(b) 0 () = −2 and (1) = 8 ⇒ −1 (8) = 1, so ( −1 )0 (8) = = 0 = =− .
0 ( −1 (8)) (1) −2 2
√
(c) = 9 − 2 ⇒ 2 = 9 − ⇒ = 9 − . (e)
√ √
Interchange and : = 9 − , so −1 () = 9 − .
Domain( −1 ) = range ( ) = [0 9].
Range( −1 ) = domain ( ) = [0 3].
√
(d) ( −1 )0 () = −1 2 9 − ⇒ ( −1 )0 (8) = − 12 as in part (b).
1 1
40. (a) 1 6= 2 ⇒ 1 − 1 6= 2 − 1 ⇒ 6= ⇒ (1 ) 6= (2 ), so is 11.
1 − 1 2 − 1
3 3
(b) −1 (2) = 3
2
since 2
= 2. Also 0 () = −1( − 1)2 , so ( −1 )0 (2) = 1 0 2
= 1
−4
= − 14 .
(c) = 1( − 1) ⇒ − 1 = 1 ⇒ = 1 + 1. Interchange (e)
and : = 1 + 1. So −1
() = 1 + 1, 0 (since 1).
Domain = (0 ∞), range = (1 ∞)
(d) ( −1 )0 () = −12 , so ( −1 )0 (2) = − 14 .
41. () = 3 + 3 sin + 2 cos ⇒ 0 () = 32 + 3 cos − 2 sin . Observe that (0) = 2, so that −1 (2) = 0.
1 1 1 1 1
By Exercise 83, we have ( −1 )0 (2) = = 0 = = = .
0 ( −1 (2)) (0) 3(0)2 + 3 cos 0 − 2 sin 0 3(1) 3
42. (0) = 2 ⇒ −1 (2) = 0, and () = 3 + 3 sin + 2 cos ⇒ 0 () = 32 + 3 cos − 2 sin and 0 (0) = 3.
1 1 1
Thus, ( −1 )0 (2) = = 0 = .
0 ( −1 (2)) (0) 3
43. (0) = 3 ⇒ −1 (3) = 0, and () = 3 + 2 + tan(2) ⇒ 0 () = 2 +
2
sec2 (2) and
0
0 (0) =
2 · 1 = 2 . Thus, −1 (3) = 1 0 −1 (3) = 1 0 (0) = 2.
√ 32 + 4 7
44. (1) = 3 ⇒ −1 (3) = 1, and () = 3 + 4 + 4 ⇒ 0 () = √ and 0 (1) = . Thus,
2 3 + 4 + 4 6
1 1 1 6
( −1 )0 (3) = = 0 = = .
0 ( −1 (3)) (1) 76 7
1 1 1 3
45. (4) = 5 ⇒ −1 (5) = 4. Thus, ( −1 )0 (5) = = 0 = = .
0 ( −1 (5)) (4) 23 2
46. is an increasing function, so it has an inverse. (2) = 8 ⇔ −1 (8) = 2. Thus,
1 1 1
(−1 )0 (8) = = 0 = .
0 ( −1 (8)) (2) 5
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°
566 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
√ √
47. () = 3
1 + 3 ⇒ 0 () = 1 + 3 0, so is an increasing function and it has an inverse. Since
3√ 1 1 1 1
(3) = 3
1 + 3 = 0, −1 (0) = 3. Thus, ( −1 )0 (0) = = 0 = √ = √ .
0 ( −1 (0)) (3) 1 + 33 28
1 1 1
48. (3) = 2 ⇒ −1 (2) = 3. Thus, ( −1 )0 (2) = = 0 = 9. Hence, () = −1 ⇒
0 ( −1 (2)) (3) ()
( −1 )0 () ( −1 )0 (2) 9
0 () = − ⇒ 0 (2) = − = − 2 = −1.
[ −1 ()]2 [ −1 (2)]2 (3)
√
49. We see that the graph of = () = 3 + 2 + + 1 is increasing, so is 11.
Enter = 3 + 2 + + 1 and use your CAS to solve the equation for . You
will likely get two (irrelevant) solutions involving imaginary expressions, as well
as one which can be simplified to
3 √
√ √ √
= −1 () = − 64 3 − 272 + 20 − 3 + 272 − 20 + 3 2
√ √ 1 23 − 8 − 2 13
where = 3 3 274 − 402 + 16 or, equivalently, ,
6 2 13
√
where = 1082 + 12 48 − 1202 + 814 − 80.
50. Since sin(2) = 0, () = sin is not onetoone. 0 () = cos 0 on − 2
2
, so is increasing and hence 11 on
− 2 2 . Let = −1 () = sin−1 so that sin = . Differentiating sin = implicitly with respect to gives us
1
cos =1 ⇒ = . Now cos2 + sin2 = 1 ⇒ cos = ± 1 − sin2 , but since cos 0 on − 2 2 ,
cos
1 1
we have = = √ .
1 − sin2 1 − 2
51. (a) If the point ( ) is on the graph of = (), then the point ( − ) is that point shifted units to the left. Since
is 11, the point ( ) is on the graph of = −1 () and the point corresponding to ( − ) on the graph of is
( − ) on the graph of −1 . Thus, the curve’s reflection is shifted down the same number of units as the curve itself is
shifted to the left. So an expression for the inverse function is −1 () = −1 () − .
(b) If we compress (or stretch) a curve horizontally, the curve’s reflection in the line = is compressed (or stretched)
vertically by the same factor. Using this geometric principle, we see that the inverse of () = () can be expressed as
−1 () = (1) −1 ().
1
52. (a) We know that 0 () = . Thus,
0 (())
00 (()) · 0 () 00 (()) · [1 0 ( 0 ())] 00 (()) 00 (())
00 () = − =− =− 2 =− .
0
[ (())] 2 0
[ (())] 2
0 (())[ 0 (())] [ 0 (())]3
3
(b) is increasing ⇒ 0 (()) 0 ⇒ [ 0 (())] 0. is concave upward ⇒ 00 (()) 0.
00 (())
So 00 () = − 0, which implies that [ ’s inverse] is concave downward.
[ 0 (())]3
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°
SECTION 6.2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES ¤ 567
6.2 Exponential Functions and Their Derivatives
1. (a) () = , 0 (b) (c) (0 ∞) (d) See Figures 4(c), 4(b), and 4(a), respectively.
2. (a) The number is the value of such that the slope of the tangent line at = 0 on the graph of = is exactly 1.
(b) ≈ 271828 (c) () =
3. All of these graphs approach 0 as → −∞, all of them pass through the point
(0 1), and all of them are increasing and approach ∞ as → ∞. The larger the
base, the faster the function increases for 0, and the faster it approaches 0 as
→ −∞.
4. The graph of − is the reflection of the graph of about the axis, and the
graph of 8− is the reflection of that of 8 about the axis. The graph of 8
increases more quickly than that of for 0, and approaches 0 faster
as → −∞.
5. The functions with base greater than 1 (3 and 10 ) are increasing, while those
1 1
1
with base less than 1 3
and 10
are decreasing. The graph of 3
is the
reflection of that of 3 about the axis, and the graph of 1
10
is the reflection of
that of 10 about the axis. The graph of 10 increases more quickly than that of
3 for 0, and approaches 0 faster as → −∞.
6. Each of the graphs approaches ∞ as → −∞, and each approaches 0 as
→ ∞. The smaller the base, the faster the function grows as → −∞, and
the faster it approaches 0 as → ∞.
7. We start with the graph of = 3 (Figure 12) and shift
1 unit upward to get the graph of () = 3 + 1.
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°
568 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1
8. We start with the graph of = (Figure 3) and stretch vertically by a factor of 2 to obtain the graph of = 2 12 . Then
2
we shift the graph 3 units downward to get the graph of () = 2 12 − 3.
9. We start with the graph of = (Figure 14) and reflect about the yaxis to get the graph of = − . Then we reflect the
graph about the xaxis to get the graph of = −− .
10. We start with the graph of = 4 (Figure 3) and shift
2 units to the left to get the graph of = 4+2 .
11. We start with the graph of = (Figure 14) and reflect about the axis to get the graph of = − . Then we compress
the graph vertically by a factor of 2 to obtain the graph of = 12 − and then reflect about the axis to get the graph
of = − 12 − . Finally, we shift the graph one unit upward to get the graph of = 1 − 12 − .
12. We start with the graph of = (Figure 14) and
reflect the portion of the graph in the first quadrant
about the axis to obtain the graph of = || .
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°
SECTION 6.2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES ¤ 569
13. (a) To find the equation of the graph that results from shifting the graph of = two units downward, we subtract 2 from the
original function to get = − 2.
(b) To find the equation of the graph that results from shifting the graph of = two units to the right, we replace with
− 2 in the original function to get = −2 .
(c) To find the equation of the graph that results from reflecting the graph of = about the xaxis, we multiply the original
function by −1 to get = − .
(d) To find the equation of the graph that results from reflecting the graph of = about the yaxis, we replace with − in
the original function to get = − .
(e) To find the equation of the graph that results from reflecting the graph of = about the xaxis and then about the yaxis,
we first multiply the original function by −1 (to get = − ) and then replace with − in this equation to
get = −− .
14. (a) This reflection consists of first reflecting the graph about the axis (giving the graph with equation = − )
and then shifting this graph 2 · 4 = 8 units upward. So the equation is = − + 8.
(b) This reflection consists of first reflecting the graph about the axis (giving the graph with equation = − )
and then shifting this graph 2 · 2 = 4 units to the right. So the equation is = −(−4) .
2 2
15. (a) The denominator is zero when 1 − 1− = 0 ⇔ 1− = 1 ⇔ 1 − 2 = 0 ⇔ = ±1. Thus,
2
1 −
the function () = has domain { | 6= ±1} = (−∞ −1) ∪ (−1 1) ∪ (1 ∞).
1 − 1−2
1+
(b) The denominator is never equal to zero, so the function () = cos has domain , or (−∞ ∞).
√
16. (a) The function () = 10 − 100 has domain | 10 − 100 ≥ 0 = | 10 ≥ 102 = { | ≥ 2} = [2 ∞).
(b) The sine and exponential functions have domain , so () = sin( − 1) also has domain .
6 3
17. Use = with the points (1 6) and (3 24). 6 = 1 = 6 and 24 = 3 ⇒ 24 = ⇒
4 = 2 ⇒ = 2 [since 0] and = 6
2
= 3. The function is () = 3 · 2 .
18. Given the intercept (0 2), we have = = 2 . Using the point 2 2
9
gives us 2
9
= 22 ⇒ 1
9
= 2 ⇒
= 1
3 [since 0]. The function is () = 2 13 or () = 2(3)− .
19. In this question, we know that x = 1, So for the function f :
x = 1 ) f (1) = 1 2 = 1 m (1)
and for the function g:
x = 1 ) g(1) = 2 1 = 2 m (2)
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°
570 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
20. We see from the graphs that for less than about 18, () = 5 () = 5 , and then near the point (18 171) the curves
intersect. Then () () from ≈ 18 until = 5. At (5 3125) there is another point of intersection, and for 5 we
see that () (). In fact, increases much more rapidly than beyond that point.
21. The graph of finally surpasses that of at ≈ 358.
22. We graph = and = 1,000,000,000 and determine where
= 1 × 109 . This seems to be true at ≈ 20723, so 1 × 109
for 20723.
23. lim (1001) = ∞ by (3), since 1001 1.
→∞
24. By (3), if 1, lim = 0, so lim (1001) = 0.
→−∞ →−∞
3 − −3 1 − −6 1−0
25. Divide numerator and denominator by 3 : lim −3
= lim = =1
→∞ 3 + →∞ 1 + −6 1+0
2
26. Let = −2 . As → ∞, → −∞. So lim − = lim = 0 by (11).
→∞ →−∞
27. Let = 3(2 − ). As → 2+ , → −∞. So lim 3(2−) = lim = 0 by (11).
→2+ →−∞
28. Let = 3(2 − ). As → 2− , → ∞. So lim 3(2−) = lim = ∞ by (11).
→2− →∞
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°
SECTION 6.2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES ¤ 571
29. Since −1 ≤ cos ≤ 1 and −2 0, we have −−2 ≤ −2 cos ≤ −2 . We know that lim (−−2 ) = 0 and
→∞
lim −2 = 0, so by the Squeeze Theorem, lim (−2 cos ) = 0.
→∞ →∞
30. lim sec = 0 since sec → −∞ as → (2)+ .
→(2)+
31. () = −2 ⇒ 0 () = −2( ) = −2
32. () = + ⇒ 0 () = + −1
PR
33. () = (32 − 5) ⇒
0 () = (32 − 5)( )0 + (32 − 5)0 = (32 − 5) + (6 − 5)
= [(32 − 5) + (6 − 5)] = (32 + − 5)
(1 − ) − (− ) − 2 + 2
34. By the Quotient Rule, = ⇒ 0 = = = .
1 −
(1 − ) 2
(1 − )2 (1 − )2
3 3 3
35. By (9), = ⇒ 0 = (3 ) = 32 .
2 − CR 2 − 2 2
36. () = ⇒ 0 () = · ( − ) = − (2 − 1)
37. = tan ⇒ 0 = tan (tan ) = (sec2 )tan
√
3
38. Let = () = + 1 and = () = = 13 . Then
1 −23 1
= =
( ) = ( ) = .
3 3
3 ( + 1)2 3
3 ( + 1)2
2 QR
39. () = ⇒
2 +
(2 + ) 2 + (2) − 2 (2 + ) 4 + 23 + 2 2 + 22 − 23 − 2 2
0 () = 2 2
=
( + ) (2 + )2
4 + 22 (3 + 2 )
= =
(2 + )2 (2 + )2
√ 2
40. () = · +1 ⇒
√ 2 2 2 √ √ 2 2 1
0 () = · +1 · + 1 + +1 · = · +1 · 2 + +1 · √
2
2
2 √ 1 2 4 + 1
= +1 2 + √ or +1 √
2 2
41. Using the Product Rule and the Chain Rule, = 2 −3 ⇒
0 = 2 −3 (−3) + −3 (2) = −3 (−32 + 2) = −3 (2 − 3).
42. () = tan(1 + 2 ) ⇒ 0 () = sec2 (1 + 2 ) · (1 + 2 )0 = 22 sec2 (1 + 2 )
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°
572 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
43. () = sin ⇒ 0 () = (cos ) · + (sin ) · = ( cos + sin )
( − 1)(1) − (1) (−1)
44. () = (−1) ⇒ 0 () = (−1) = (−1) =−
− 1 ( − 1)2 ( − 1)2
45. By (9), () = sin 2 ⇒
0 () = sin 2 ( sin 2)0 = sin 2 ( · 2 cos 2 + sin 2 · 1) = sin 2 (2 cos 2 + sin 2)
46. = sin 2 + sin(2 ) ⇒
0 = sin 2 sin 2 + cos(2 ) 2 = sin 2 (cos 2) · 2 + cos(2 ) 2 · 2 = 2 cos 2 sin 2 + 22 cos(2 )
√
sec 2
47. () = ⇒
√
sec 2 √ √
2 1
0 () = sec 2 = sec (sec 2 )−12 sec 2
2
√
2 1 √ √
2
= sec √ · sec 2 tan 2 · 2 = sec 2 tan 2 sec
2 sec 2
√
48. () = 1 2 − 1 ⇒
1 √ 1 1 −1 1
0 () = 1 · √ · 2 + 2 − 1 · 1 · − 2 = −1 ; = −−2 = − 2
2 2 − 1
√
2
3 2
−1 − +1
= 1 √ − or 1 √
2 − 1 2 2 2 − 1
49. () = sin ⇒
1 +
(1 + ) − ( ) (1 + − )
0 () = cos · = cos · = cos
1 + (1 + )2 1 + (1 + )2 (1 + )2 1 +
2 (2 ) 2 (2 ) 2 (2 )
50. () = sin ⇒ 0 () = sin · 2 sin(2 ) · cos(2 ) · 2 = 4 sin(2 ) cos(2 )sin
51. = cos + sin ⇒ 0 = (− sin ) + (cos )( ) + cos = (cos − sin ) + cos , so
0 (0) = 0 (cos 0 − sin 0) + cos 0 = 1(1 − 0) + 1 = 2. An equation of the tangent line to the curve = cos + sin at
the point (0 1) is − 1 = 2( − 0) or = 2 + 1.
1+ (1 + )(1) − (1 + ) 1 + − − 1 −
52. = ⇒ 0 = = =
1 +
(1 + ) 2
(1 + )2 (1 + )2
1 1
At 0 12 , 0 = = , and an equation of the tangent line is − 1
2
= 14 ( − 0) or = 14 + 12 .
(1 + 1)2 4
· 1 − · 0
53. ( ) = ( − ) ⇒ · = 1 − 0 ⇒ · = 1 − 0 ⇒
2
1 0 0 −
· − · = 1 − 0 ⇒ 0 − · = 1− ⇒ 0 1 − = ⇒
2 2 2
−
( − )
0 = 2 =
− 2 −
2
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°
SECTION 6.2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES ¤ 573
+
54. + = 1 ⇒ 0 + · 1 + + 0 = 0 ⇒ 0 ( + ) = − − ⇒ 0 = − . At
+
+1·1
(0 1), 0 = − = −( + 1), so an equation for the tangent line is − 1 = −( + 1)( − 0), or = −( + 1) + 1.
0+1
55. = + −2 ⇒ 0 = − 12 −2 ⇒ 00 = + 14 −2 , so
2 00 − 0 − = 2 + 14 −2 − − 12 −2 − + −2 = 0.
56. = − + − ⇒ 0 = −− + − − − = ( − )− − − ⇒
00 = ( − )− − − + − = ( − 2)− + − ,
so 00 + 2 0 + = ( − 2)− + − + 2 ( − )− − − + − + − = 0.
57. = ⇒ 0 = ⇒ 00 = 2 , so if = satisfies the differential equation 00 + 6 0 + 8 = 0,
then 2 + 6 + 8 = 0; that is, (2 + 6 + 8) = 0. Since 0 for all , we must have 2 + 6 + 8 = 0,
or ( + 2)( + 4) = 0, so = −2 or −4.
58. = ⇒ 0 = ⇒ 00 = 2 . Thus, + 0 = 00 ⇔ + = 2 ⇔
√
(2 − − 1) = 0 ⇔ = 1± 5
2
, since 6= 0.
59. () = 2 ⇒ 0 () = 22 ⇒ 00 () = 2 · 22 = 22 2 ⇒
000 () = 22 · 22 = 23 2 ⇒ ··· ⇒ () () = 2 2
60. () = − ⇒ 0 () = (−− ) + − = (1 − )− ⇒
00 () = (1 − )(−− ) + − (−1) = ( − 2)− ⇒ 000 () = ( − 2)(−− ) + − = (3 − )− ⇒
(4) () = (3 − )(−− ) + − (−1) = ( − 4)− ⇒ ··· ⇒ () () = (−1) ( − )− .
So 1000 − = ( − 1000)− .
61. (a) () = + is continuous on and (−1) = −1 − 1 0 1 = (0), so by the Intermediate Value Theorem,
+ = 0 has a solution in (−1 0).
+
(b) () = + ⇒ 0 () = + 1, so +1 = − . Using 1 = −05, we get 2 ≈ −0566311,
+ 1
3 ≈ −0567143 ≈ 4 , so the solution is −0567143 to six decimal places.
2 2 1
62. () = ⇒ 0 () = − , so (0) = 1 and 0 (0) = − .
1 + (1 + )2 2
Thus, () (0) + 0 (0)( − 0) = 1 − 12 . We need
2 1 2
− 01 1 − + 01, which is true when
1 + 2 1 +
−1423 1423. Note that to ensure the accuracy, we have rounded the
smaller value up and the larger value down.
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°
574 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
63. Half of 760 RNA copies per mL, corresponding to = 1, is 380 RNA copies per mL. Using the graph of in Figure 11, we
estimate that it takes about 35 additional days for the patient’s viral load to decrease to 38 RNA copies per mL.
64. (a) (b) Using a graphing calculator, we obtain the exponential
curve () = 3689301(106614) .
(c) Using the TRACE and zooming in, we find that the bacteria count
doubles from 37 to 74 in about 1087 hours.
1 1
65. (a) lim () = lim = = 1, since 0 ⇒ − → −∞ ⇒ − → 0. As time increases, the
→∞ →∞ 1 + − 1+·0
proportion of the population that has heard the rumor approaches 1; that is, everyone in the population has heard the rumor.
−
(b) () = (1 + − )−1 ⇒ = −(1 + − )−2 (−− ) =
(1 + − )2
(c)
From the graph of () = (1 + 10−05 )−1 , it seems that () = 08
(indicating that 80% of the population has heard the rumor) when
≈ 74 hours.
66. (a) The displacement function is squeezed between the other two functions. This
is because −1 ≤ sin 4 ≤ 1 ⇒ −8−2 ≤ 8−2 sin 4 ≤ 8−2 .
(b) The maximum value of the displacement is about 66 cm, occurring at ≈ 036 s. It occurs just before the graph of the
displacement function touches the graph of 8−2 (when =
8 ≈ 039).
(c) The velocity of the object is the derivative of its displacement function, that is,
−2
8 sin 4 = 8 −2 cos 4(4) + sin 4 − 12 −2
If the displacement is zero, then we must have sin 4 = 0 (since the exponential term in the displacement function is
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°
SECTION 6.2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES ¤ 575
always positive). The first time that sin 4 = 0 after = 0 occurs at = 4 . Substituting this into our expression for the
velocity, and noting that the second term vanishes, we get 4 = 8−8 cos 4 · 4 · 4 = −32−8 ≈ −216 cms.
(d) The graph indicates that the displacement is less than 2 cm from equilibrium
whenever is larger than about 28.
(1 + 2 ) − (2) (2 − 2 + 1) ( − 1)2
67. () = 2
, [0 3]. 0 () = 2 2
= 2 2
= . 0 () = 0 ⇒
1+ (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + 2 )2
( − 1)2 = 0 ⇔ = 1. 0 () exists for all real numbers since 1 + 2 is never equal to 0. (0) = 1,
(1) = 2 1359, and (3) = 3 10 2009. So (3) = 3 10 is the absolute maximum value and (0) = 1 is the
absolute minimum value.
1 1
68. () = 2 , [−3 1]. 0 () = 2 2
+ 2 (1) = 2 2
+ 1 . 0 () = 0 ⇔ 1
2
+ 1 = 0 ⇔ = −2.
(−3) = −3−32 ≈ −0669, (−2) = −2−1 ≈ −0736, and (1) = 12 ≈ 1649. So (1) = 12 is the absolute
maximum value and (−2) = −2 is the absolute minimum value.
69. () = − ⇒ 0 () = 1 − = 0 ⇔ = 1 ⇔ = 0. Now 0 () 0 for all 0 and 0 () 0 for all
0, so the absolute maximum value is (0) = 0 − 1 = −1.
− −
70. () = ⇒ 0 () = = 0 ⇔ ( − 1) = 0 ⇒ = 1. Now 0 () 0 ⇔ 0 ⇔
2 2
−
− 1 0 ⇔ 1 and 0 () 0 ⇔ 0 ⇔ − 1 0 ⇔ 1. Thus there is an absolute
2
minimum value of (1) = at = 1.
71. (a) () = 2 ⇒ 0 () = (22 ) + 2 (1) = 2 (2 + 1). Thus, 0 () 0 if − 12 and 0 () 0 if − 12 .
So is increasing on − 12 ∞ and is decreasing on −∞ − 12 .
(b) 00 () = 2 (2) + (2 + 1) · 22 = 22 [1 + (2 + 1)] = 22 (2 + 2) = 42 ( + 1). 00 () 0 ⇔ −1
and 00 () 0 ⇔ −1. Thus, is concave upward on (−1 ∞) and is concave downward on (−∞ −1).
(c) There is an inflection point at −1 −−2 , or −1 −12 .
2 − (2) ( − 2) ( − 2)
72. (a) () = ⇒ 0 () = = = . 0 () 0 ⇔ 0 or 2, so is
2 (2 )2 4 3
increasing on (−∞ 0) and (2 ∞). 0 () 0 ⇔ 0 2, so is decreasing on (0 2).
3 [ · 1 + ( − 2) ] − ( − 2) · 32 2 [( − 1) − 3( − 2)] (2 − 4 + 6)
(b) 00 () = 3 2
= 6
= .
( ) 4
2 − 4 + 6 = (2 − 4 + 4) + 2 = ( − 2)2 + 2 0, so 00 () 0 and is CU on (−∞ 0) and (0 ∞).
(c) There are no changes in concavity and, hence, there are no points of inflection.
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°
576 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
73. = () = −1(+1) A. = { | 6= −1} = (−∞ −1) ∪ (−1, ∞) B. No intercept; intercept = (0) = −1
C. No symmetry D. lim −1(+1) = 1 since −1( + 1) → 0, so = 1 is a HA. lim −1(+1) = 0 since
→±∞ →−1+
−1 ( + 1) → −∞, lim −1(+1) = ∞ since −1( + 1) → ∞, so = −1 is a VA.
→−1−
E. 0 () = −1(+1) ( + 1)2 ⇒ 0 () 0 for all except 1, so
is increasing on (−∞ −1) and (−1 ∞). F. No extreme values H.
−1(+1) −1(+1) (−2) −1(+1) (2 + 1)
G. 00 () = + = − ⇒
( + 1)4 ( + 1)3 ( + 1)4
00 () 0 ⇔ 2 + 1 0 ⇔ − 12 , so is CU on (−∞ −1)
and −1 − 12 , and CD on − 12 , ∞ . has an IP at − 12 , −2 .
74. = () = − sin , 0 ≤ ≤ 2 A. = B. intercept: (0) = 0; intercepts: () = 0 ⇔ sin = 0 ⇔
= 0, , and 2. C. No symmetry D. No asymptote E. 0 () = − cos + sin (−− ) = − (cos − sin ).
0 () = 0 ⇔ cos = sin ⇔ = 4 , 5 4
. 0 () 0 if is in 0 4 or 5
4
2 [ is increasing] and
0 () 0 if is in 4 5
4
[ is decreasing]. F. Local maximum value 4 and local minimum value 5 4
G. 00 () = − (− sin − cos ) + (cos − sin )(−− ) = − (−2 cos ). 00 () 0 ⇔ −2 cos 0 ⇔
cos 0 ⇒ is in 2 3 2
[ is CU] and 00 () 0 ⇔ H.
cos 0 ⇒ is in 0 2 or 3 2 2 [ is CD].
IP at 2 + 2 +
75. = 1(1 + − ) A. = B. No intercept; intercept = (0) = 12 C. No symmetry
D. lim 1(1 + − ) = 1
1+0 = 1 and lim 1(1 + − ) = 0 since lim − = ∞, so has horizontal asymptotes
→∞ →−∞ →−∞
0
= 0 and = 1. E. () = −(1 + − −2
) (− −
)= −
(1 + − 2
) . This is positive for all , so is increasing on .
(1 + − )2 (−− ) − − (2)(1 + − )(−− ) − (− − 1)
F. No extreme values G. 00 () = −
=
(1 + ) 4 (1 + − )3
The second factor in the numerator is negative for 0 and positive for 0, H.
and the other factors are always positive, so is CU on (−∞, 0) and CD
on (0 ∞). IP at 0, 12
76. The function () = cos is periodic with
period 2, so we consider it only on the interval
[0 2]. We see that it has local maxima of about
(0) ≈ 272 and (2) ≈ 272, and a local
minimum of about (314) ≈ 037. To find the
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°
SECTION 6.2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES ¤ 577
exact values, we calculate 0 () = − sin cos . This is 0 when − sin = 0 ⇔ = 0, or 2 (since we are only
considering ∈ [0 2]). Also 0 () 0 ⇔ sin 0 ⇔ 0 . So (0) = (2) =
(both maxima) and () = cos = 1 (minimum). To find the inflection points, we calculate and graph
00 () = (− sin cos ) = − cos cos − sin (cos )(− sin ) = cos sin2 − cos . From the graph of 00 (),
we see that has inflection points at ≈ 090 and at ≈ 538. These coordinates correspond to inflection points
(090 186) and (538 186).
3 −
77. () = → 0 as → −∞, and
() → ∞ as → ∞. From the graph,
it appears that has a local minimum of
about (058) = 068, and a local
maximum of about (−058) = 147.
To find the exact values, we calculate
3
0 () = 32 − 1 − , which is 0 when 32 − 1 = 0 ⇔ = ± √13 . The negative solution corresponds to the local
√ 3 √ √
maximum − √13 = (−1 3) − (−1 3) = 2 39 , and the positive solution corresponds to the local minimum
√ √ √
3)3 − (1
1
√
3
= (1 3)
= −2 39
. To estimate the inflection points, we calculate and graph
2 3 3 3 3
00 () = 3 − 1 − = 32 − 1 − 32 − 1 + − (6) = − 94 − 62 + 6 + 1 .
From the graph, it appears that 00 () changes sign (and thus has inflection points) at ≈ −015 and ≈ −109. From the
graph of , we see that these values correspond to inflection points at about (−015 115) and (−109 082).
78. () = − with = 001, = 4, and = 007. We will find the
zeros of 00 for () = − .
0 () = (−− ) + − (−1 ) = − (− + −1 )
00 () = − (−−1 + ( − 1)−2 ) + (− + −1 )(−− )
= −2 − [− + ( − 1) + 2 2 − ]
= −2 − (2 2 − 2 + 2 − )
Using the given values of and gives us 00 () = 2 −007 (000492 − 056 + 12). So 00 () = 001 00 () and its zeros
are = 0 and the solutions of 000492 − 056 + 12 = 0, which are 1 = 200
7 2857 and 2 = 600
7 8571.
At 1 minutes, the rate of increase of the level of medication in the bloodstream is at its greatest and at 2 minutes, the rate of
decrease is the greatest.
79. Let = 0135 and = −2802. Then () = ⇒ 0 () = ( · · + · 1) = ( + 1). 0 () = 0 ⇔
1
+ 1 = 0 ⇔ = − ≈ 036 h. (0) = 0, (−1) = − −1 = − ≈ 00177, and (3) = 33 ≈ 000009.
[continued]
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°
578 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
The maximum average BAC during the first three hours is about 00177 gdL and it occurs at approximately 036 h
(214 min).
80. (a) As || → ∞, = −2 (22 ) → −∞, and → 0. The HA is = 0. Since takes on its maximum value at = 0, so
2 2) 2 2
does . Showing this result using derivatives, we have () = − (2 ⇒ 0 () = − (2 ) (−2 ).
0 () = 0 ⇔ = 0. Because 0 changes from positive to negative at = 0, (0) = 1 is a local maximum. For
1 −2(22 ) 2 2
−1 2 2
inflection points, we find 00 () = − 2
· 1 + − (2 ) (−2 ) = 2 − (2 ) (1 − 22 ).
00 () = 0 ⇔ 2 = 2 ⇔ = ±. 00 () 0 ⇔ 2 2 ⇔ − .
So is CD on (− ) and CU on (−∞ −) and ( ∞). IP at (± −12 ).
(b) Since we have IP at = ±, the inflection points move away from the axis as increases.
(c) From the graph, we see that as increases, the graph tends to spread out and
there is more area between the curve and the axis.
1 1
+1 1 1
81. ( + ) = + = + − (0 + 1) = +−1
0 +1 0 +1 +1
5 5
82. −5
= = 5 − (−5) = 10
−5
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
83. = − = − − = − −2 + 0 = (1 − −2 )
0 0 0
4 4
84. Let = −4 . Then = −43 and 3 = − 14 , so 3 − = − 14 = − 14 + = − 14 − + .
√ √
85. Let = 1 + . Then = , so 1 + = = 23 32 + = 23 (1 + )32 + .
(1 + )2 1 + 2 + 2
86. = = (− + 2 + ) = −− + 2 + +
87. ( + − )2 = (2 + 2 + −2 ) = 12 2 + 2 − 12 −2 +
= 4 +
88. (4 + )5 = 5 = 16 6 + = 16 (4 + )6 +
=
89. Let = 1 − . Then = − and = −, so
1 1 1
= (−) = − −2 = −(−−1 ) + = + = + .
(1 − )2 2 1 −
90. Let = sin . Then = cos , so sin cos = = + = sin + .
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°
SECTION 6.2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES ¤ 579
91. Let = 1, so = −12 . When = 1, = 1; when = 2, = 2.
1
Thus,
√
2
1 12 12
= (−) = − 1 = −(12 − ) = − .
1 2 1
1
√ 1√ 1+1
1 + − − − = 12 = 1 + −
92. = 1 + (−) −
0 0 2
= −
1+1 √
= − 23 32 = − 23 [(1 + 1)32 − 232 ] = 43 2 − 23 (1 + 1)32
2
2 2
93. avg = 1
2−0
2−
0
2 2
= 12 −− = 12 (−−4 + 1)
0
1 1 1
94. Area = [ − ( 2 − 2)] = −1 ( − 2 + 2) = − 13 3 + 2 −1
−1
= − 13 + 2 − −1 + 13 − 2 = − −1 − 23 + 4 = − −1 + 10 3
1 3 1
95. Area = 0
− = 13 3 − 0 = 13 3 − − 13 − 1 = 13 3 − + 2
3
≈ 4644
96. 00 () = 3 + 5 sin ⇒ 0 () = 3 − 5 cos + ⇒ 2 = 0 (0) = 3 − 5 + ⇒ = 4, so
0 () = 3 − 5 cos + 4 ⇒ () = 3 − 5 sin + 4 + ⇒ 1 = (0) = 3 + ⇒ = −2,
so () = 3 − 5 sin + 4 − 2.
1 1 1 2
97. = 0
( )2 = 0
2 = 12 2 0 =
2
−1
98. The shell has radius circumference 2, and
1
2 2
height − , so = 2− .
0
Let = . Thus, = 2 , so
2
1 1
= − = −− 0 = (1 − 1).
0
√
99. First Figure Let = , so = 2 and = 2 . When = 0, = 0; when = 1, = 1. Thus,
1 √ 1 1
1 = 0 = 0 (2 ) = 2 0 .
1 1
Second Figure 2 = 0
2 = 2 0
.
Third Figure Let = sin , so = cos . When = 0, = 0; when = 2 , = 1. Thus,
2 2 1 1
3 = 0 sin sin 2 = 0 sin (2 sin cos ) = 0 (2 ) = 2 0 .
Since 1 = 2 = 3 , all three areas are equal.
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°
580 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
100. Let () = with = 450268 and = 112567, and () = population after hours. Since () = 0 (),
3
0
() = (3) − (0) is the total change in the population after three hours. Since we start with 400 bacteria, the
population will be
3 3 3
(3) = 400 + 0
() = 400 + 0
= 400 + 0 = 400 + 3 − 1
≈ 400 + 11,313 = 11,713 bacteria
101. The rate is measured in liters per minute. Integrating from = 0 minutes to = 60 minutes will give us the total amount of oil
that leaks out (in liters) during the first hour.
60 60
0
() = 0 100−001 [ = −001, = −001]
−06 −06
= 100 0 (−100 ) = −10,000 0 = −10,000(−06 − 1) 45119 4512 L
102. The rate is measured in kilograms per year. Integrating from = 0 years (2000) to = 20 years (2020) will give us the net
change in biomass from 2000 to 2020.
1+5−12
20
60,000−06 60,000 1 = 1 + 5−06
= − 3
(1 + 5−06 )2 2 = −3−06
0 6
1+5−12
20,000 20,000 20,000
= = − 16,666
6 1 + 5−12 6
Thus, the predicted biomass for the year 2020 is approximately 25,000 + 16,666 = 41,666 kg.
30 30 −30
= −
103. () = 0 − = 0 (−)
= − −
0 0 1
−30
= 0 − = 0 (−−30 + 1)
1
30
The integral 0
() represents the total amount of urea removed from the blood in the first 30 minutes of dialysis.
√
2 2 2
104. (a) erf() = √ − ⇒ − = erf() By Property 5 of definite integrals in Section 4.2,
0 0 2
−2
−2
−2
0
= 0
+
, so
√ √
2 2 2 √
− = − − − = erf() − erf() = 1
2 [erf() − erf()].
0 0 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) = erf() ⇒ 0 = 2 erf() + erf 0 () = 2 + · √ − [by FTC1] = 2 + √ .
105. We use Theorem 6.1.7. Note that (0) = 3 + 0 + 0 = 4, so −1 (4) = 0. Also 0 () = 1 + . Therefore,
−1 0 1 1 1 1
(4) = = 0 = = .
0 ( −1 (4)) (0) 1 + 0 2
106. We recognize this limit as the definition of the derivative of the function () = sin at = , since it is of the form
() − ()
lim . Therefore, the limit is equal to 0 () = (cos )sin = −1 · 0 = −1.
→ −
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°
SECTION 6.3 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 581
107. From the graph, it appears that is an odd function ( is undefined for = 0).
To prove this, we must show that (−) = −().
1
1 − 1(−) 1 − (−1) 1 − 1 1 1 − 1
(−) = = = · 1 = 1
1+ 1(−) 1+ (−1) 1
1 + 1 +1
1 − 1
=− = −()
1 + 1
so is an odd function.
1
108. We’ll start with = −1 and graph () = for = 01, 1, and 5.
1 +
From the graph, we see that there is a horizontal asymptote = 0 as → −∞
and a horizontal asymptote = 1 as → ∞. If = 1, the yintercept is 0 12 .
As gets smaller (close to 0), the graph of moves left. As gets larger, the graph
of moves right.
As changes from −1 to 0, the graph of is stretched horizontally. As
changes through large negative values, the graph of is compressed horizontally.
(This takes care of negatives values of .)
If is positive, the graph of is reflected through the yaxis.
Last, if = 0, the graph of is the horizontal line = 1(1 + ).
6.3 Logarithmic Functions
1. (a) It is defined as the inverse of the exponential function with base , that is, log = ⇔ = .
(b) (0 ∞) (c) (d) See Figure 1.
2. (a) The natural logarithm is the logarithm with base , denoted ln .
(b) The common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10, denoted log .
(c) See Figure 3.
3. (a) log3 81 = log3 34 = 4 (b) log3 1
81
= log3 3−4 = −4 (c) log9 3 = log9 912 = 1
2
1 √ 50
4. (a) ln = ln −2 = −2 (b) ln = ln 12 = 1
2
(c) ln ln = ln(50 ) = 50
2
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°
582 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
30
5. (a) log2 30 − log2 15 = log2 = log2 2 = 1
15
10 2 1
(b) log3 10 − log3 5 − log3 18 = log3 − log3 18 = log3 2 − log3 18 = log3 = log3
5 18 9
= log3 3−2 = −2
1002 104
(c) 2 log5 100 − 4 log5 50 = log5 1002 − log5 504 = log5 = log5 = log5 5−4 = −4
504 5 · 104
4
3 −2 3)
6. (a) 3 ln 2 = ln 2 = 23 = 8 (b) −2 ln 5 = ln 5 = 5−2 = 1
25
(c) ln(ln = ln(3) = 3
7. (a) log10 2 3 = log10 2 + log10 3 + log10 [Law 1]
= 2 log10 + 3 log10 + log10 [Law 3]
4
(b) ln √ = ln 4 − ln(2 − 4)12 [Law 2]
2 − 4
= 4 ln − 1
2
ln[( + 2)( − 2)] [Law 3]
= 4 ln − 1
2
[ln( + 2) + ln( − 2)] [Law 1]
1 1
= 4 ln − 2
ln( + 2) − 2
ln( − 2)
12
3 3 1 3
8. (a) ln = ln = ln [Law 3]
−3 −3 2 −3
= 12 [ln 3 + ln − ln( − 3)] [Laws 1 and 2]
1 1 1
= 2
ln 3 + 2
ln − 2
ln( − 3)
(b) log2 (3 + 1) 3 ( − 3)2 = log2 (3 + 1) + log2 3 ( − 3)2 [Law 1]
= log2 (3 + 1) + log2 ( − 3)23
= log2 (3 + 1) + 2
3 log2 ( − 3) [Law 3]
√
9. (a) log10 20 − 1
3 log10 1000 = log10 20 − log10 100013 = log10 20 − log10 3
1000
= log10 20 − log10 10 = log10 20
10
= log10 2
3
(b) ln − 2 ln + 3 ln = ln − ln 2 + ln 3 = ln 2
+ ln 3 = ln 2
10. (a) ln 10 + 2 ln 5 = ln 10 + ln 52 [by Law 3]
= ln [(10)(25)] [by Law 1]
= ln 250
4
(b) log10 4 + log10 − 1
3
log10 ( + 1) = log10 (4) − log10 ( + 1)13 = log10 √
3
+1
11. (a) 3 ln( − 2) − ln(2 − 5 + 6) + 2 ln( − 3) = ln( − 2)3 − ln [( − 2)( − 3)] + ln( − 3)2
( − 2)3 ( − 3)2
= ln = ln[( − 2)2 ( − 3)]
( − 2)( − 3)
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°
SECTION 6.3 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 583
(b) log − log + log = log − log + log = log
ln 10 ln 12
12. (a) log5 10 = ≈ 1430677 (b) log15 12 = ≈ 0917600
ln 5 ln 15
ln 12 ln 6
13. (a) log3 12 = ≈ 2261860 (b) log12 6 = ≈ 0721057
ln 3 ln 12
ln ln
14. To graph the functions, we use log2 = , log4 = , etc. These
ln 2 ln 4
graphs all approach −∞ as → 0+ , and they all pass through the point
(1 0). Also, they are all increasing, and all approach ∞ as → ∞. The
smaller the base, the larger the rate of increase of the function (for 1)
and the closer the approach to the axis (as → 0+ ).
ln ln
15. To graph these functions, we use log15 = and log50 = .
ln 15 ln 50
These graphs all approach −∞ as → 0+ , and they all pass through the
point (1 0). Also, they are all increasing, and all approach ∞ as → ∞.
The functions with larger bases increase extremely slowly, and the ones with
smaller bases do so somewhat more quickly. The functions with large bases
approach the axis more closely as → 0+ .
16. We see that the graph of ln is the reflection of the graph of about the
line = , and that the graph of log8 is the reflection of the graph of 8
about the same line. The graph of 8 increases more quickly than that of .
Also note that log8 → ∞ as → ∞ more slowly than ln .
17. We need x such that log2 x = 25 cm () x = 2 25 = 33 554 432 cm = 335.5443 km
18.
From the graphs, we see that () = 01 () = ln for approximately 0 306, and then () () for
306 343 × 1015 (approximately). At that point, the graph of finally surpasses the graph of for good.
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°
584 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
19. (a) Shift the graph of = log10 five units to the left to (b) Reflect the graph of = ln about the axis to obtain
obtain the graph of = log10 ( + 5). Note the vertical the graph of = − ln .
asymptote of = −5.
= log10 = log10 ( + 5) = ln = − ln
20. (a) Reflect the graph of = ln about the axis to obtain (b) Reflect the portion of the graph of = ln to the right
the graph of = ln (−). of the axis about the axis. The graph of = ln ||
is that reflection in addition to the original portion.
= ln = ln (−) = ln = ln ||
21. (a) The domain of () = ln + 2 is 0 and the range is .
(b) = 0 ⇒ ln + 2 = 0 ⇒ ln = −2 ⇒ = −2
(c) We shift the graph of = ln two units upward.
22. (a) The domain of () = ln( − 1) − 1 is 1 and the range is .
(b) = 0 ⇒ ln( − 1) − 1 = 0 ⇒ ln( − 1) = 1 ⇒
− 1 = 1 ⇒ =+1
(c) We shift the graph of = ln one unit to the right and one unit downward.
23. (a) ln(4 + 2) = 3 ⇒ ln(4+2) = 3 ⇒ 4 + 2 = 3 ⇒ 4 = 3 − 2 ⇒ = 14 (3 − 2) ≈ 4521
(b) 2−3 = 12 ⇒ ln 2−3 = ln 12 ⇒ 2 − 3 = ln 12 ⇒ 2 = 3 + ln 12 ⇒ = 12 (3 + ln 12) ≈ 2742
24. (a) log2 (2 − − 1) = 2 ⇒ 2 − − 1 = 22 = 4 ⇒ 2 − − 5 = 0 ⇒
√
1 ± (−1)2 − 4(1)(−5) 1 ± 21
= = .
2(1) 2
√ √
1 − 21 1 + 21
Solutions are 1 = ≈ −1791 and 2 = ≈ 2791.
2 2
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°
SECTION 6.3 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 585
(b) 1 + 4+1 = 20 ⇒ 4+1 = 19 ⇒ ln 4+1 = ln 19 ⇒ 4 + 1 = ln 19 ⇒ 4 = −1 + ln 19 ⇒
= 14 (−1 + ln 19) ≈ 0486
2
25. (a) ln + ln( − 1) = 0 ⇒ ln[( − 1)] = 0 ⇒ ln[ −] = 0 ⇒ 2 − = 1 ⇒ 2 − − 1 = 0. The
√ √
1 ± (−1)2 − 4(1)(−1) 1± 5 1− 5
quadratic formula gives = = , but we note that ln is undefined because
2(1) 2 2
√ √
1− 5 1+ 5
0. Thus, = ≈ 1618.
2 2
ln 9 1 ln 9
(b) 51−2 = 9 ⇒ ln 51−2 = ln 9 ⇒ (1 − 2) ln 5 = ln 9 ⇒ 1 − 2 = ⇒ = − ≈ −0183
ln 5 2 2 ln 5
26. (a) ln(ln ) = 0 ⇒ ln(ln ) = 0 ⇒ ln = 1 ⇒ = ≈ 2718
60
(b) = 4 ⇒ 60 = 4(1 + − ) ⇒ 15 = 1 + − ⇒ 14 = − ⇒ ln 14 = ln − ⇒
1 + −
ln 14 = − ⇒ = − ln 14 ≈ −2639
27. (a) 2 − 3 + 2 = 0 ⇔ ( − 1)( − 2) = 0 ⇔ = 1 or = 2 ⇔ = ln 1 or = ln 2, so = 0 or ln 2.
(b) = 10 ⇔ ln = ln 10 ⇔ ln = = ln 10 ⇔ ln = ln(ln 10) ⇔ = ln ln 10
28. (a) 3+1 = ⇔ 3 + 1 = ln ⇔ = 13 (ln − 1)
(b) log2 () = ⇔ = 2 ⇔ = 2
√
29. (a) ln(1 + 3 ) − 4 = 0 ⇔ ln(1 + 3 ) = 4 ⇔ 1 + 3 = 4 ⇔ 3 = 4 − 1 ⇔ = 3 4
− 1 ≈ 37704.
1 1
(b) 21 = 42 ⇔ 1 = 21 ⇔ = ln 21 ⇔ = ≈ 03285.
ln 21
ln 99 ln 99
30. (a) 21−3 = 99 ⇔ (1 − 3) ln 2 = ln 99 ⇔ 1 − 3 = ⇔ 3 = 1 − ⇔
ln 2 ln 2
1 ln 99
= 1− ≈ −18765
3 ln 2
+1 +1 1
(b) ln =2 ⇔ = 2 ⇔ + 1 = 2 ⇔ (2 − 1) = 1 ⇔ = ≈ 01565
2 − 1
31. (a) ln 0 ⇒ 0 ⇒ 1. Since the domain of () = ln is 0, the solution of the original inequality
is 0 1.
(b) 5 ⇒ ln ln 5 ⇒ ln 5
32. (a) 1 3−1 2 ⇒ ln 1 3 − 1 ln 2 ⇒ 0 3 − 1 ln 2 ⇒ 1 3 1 + ln 2 ⇒
1 1
3 3 (1 + ln 2)
(b) 1 − 2 ln 3 ⇒ −2 ln 2 ⇒ ln −1 ⇒ −1
33. If is the intensity of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake, then log10 () = 71 ⇒
log10 (16) = log10 16 + log10 () = log10 16 + 71 ≈ 83.
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°
586 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1 2
34. Let 1 and 2 be the intensities of the music and the mower. Then 10 log10 = 120 and 10 log10 = 106, so
0 0
1 1 0 1 2 1
log10 = log10 = log10 − log10 = 12 − 106 = 14 ⇒ = 1014 ≈ 25.
2 2 0 0 0 2
35. (a) = () = 100 · 23 ⇒ = 23 ⇒ log2 = ⇒ = 3 log2 . Using the Change of Base
100 100 3 100
ln(100)
Formula, we can write this as = −1 () = 3 · . This function tells us how long it will take to obtain
ln 2
bacteria (given the number ).
ln 50,000 ln 500
(b) = 50,000 ⇒ = −1 (50,000) = 3 · 100
=3 ≈ 269 hours
ln 2 ln 2
36. (a) We write = 0 (1 − − ) and solve for :
= 1 − − ⇒ − = 1 − ⇒
0 0
− = ln 1 − ⇒ = − ln 1 − . This formula gives the time (in seconds) needed after a discharge to
0 0
obtain a given charge .
090
(b) We set = 090 and = 50 to get = −50 ln 1 − = −50 ln(01) ≈ 1151 seconds. It will take
0
approximately 115 seconds—just shy of two minutes—to recharge the capacitors to 90% of capacity.
√ √
37. lim ln( − 1) = −∞ since − 1 → 0+ as → 1+ .
→1+
38. As → 2− , 8 − 4 = (8 − 3 ) → 0+ since is positive and 8 − 3 → 0+ . Thus, lim log5 (8 − 4 ) = −∞.
→2−
39. lim ln(cos ) = ln 1 = 0. [ln(cos ) is continuous at = 0 since it is the composite of two continuous functions.]
→0
40. lim ln(sin ) = −∞ since sin → 0+ as → 0+ .
→0+
1
1 + 2 1 + 2 +
41. lim [ln(1 + 2 ) − ln(1 + )] = lim ln = ln lim = ln lim
= ∞, since the limit in
→∞ →∞ 1+ →∞ 1 + →∞ 1 +1
parentheses is ∞.
2+ 2 + 1 1
42. lim [ln(2 + ) − ln(1 + )] = lim ln = lim ln = ln = ln 1 = 0
→∞ →∞ 1+ →∞ 1 + 1 1
43. () = ln(4 − 2 ).
= | 4 − 2 0 = | 2 4 = { | || 2} = (−2 2)
44. () = log2 (2 + 3).
= | 2 + 3 0 = { | ( + 3) 0} = { | 0 and + 3 0} ∪ { | 0 and + 3 0}
= { | 0 and −3} ∪ { | 0 and −3} = (−∞ −3) ∪ (0 ∞)
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°
SECTION 6.3 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 587
√
45. (a) For () = 3 − 2 , we must have 3 − 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 2 ≤ 3 ⇒ 2 ≤ ln 3 ⇒ ≤ 1
2 ln 3.
Thus, the domain of is (−∞ 12 ln 3].
√
(b) = () = 3 − 2 [note that ≥ 0] ⇒ 2 = 3 − 2 ⇒ 2 = 3 − 2 ⇒ 2 = ln(3 − 2 ) ⇒
= 1
2 ln(3 − 2 ). Interchange and : = ln(3 − 2 ). So −1 () = 12 ln(3 − 2 ). For the domain of −1 ,
1
2
√ √ √ √
we must have 3 − 2 0 ⇒ 2 3 ⇒ || 3 ⇒ − 3 3 ⇒ 0 ≤ 3 since ≥ 0. Note
√
that the domain of −1 , [0 3 ), equals the range of .
46. (a) For () = ln(2 + ln ), we must have 2 + ln 0 ⇒ ln −2 ⇒ −2 . Thus, the domain of
is (−2 ∞).
−2 −2
(b) = () = ln(2 + ln ) ⇒ = 2 + ln ⇒ ln = − 2 ⇒ = . Interchange and : = .
−2
So −1 () = . The domain of −1 , as well as the range of , is .
47. (a) We must have − 3 0 ⇔ 3 ⇔ ln 3. Thus, the domain of () = ln( − 3) is (ln 3 ∞).
(b) = ln( − 3) ⇒ = − 3 ⇒ = + 3 ⇒ = ln( + 3), so −1 () = ln( + 3).
Now + 3 0 ⇒ −3, which is true for any real , so the domain of −1 is .
48. (a) By (6), ln 300 = 300 and ln(300 ) = 300.
(b) A calculator gives ln 300 = 300 and an error message for ln(300 ) because 300 is larger than most calculators can
evaluate.
49. We solve = 3 ln( − 2) for : 3 = ln( − 2) ⇒ 3 = − 2 ⇒ = 2 + 3 . Interchanging and gives the
inverse function = 2 + 3 .
√ √
50. = () = log4 (3 + 2) ⇒ 4 = 3 + 2 ⇒ 3 = 4 − 2 ⇒ = 4 − 2. Interchange and : = 3 4 − 2.
3
√
So −1 () = 3
4 − 2.
51. We solve = 1− for : ln = ln 1− ⇒ ln = 1 − ⇒ = 1 − ln . Interchanging and gives the inverse
function = 1 − ln .
√ √
52. = (ln )2 , ≥ 1, ln = ⇒ =
. Interchange and : =
is the inverse function.
53. = () = 32−4 ⇒ log3 = 2 − 4 ⇒ 2 = log3 + 4 ⇒ = 1
2 log3 + 2. Interchange and :
= 1
2
log3 + 2. So −1
() = 1
2
log3 + 2.
1 − −
54. We solve = for : (1 + − ) = 1 − − ⇒ + − = 1 − − ⇒ − + − = 1 − ⇒
1 + −
1− 1− 1−
− (1 + ) = 1 − ⇒ − = ⇒ − = ln ⇒ = − ln or, equivalently,
1+ 1+ 1+
−1
1− 1+ 1+
= ln = ln . Interchanging and gives the inverse function = ln .
1+ 1− 1−
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°
588 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
33
55. () = 3 − ⇒ 0 () = 33 − . Thus, 0 () 0
⇔ 33 ⇔ ⇔ 32 1 ⇔
1 1
2 1
3 ⇔ 2 ln 3 = − ln 3 ⇔ − 2 ln 3, so is increasing on − 2 ln 3 ∞ .
1
56. = 2 − −3 ⇒ 0 = 2 + 3−3 ⇒ 00 = 2 − 9−3 . Thus, 00 0 ⇔ 2 9−3 ⇔
4 9
2
⇔ 4 ln 92 ⇔ 1
4
ln 92 , so is concave downward on −∞ 14 ln 92 .
57. (a) We have to show that − () = (−).
√ √ −1 1
− () = − ln + 2 + 1 = ln + 2 + 1 = ln √
+ 2 + 1
√ √
1 − 2 + 1 − 2 + 1 √
= ln √ · √ = ln 2 2 −1
= ln 2 + 1 − = (−)
2 2
+ +1 − +1 −
Thus, is an odd function.
√ √
(b) Let = ln + 2 + 1 . Then = + 2 + 1 ⇔ ( − )2 = 2 + 1 ⇔ 2 − 2 + 2 = 2 + 1 ⇔
2 − 1
2 = 2 − 1 ⇔ = = 12 ( − − ). Thus, the inverse function is −1 () = 12 ( − − ).
2
58. Let − be the point where the tangent meets the curve. The tangent has slope −− and is perpendicular to the line
2 − = 8, which has slope 2. So −− = − 12 ⇒ − = 12 ⇒ = 2 ⇒ = ln( ) = ln 2. Thus, the point on
the curve is ln 2 12 and the equation of the tangent is − 12 = − 12 ( − ln 2) or + 2 = 1 + ln 2.
1
59. 1 ln = 2 ⇒ ln(1 ln ) = ln(2) ⇒ · ln = ln 2 ⇒ 1 = ln 2, a contradiction, so the given equation has no
ln
solution. The function () = 1 ln = (ln )1 ln = 1 = for all 0, so the function () = 1 ln is the constant
function () = .
ln ln 2
60. (a) lim ln = lim = lim (ln ) = ∞ since (ln )2 → ∞ as → ∞.
→∞ →∞ →∞
− ln 2
(b) lim − ln = lim ln = lim −(ln ) = 0 since −(ln )2 → −∞ as → 0+ .
→0+ →0+ →0+
ln 1 ln
(c) lim 1 = lim = lim (ln ) = 0 since → −∞ as → 0+ . Note that as → 0+ , ln is a large
→0+ →0+ →0+
negative number and is a small positive number, so (ln ) → −∞.
− ln
(d) lim (ln 2)− ln = lim ln(ln 2) = lim − ln ln(ln 2) = 0 since − ln ln(ln 2) → −∞ as → ∞.
→∞ →∞ →∞
61. (a) Let 0 be given. We need such that | − 0| when . But ⇔ log . Let = log .
Then ⇒ log ⇒ | − 0| = , so lim = 0.
→−∞
(b) Let 0 be given. We need such that when . But ⇔ log . Let = log .
Then ⇒ log ⇒ , so lim = ∞.
→∞
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°
SECTION 6.4 DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 589
62. (a) () = − ⇒ () = 0 () = −− = −()
(b) (0) = 0 = , so is the initial velocity.
(c) () = − = 2 ⇒ − = 1
2
⇒ − = ln 12 = − ln 2 ⇒ = (ln 2)
63. ln(2 − 2 − 2) ≤ 0 ⇒ 0 2 − 2 − 2 ≤ 1. Now 2 − 2 − 2 ≤ 1 gives 2 − 2 − 3 ≤ 0 and hence
√ √
( − 3)( + 1) ≤ 0. So −1 ≤ ≤ 3. Now 0 2 − 2 − 2 ⇒ 1 − 3 or 1 + 3. Therefore,
√ √
ln(2 − 2 − 2) ≤ 0 ⇔ −1 ≤ 1 − 3 or 1 + 3 ≤ 3.
64. (a) The primes less than 25 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, and 23. There
are 9 of them, so (25) = 9. We use the sieve of Eratosthenes, and
arrive at the figure at right. There are 25 numbers left over, so
(100) = 25.
() 25
(b) Let () = . We compute (100) = ≈ 115,
ln 100 ln 100
(1000) ≈ 116, 104 ≈ 113, 105 ≈ 110, 106 ≈ 108,
and 107 ≈ 107.
(c) By the Prime Number Theorem, the number of primes less than a billion, that is, (109 ), should be close to
109 ln 109 ≈ 48,254,942. In fact, (109 ) = 50,847,543, so our estimate is off by about 51%. Do not attempt this
calculation at home.
6.4 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
1
1. The differentiation formula for logarithmic functions, (log ) = , is simplest when = because ln = 1.
ln
1 1 2
2. () = ln(3 + 2 ) ⇒ 0 () = · (3 + 2 ) = · 2 =
3 + 2 3 + 2 3 + 2
1 1 2 + 3
3. () = ln(2 + 3 + 5) ⇒ 0 () = · (2 + 3 + 5) = 2 · (2 + 3) = 2
2 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 5
1
4. () = ln − ⇒ 0 () = · + (ln ) · 1 − 1 = 1 + ln − 1 = ln
1 cos(ln )
5. () = sin(ln ) ⇒ 0 () = cos(ln ) · ln = cos(ln ) · =
1
6. () = ln(sin2 ) = ln(sin )2 = 2 ln |sin | ⇒ 0 () = 2 · · cos = 2 cot
sin
1 1 1 1 1
7. () = ln ⇒ 0 () = = − 2 =− .
1
1 1
Another solution: () = ln = ln 1 − ln = − ln ⇒ 0 () = − .
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°
590 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1 1 −1
8. = = (ln )−1 ⇒ 0 = −1(ln )−2 · =
ln (ln )2
1
9. () = ln(−2 ) = ln + ln −2 = ln − 2 ⇒ 0 () = −2
√ 1 1 1
10. () = 1 + ln ⇒ 0 () = 12 (1 + ln )−12 (1 + ln ) = √ · = √
2 1 + ln 2 1 + ln
1 2 sin
11. () = (ln )2 sin ⇒ 0 () = (ln )2 cos + sin · 2 ln · = ln ln cos +
√ 1 √ 2 1 2
12. () = ln 2 + 1 ⇒ 0 () = √ · +1 = √ · √ = 2
2
+1 2 2
+1 2 +1 + 1
√ 1 1
Or: () = ln 2 + 1 = ln(2 + 1)12 = 1
2
ln(2 + 1) ⇒ 0 () = · · 2 = 2
2 2 + 1 +1
1 1 2 + 3
13. = log8 (2 + 3) ⇒ 0 = · (2 + 3) = 2 · (2 + 3) = 2
(2 + 3) ln 8 ( + 3) ln 8 ( + 3) ln 8
1 1 tan
14. = log10 sec ⇒ 0 = · (sec ) = · sec tan =
sec (ln 10) sec (ln 10) ln 10
ln
15. () = ⇒
1 + ln(2)
[1 + ln(2)] · 1 − ln · 1
·2 1
[1 + ln(2) − ln ] 1 + (ln 2 + ln ) − ln 1 + ln 2
0 () = 2
=
= =
[1 + ln(2)]2 [1 + ln(2)]2 [1 + ln(2)]2 [1 + ln(2)]2
16. = ln(csc − cot ) ⇒
1 1 csc (csc − cot )
0 = (csc − cot ) = (− csc cot + csc2 ) = = csc
csc − cot csc − cot csc − cot
17. () = 5 + 5 ⇒ 0 () = 54 + 5 ln 5
18. () = sin(2 ) ⇒ 0 () = cos(2 ) · 2 ln 2 + sin(2 ) · 1 = 2 ln 2 cos(2 ) + sin(2 )
0 1 1
19. () = 2 log2 ⇒ () = 2 + log2 · 2 ln 2 = 2 + log2 (ln 2) .
ln 2 ln 2
ln 1
Note that log2 (ln 2) = (ln 2) = ln by the change of base formula. Thus, 0 () = 2 + ln .
ln 2 ln 2
2 ln
20. () = ⇒
2 2 1 2 2
0 () = ln
· (2 ln ) = ln 2 · + (ln ) · 2 = ln ( + 2 ln ) = ln (1 + 2 ln )
(2 + 1)4 √
21. () = ln √
3
= ln + ln(2 + 1)4 − ln 3 2 − 1 = ln + 4 ln(2 + 1) − 1
3 ln(2 − 1) ⇒
2 − 1
1 1 1 1 1 8 2
0 () = +4· 2 · 2 − · ·2= + 2 −
+1 3 2 − 1 +1 3(2 − 1)
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°
SECTION 6.4 DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 591
1 + 2 √ √
22. = ln = ln 1 + 2 − ln 1 − 2 = 1
2
ln(1 + 2) − 1
2
ln(1 − 2) ⇒
1 − 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 = · ·2− · · (−2) = +
2 1 + 2 2 1 − 2 1 + 2 1 − 2
1 −104
23. = ln 3 − 25 ⇒ 0 = 5
· (−104 ) =
3 − 2 3 − 25
24. = ln(− + − ) = ln(− (1 + )) = ln(− ) + ln(1 + ) = − + ln(1 + ) ⇒
1 −1 − + 1
0 = −1 + = =−
1+ 1+ 1+
2 +ln 2 2 2
25. () = = · ln = · = ⇒
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 () = · + · () = · · (2 ) + · 1 = · · 2 +
2 2 2
= 22 + = (22 + 1)
26. = log2 ( log5 ) ⇒
1 1 1 1 1
0
= ( log5 ) = · + log5 = + .
( log5 )(ln 2) ( log5 )(ln 2) ln 5 ( log5 )(ln 5)(ln 2) (ln 2)
ln 1 1 1 + ln
Note that log5 (ln 5) = (ln 5) = ln by the change of base formula. Thus, 0 = + = .
ln 5 ln ln 2 ln 2 ln ln 2
27. Using Formula 7 and the Chain Rule, () = 4 ⇒
4
0 () = 4 (ln 4) = −1 = 4 (ln 4) −−2 = − (ln 4) 2 .
28. () = 3cos 2 ⇒ 0 () = 3cos 2 ln 3 (cos 2) = −2(sin 2) 3cos 2 ln 3
√ 1 √ 1 2
29. 2
ln + + 1 = √ · 2
+ +1 = √ · 1+ √
+ 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 2 2 + 1
√ 2 √
1 +1 1 + 2 + 1 1
= √ · √ +√ = √ · √ = √
+ 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1
1 − cos √ √ 1 1
30. ln = ln 1 − cos − ln 1 + cos = ln(1 − cos ) − ln(1 + cos )
1 + cos 2 2
1 1 1 1
= · · sin − · · (− sin )
2 1 − cos 2 1 + cos
1 sin sin 1 sin (1 + cos ) + sin (1 − cos )
= + =
2 1 − cos 1 + cos 2 (1 − cos )(1 + cos )
1 sin + sin cos + sin − sin cos 1 2 sin 1
= = 2 = = csc
2 1 − cos2 2 sin sin
√ √ 1 1 2 + ln
31. = ln ⇒ 0 = · + (ln ) √ = √ ⇒
2 2
√ √ √ √
2 (1) − (2 + ln )(1 ) 2 − (2 + ln )(1 ) 2 − (2 + ln ) ln
00 = √ 2 = = √ =− √
(2 ) 4 (4) 4
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°
592 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
ln (1 + ln )(1) − (ln )(1) 1
32. = ⇒ 0 = = ⇒
1 + ln (1 + ln )2 (1 + ln )2
[(1 + ln )2 ] · 2(1 + ln ) · (1) + (1 + ln )2
00
=− [Reciprocal Rule] =−
[(1 + ln )2 ]2 2 (1 + ln )4
(1 + ln )[2 + (1 + ln )] 3 + ln
=− =− 2
2 (1 + ln )4 (1 + ln )3
1 1
33. = ln |sec | ⇒ 0 = sec = sec tan = tan ⇒ 00 = sec2
sec sec
1 1 1
34. = ln(1 + ln ) ⇒ 0 = · = ⇒
1 + ln (1 + ln )
[(1 + ln )] (1) + (1 + ln )(1) 1 + 1 + ln 2 + ln
00
=− [Reciprocal Rule] = − =− 2 =− 2
[(1 + ln )]2 2 (1 + ln )2 (1 + ln )2 (1 + ln )2
35. () = ⇒
1 − ln( − 1)
−1 ( − 1)[1 − ln( − 1)] +
[1 − ln( − 1)] · 1 − ·
0 −1 = −1 − 1 − ( − 1) ln( − 1) +
() = 2 2
=
[1 − ln( − 1)] [1 − ln( − 1)] ( − 1)[1 − ln( − 1)]2
2 − 1 − ( − 1) ln( − 1)
=
( − 1)[1 − ln( − 1)]2
Dom() = { | − 1 0 and 1 − ln( − 1) 6= 0} = { | 1 and ln( − 1) 6= 1}
= | 1 and − 1 6= 1 = { | 1 and 6= 1 + } = (1 1 + ) ∪ (1 + ∞)
√ 1 1 1
36. () = 2 + ln = (2 + ln )12 ⇒ 0 () = (2 + ln )−12 · = √
2 2 2 + ln
Dom() = { | 2 + ln ≥ 0} = { | ln ≥ −2} = { | ≥ −2 } = [−2 ∞).
1 2( − 1)
37. () = ln(2 − 2) ⇒ 0 () = (2 − 2) = .
2 − 2 ( − 2)
Dom( ) = { | ( − 2) 0} = (−∞ 0) ∪ (2 ∞).
1 1 1
38. () = ln ln ln ⇒ 0 () = · · .
ln ln ln
Dom( ) = { | ln ln 0} = { | ln 1} = { | } = ( ∞).
1 1 1
39. () = ln( + ln ) ⇒ 0 () = ( + ln ) = 1+ .
+ ln + ln
1 1 1
Substitute 1 for to get 0 (1) = 1+ = (1 + 1) = 1 · 2 = 2.
1 + ln 1 1 1+0
1 2 sin(ln 2 )
40. () = cos(ln 2 ) ⇒ 0 () = − sin(ln 2 ) ln 2 = − sin(ln 2 ) 2 (2) = − .
2 sin(ln 12 )
Substitute 1 for to get 0 (1) = − = −2 sin 0 = 0.
1
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°
SECTION 6.4 DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 593
1
41. = ln(2 − 3 + 1) ⇒ 0 = · (2 − 3) ⇒ 0 (3) = 1
1 · 3 = 3, so an equation of a tangent line at
2 − 3 + 1
(3 0) is − 0 = 3( − 3), or = 3 − 9.
1
42. = 2 ln ⇒ 0 = 2 · + (ln )(2) ⇒ 0 (1) = 1 + 0 = 1 , so an equation of a tangent line at (1 0) is
− 0 = 1( − 1), or = − 1.
43. () = sin + ln ⇒ 0 () = cos + 1.
This is reasonable, because the graph shows that increases when 0 is
positive, and 0 () = 0 when has a horizontal tangent.
ln (1) − ln 1 − ln
44. = ⇒ 0 = = .
2 2
1−0 1−1
0 (1) = = 1 and 0 () = = 0 ⇒ equations of tangent
12 2
lines are − 0 = 1( − 1) or = − 1 and − 1 = 0( − )
or = 1.
1
45. () = + ln(cos ) ⇒ 0 () = + · (− sin ) = − tan .
cos
0 ( 4 ) = 6 ⇒ − tan 4 = 6 ⇒ −1 =6 ⇒ = 7.
1 1
46. () = log (32 − 2) ⇒ 0 () = · 6. 0 (1) = 3 ⇒ ·6 = 3 ⇒ 2 = ln ⇒ = 2 .
(32 − 2) ln ln
47. = (2 + 2)2 (4 + 4)4 ⇒ ln = ln[(2 + 2)2 (4 + 4)4 ] ⇒ ln = 2 ln(2 + 2) + 4 ln(4 + 4) ⇒
1 0 1 1 4 163
=2· 2 · 2 + 4 · 4 · 43 ⇒ 0 = 2 + 4 ⇒
+2 +4 +2 +4
4 163
0 = (2 + 2)2 (4 + 4)4 +
2 + 2 4 + 4
− cos2 − cos2
48. = ⇒ ln = ln ⇒
2 + + 1 2 + + 1
ln = ln − + ln | cos |2 − ln(2 + + 1) = − + 2 ln | cos | − ln(2 + + 1) ⇒
1 0 1 1 2 + 1
= −1 + 2 · (− sin ) − 2 (2 + 1) ⇒ 0 = −1 − 2 tan − 2 ⇒
cos ++1 ++1
− cos2 2 + 1
0 = − 2 1 + 2 tan + 2
++1 ++1
12
−1 −1 1 1
49. = ⇒ ln = ln 4 ln( − 1) − ln(4 + 1) ⇒
⇒ ln =
4 + 1 +1 2 2
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 23 −1 1 23
= − · 43 ⇒ 0 = − 4 ⇒ 0 = −
2−1 2 4 + 1 2( − 1) + 1 4 + 1 2 − 2 4 + 1
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°
594 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
√ 2 − 2
50. = ( + 1)23 ⇒ ln = ln 12 − ( + 1)23 ⇒
1 0 1 1 2 1
ln = 1
2 ln + (2 − ) + 2
= · + 2 − 1 + ·
3 ln( + 1) ⇒ ⇒
2 3 +1
1 2 √ 2 1 2
0 = + 2 − 1 + ⇒ 0 = − ( + 1)23 + 2 − 1 +
2 3 + 3 2 3 + 3
51. = ⇒ ln = ln ⇒ ln = ln ⇒ 0 = (1) + (ln ) · 1 ⇒ 0 = (1 + ln ) ⇒
0 = (1 + ln )
1 0 1 1 1 1 − ln
52. = 1 ⇒ ln = ln ⇒ = − 2 ln + ⇒ 0 = 1
2
0 1
53. = sin ⇒ ln = ln sin ⇒ ln = sin ln ⇒ = (sin ) · + (ln )(cos ) ⇒
0 sin 0 sin sin
= + ln cos ⇒ = + ln cos
√ √ 1 0 1 1 1
54. = ⇒ ln = ln ⇒ ln = ln 12 ⇒ ln = 12 ln ⇒ = · + ln · ⇒
2 2
1 √
0 = 2
+ 1
2
ln ⇒ 0 = 12 (1 + ln )
1 0 1
55. = (cos ) ⇒ ln = ln(cos ) ⇒ ln = ln cos ⇒ =· · (− sin ) + ln cos · 1 ⇒
cos
sin
0 = ln cos − ⇒ 0 = (cos ) (ln cos − tan )
cos
1 0 1 1
56. = (sin )ln ⇒ ln = ln(sin )ln = ln ·
⇒ ln = ln · ln sin ⇒ · cos + ln sin · ⇒
sin
cos ln sin ln sin
0 = ln · + ⇒ 0 = (sin )ln ln cot +
sin
0 1 2 ln
57. = ln ⇒ ln = ln ln = (ln )2 ⇒ = 2 ln ⇒ 0 = ln
0 1 1
58. = (ln )cos ⇒ ln = cos ln(ln ) ⇒ = cos · · + (ln ln )(− sin ) ⇒
ln
cos
0 = (ln )cos − sin ln ln
ln
1 2 + 2 0
59. = ln(2 + 2 ) ⇒ 0 = (2 + 2 ) ⇒ 0 = 2 ⇒ 2 0 + 2 0 = 2 + 2 0 ⇒
2 2
+ + 2
2
2 0 + 2 0 − 2 0 = 2 ⇒ (2 + 2 − 2) 0 = 2 ⇒ 0 =
2 + 2 − 2
1 1 0
60. = ⇒ ln = ln ⇒ · + (ln ) · 0 = · · 0 + ln ⇒ 0 ln − = ln − ⇒
ln −
0 =
ln −
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°
SECTION 6.4 DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 595
1
61. () = ln( − 1) ⇒ 0 () = = ( − 1)−1 ⇒ 00 () = −( − 1)−2 ⇒ 000 () = 2( − 1)−3 ⇒
( − 1)
( − 1)!
(4) () = −2 · 3( − 1)−4 ⇒ ··· ⇒ () () = (−1)−1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · · · · · ( − 1)( − 1)− = (−1)−1
( − 1)
62. = 8 ln , so 9 = 8 0 = 8(87 ln + 7 ). But the eighth derivative of 7 is 0, so we now have
8(87 ln ) = 7(8 · 76 ln + 86 ) = 7(8 · 76 ln ) = 6(8 · 7 · 65 ln ) = · · · = (8! 0 ln ) = 8!
√ √
ln (1) − (ln )[1(2 )] 2 − ln
63. () = √ ⇒ 0 () = = ⇒
232
232 (−1) − (2 − ln )(312 ) 3 ln − 8
00 () = = 0 ⇔ ln 8
3
⇔ 83 , so is CU on (83 ∞)
43 452
and CD on (0 83 ). The inflection point is 83 83 −43 .
64. () = ln , 0 () = ln + 1 = 0 when ln = −1 ⇔ = −1 . 0 () 0 ⇔ ln + 1 0 ⇔
ln −1 ⇔ 1. 0 () 0 ⇔ ln + 1 0 ⇔ 1. Therefore, there is an absolute minimum value
of (1) = (1) ln(1) = −1.
65. = () = ln(sin )
∞
A. = { in | sin 0} = (2 (2 + 1) ) = · · · ∪ (−4 −3) ∪ (−2 −) ∪ (0 ) ∪ (2 3) ∪ · · ·
=−∞
B. No intercept; intercepts: () = 0 ⇔ ln(sin ) = 0 ⇔ sin = 0 = 1 ⇔ = 2 +
2 for each
integer . C. is periodic with period 2. D. lim () = −∞ and lim () = −∞, so the lines
→(2)+ →[(2+1)]−
cos
= are VAs for all integers . E. 0 () = = cot , so 0 () 0 when 2 2 + 2 for each
sin
integer , and 0 () 0 when 2 +
2
(2 + 1). Thus, is increasing on 2 2 + 2 and
decreasing on 2 + 2 (2 + 1) for each integer . H.
F. Local maximum values 2 + 2 = 0, no local minimum.
G. 00 () = − csc2 0, so is CD on (2 (2 + 1)) for
each integer No IP
66. = ln(tan2 ) A. = { | 6= 2} B. intercepts + 4 , no intercept. C. (−) = (), so the curve is
symmetric about the axis. Also ( + ) = (), so is periodic with period , and we consider parts D–G only for
− 2
2
D. lim ln(tan2 ) = −∞ and lim ln(tan2 ) = ∞, lim ln(tan2 ) = ∞, so = 0,
→0 →(2)− →−(−2)+
2 tan sec2 sec2
= ± 2 are VA. E. 0 () = 2
=2 0 ⇔
tan tan
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°
596 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
tan 0 ⇔ 0 2 , so is increasing on 0 2 and H.
decreasing on − 2 0 F. No maximum or minimum
2 4 −8 cos 2
G. 0 () = = ⇒ 00 () =
0
sin cos sin 2 sin2 2
⇔ cos 2 0 ⇔ − 4 4 , so is CD on − 4 0 and
0 4 and CU on − 2 − 4 and 4 2 . IP are ± 4 0 .
67. = () = ln(1 + 2 ) A. = B. Both intercepts are 0 C. (−) = (), so the curve is symmetric about the
2
axis. D. lim ln(1 + 2 ) = ∞, no asymptotes. E. 0 () = 0 ⇔
→±∞ 1 + 2
0, so is increasing on (0 ∞) and decreasing on (−∞ 0) H.
F. (0) = 0 is a local and absolute minimum.
2(1 + 2 ) − 2(2) 2(1 − 2 )
G. 00 () = 2 2
= 0 ⇔
(1 + ) (1 + 2 )2
|| 1, so is CU on (−1 1), CD on (−∞ −1) and (1 ∞).
IP (1 ln 2) and (−1 ln 2).
68. = () = ln(1 + 3 ) A. 1 + 3 0 ⇔ 3 −1 ⇔ −1, so = (−1 ∞). B. intercept:
(0) = ln 1 = 0; intercept: () = 0 ⇔ ln(1 + 3 ) = 0 ⇔ 1 + 3 = 0 ⇔ 3 = 0 ⇔ = 0 C. No
32
symmetry D. lim () = −∞, so = −1 is a VA E. 0 () = . 0 () 0 on (−1 0) and (0 ∞)
→−1+ 1 + 3
[ 0 () = 0 at = 0], so by Exercise 3.3.79, is increasing on (−1 ∞). F. No extreme values
(1 + 3 )(6) − 32 (32 )
G. 00 () = H.
(1 + 3 )2
3[2(1 + 3 ) − 33 ] 3(2 − 3 )
= 3 2
=
(1 + ) (1 + 3 )2
√ √
00 () 0 ⇔ 0 3 2, so is CU on 0 3 2 and is CD on (−1 0)
√ √
and 3 2 ∞ . IP at (0 0) and 3 2 ln 3
2 + sin + cos
69. We use the CAS to calculate 0 () = and
2 + sin
22 sin + 4 sin − cos2 + 2 + 5
00 () = . From the graphs, it
2 (cos2 − 4 sin − 5)
seems that 0 0 (and so is increasing) on approximately the intervals
(0 27), (45 82) and (109 143). It seems that 00 changes sign
(indicating inflection points) at ≈ 38, 57, 100 and 120.
Looking back at the graph of () = ln(2 + sin ), this implies that the inflection points have approximate coordinates
(38 17), (57 21), (100 27), and (120 29).
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°
SECTION 6.4 DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 597
√
70. We see that if ≤ 0, () = ln(2 + ) is only defined for 2 − ⇒ || −, and
lim
√ () = lim
√ () = −∞, since ln → −∞ as → 0. Thus, for 0, there are vertical asymptotes at
→ −+ →− −−
√
= ± , and as decreases (that is, || increases), the asymptotes get further apart. For = 0,
lim () = −∞, so there is a vertical asymptote at = 0. If 0, there is no asymptote. To find the maxima, minima, and
→0
1
inflection points, we differentiate: () = ln(2 + ) ⇒ 0 () = (2), so by the First Derivative Test there is a
2 +
local and absolute minimum at = 0. Differentiating again, we get
1 −2 2( − 2 )
00 () = (2) + 2 − 2
+ (2) = 2 . Now if
2 + ( + )2
≤ 0, this is always negative, so is concave down on both of the intervals
on which it is defined. If 0, then 00 changes sign when = 2 ⇔
√ √
= ± . So for 0 there are inflection points at ± , and as
increases, the inflection points get further apart.
71. From the graph, it appears that the curves = ( − 4)2 and = ln intersect
just to the left of = 3 and to the right of = 5, at about = 53. Let
() = ln − ( − 4)2 . Then 0 () = 1 − 2( − 4), so Newton’s method
ln − ( − 4)2
says that +1 = − ( ) 0 ( ) = − . Taking
1 − 2( − 4)
0 = 3, we get 1 ≈ 2957738, 2 ≈ 2958516 ≈ 3 , so the first solution is 2958516, to six decimal places. Taking 0 = 5,
we get 1 ≈ 5290755, 2 ≈ 5290718 ≈ 3 , so the second (and final) solution is 5290718, to six decimal places.
72. We use Newton’s method with () = ln(4 − 2 ) − and
1 2
0 () = (−2) − 1 = −1 − . The formula is
4 − 2 4 − 2
+1 = − ( ) 0 ( ). From the graphs it seems that the solutions
occur at approximately = −19 and = 11. However, if we use 1 = −19
as an initial approximation to the first solution, we get 2 ≈ −2009611, and
() = ln( − 2)2 − is undefined at this point, making it impossible to calculate 3 . We must use a more accurate first
estimate, such as 1 = −195. With this approximation, we get 1 = −195, 2 ≈ −11967495, 3 ≈ −1964760,
4 ≈ 5 ≈ −1964636. Calculating the second solution gives 1 = 11, 2 ≈ 1058649, 3 ≈ 1058007,
4 ≈ 5 ≈ 1058006. So, correct to six decimal places, the two solutions of the equation ln(4 − 2 ) = are = −1964636
and = 1058006.
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°
598 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
73. (a) Let () = ln ⇒ 0 () = 1 ⇒ 00 () = −12 . The linear approximation to ln near 1 is
ln ≈ (1) + 0 (1)( − 1) = ln 1 + 11 ( − 1) = − 1.
(b) (c)
From the graph, it appears that the linear approximation is
accurate to within 01 for between about 062 and 151.
74. (a) = with = 4502714 × 10−20 and = 1029953851,
where is measured in thousands of people. The fit appears to be very good.
5308 − 3929 7240 − 5308
(b) For 1800: 1 = = 1379, 2 = = 1932.
1800 − 1790 1810 − 1800
So 0 (1800) ≈ (1 + 2 )2 = 16555 thousand peopleyear.
23,192 − 17,063 31,443 − 23,192
For 1850: 1 = = 6129, 2 = = 8251.
1850 − 1840 1860 − 1850
So 0 (1850) ≈ (1 + 2 )2 = 719 thousand peopleyear.
(c) Using 0 () = ln (from Formula 7) with the values of and from part (a), we get 0 (1800) ≈ 15685 thousand
peopleyear and 0 (1850) ≈ 68607. These estimates are somewhat less than the ones in part (b).
(d) (1870) ≈ 41,94656. The difference of 34 million people is most likely due to the Civil War (1861–1865).
4 4 4
3 1 4
75. = 3 = 3 ln || = 3(ln 4 − ln 2) = 3 ln = 3 ln 2
2 2 2 2
76. Let = 5 + 1, so = 5 . When = 0, = 1; when = 3, = 16. Thus,
3
16
1 1 1 16 1 1
= = ln || = (ln 16 − ln 1) = ln 16.
0 5 + 1 1 5 5 1 5 5
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 5
77. = − ln |8 − 3| = − ln 2 − − ln 5 = (ln 5 − ln 2) = ln
1 8 − 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 2
Or: Let = 8 − 3. Then = −3 , so
2 2 1 2
− 3 1 1 1 1 1 5
= = − ln || = − ln 2 − − ln 5 = (ln 5 − ln 2) = ln .
1 8 − 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 2
2 9
9 √ 1 1 9 81
78. + √ = +2+ = 12 2 + 2 + ln 4 = + 18 + ln 9 − (8 + 8 + ln 4)
4 4 2
85
= 2
+ ln 94
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°
SECTION 6.4 DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 599
3 3 3
32 + 4 + 1 1 3 2 27 3
79. = 3 + 4 + = + 4 + ln || = + 12 + ln 3 − + 4 + ln 1
1 1 2 1 2 2
= 20 + ln 3
1 cos(ln )
80. Let = ln . Then = , so = cos = sin + = sin(ln ) + .
(ln )2 1 3 1
81. Let = ln . Then = ⇒ = 2 = + = (ln )3 + .
3 3
82. Let = 3 + 1. Then = 3 2 and 1
3
= 2 , so
2 1 1 1 1
= = ln || + = ln | 3 + 1| + .
3 + 1 3 3 3
sin 2 sin cos
83. = 2 = 2. Let = cos . Then = − sin , so
1 + cos2 1 + cos2
2 = −2 = −2 · 12 ln(1 + 2 ) + = − ln(1 + 2 ) + = − ln(1 + cos2 ) + .
1 + 2
Or: Let = 1 + cos2 .
84. Let = + 1. Then = , so = = ln || + = ln( + 1) + .
+1
4 4
1 16 1 15
85. 2 = 2 = − =
0 ln 2 0 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
2 1 2 1 2
86. Let = 2 . Then = 2 , so 2 = 1
2
2 = + = 2 + .
2 ln 2 2 ln 2
1
87. (a) (ln |sin | + ) = cos = cot
sin
cos
(b) Let = sin . Then = cos , so cot = = = ln || + = ln |sin | + .
sin
ln (ln )2
88. = ⇔ ln = (ln )2 ⇔ 0 = (ln )2 − ln ⇔
0 = ln (ln − 1) ⇔ ln = 0 or 1 ⇔ = 0 or 1 [1 or ]
ln (ln )2
= − = 12 (ln )2 − 13 (ln )3
1 1
1 1
1
= 2 − 3 − (0 − 0) = 6
√ 2
89. The crosssectional area is 1 + 1 = ( + 1). Therefore, the volume is
1
= [ln( + 1)]10 = (ln 2 − ln 1) = ln 2.
0 +1
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°
600 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
3
2 3
90. Using cylindrical shells, we get = 2
= ln(1 + 2 ) 0 = ln 10.
0 +1
1000
2 1000
1000
1
91. = 1
= = = ln | | = (ln 1000 − ln 600) = ln 1000
600
= ln 53 .
600 600 600
Initially, = , where = 150 kPa and = 600 cm3 , so = (150)(600) = 90,000 kPa · cm3 . Thus,
3
N 1
= 90,000 ln 53 kPa · cm3 = 90,000 ln 53 1000 2 m
m 100
= 90 ln 53 N·m ≈ 45.974 J
92. 00 () = −2 , 0 ⇒ 0 () = −1 + ⇒ () = − ln + + . 0 = (1) = + and
0 = (2) = − ln 2 + 2 + = − ln 2 + 2 − = − ln 2 + ⇒ = ln 2 and = − ln 2. So
() = − ln + (ln 2) − ln 2.
93. () = 2 + ln ⇒ 0 () = 2 + 1. If = −1 , then (1) = 2 ⇒ (2) = 1, so
0 (2) = 1 0 ((2)) = 1 0 (1) = 13 .
94. () = + ln ⇒ 0 () = + 1. = −1 and (1) = ⇒ () = 1, so 0 () = 1 0 (1) = 1( + 1).
95. The curve and the line will determine a region when they intersect at two or
more points. So we solve the equation (2 + 1) = ⇒ = 0 or
± −4()( − 1) 1
2 + − 1 = 0 ⇒ = 0 or = =± − 1.
2
Note that if = 1, this has only the solution = 0, and no region is
determined. But if 1 − 1 0 ⇔ 1 1 ⇔ 0 1, then there are two solutions. [Another way of seeing this
is to observe that the slope of the tangent to = (2 + 1) at the origin is 0 = 1 and therefore we must have 0 1.]
Note that we cannot just integrate between the positive and negative roots, since the curve and the line cross at the origin.
Since and (2 + 1) are both odd functions, the total area is twice the area between the curves on the interval
0 1 − 1 . So the total area enclosed is
√1−1
1 2 1 2
√1−1
2 − = 2 2 ln( + 1) − 2
0 2 + 1 0
1 1
= ln −1+1 − −1 − (ln 1 − 0)
1
= ln + − 1 = − ln − 1
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°
SECTION 6.4 DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 601
96. Let = . Then = , and as → ∞, → ∞.
1 1
Therefore, lim 1+ = lim 1 + = lim 1 + = by Equation 9.
→∞ →∞ →∞
1
97. If () = ln (1 + ), then 0 () = , so 0 (0) = 1.
1+
ln(1 + ) () () − (0)
Thus, lim = lim = lim = 0 (0) = 1.
→0 →0 →0 −0
2 1 2 1
98. (a) = log2 ⇒ [ constant] = · =
2 ln 2
ln 2
As increases, the rate of change of difficulty decreases.
2 1 −2 1
(b) = log2 ⇒ [ constant] = · −2 −2 = · =−
2 2 ln 2 2 ln 2
ln 2
The negative sign indicates that difficulty decreases with increasing width. While the magnitude of the rate of change
1 1
decreases with increasing width that is, − = decreases as increases , the rate of change itself
ln 2 ln 2
increases (gets closer to zero from the negative side) with increasing values of .
(c) The answers to (a) and (b) agree with intuition. For fixed width, the difficulty of acquiring a target increases, but less and
less so, as the distance to the target increases. Similarly, for a fixed distance to a target, the difficulty of acquiring the target
decreases, but less and less so, as the width of the target increases.
99. = ⇒ 0 = ln , so the slope of the tangent line to the curve = at the point ( ) is ln . An equation of
this tangent line is then − = ln ( − ). If is the intercept of this tangent line, then 0 − = ln ( − ) ⇒
−1 −1
−1 = ln ( − ) ⇒ = − ⇒ | − | = = 1 . The distance between ( 0) and ( 0) is | − |, and
ln ln |ln |
1
this distance is the constant for any . [Note: The absolute value is needed for the case 0 1 because ln is
|ln |
negative there. If 1, we can write − = 1(ln ) as the constant distance between ( 0) and ( 0).]
100. = ⇒ 0 = ln , so the slope of the tangent line to the curve = at the point (0 0 ) is 0 ln . An equation
of this tangent line is then − 0 = 0 ln ( − 0 ). Since this tangent line must pass through (0 0), we have
0 − 0 = 0 ln (0 − 0 ), or 0 = 0 (ln ) 0 . Since (0 0 ) is a point on the exponential curve = , we also have
0 = 0 . Equating the expressions for 0 gives 0 = 0 (ln ) 0 ⇒ 1 = (ln ) 0 ⇒ 0 = 1(ln ).
So 0 = 0 = 0 ln [by Formula 6.3.7] = (1(ln )) ln = 1 = .
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°
602 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
6.2* The Natural Logarithmic Function
√
1. (a) ln = ln()12 = 1
2
ln() = 12 (ln + ln ) = 1
2
ln + 1
2
ln [assuming that the variables are positive]
4
(b) ln √ = ln 4 − ln(2 − 4)12 [Law 2]
2 − 4
= 4 ln − 1
2
ln[( + 2)( − 2)] [Law 3]
= 4 ln − 1
2
[ln( + 2) + ln( − 2)] [Law 1]
1 1
= 4 ln − 2
ln( + 2) − 2
ln( − 2)
2
2. (a) ln = ln 2 − ln( 3 4 ) = 2 ln − (ln 3 + ln 4 ) = 2 ln − 3 ln − 4 ln
3 4
12
3 3 1 3
(b) ln = ln = ln [Law 3]
−3 −3 2 −3
= 12 [ln 3 + ln − ln( − 3)] [Laws 1 and 2]
1 1 1
= 2 ln 3 + 2 ln − 2 ln( − 3)
3
3. (a) ln − 2 ln + 3 ln = ln − ln 2 + ln 3 = ln 2
+ ln 3 = ln 2
√ 4
(b) ln 4 + ln − 1
3
ln( + 1) = ln(4 · ) − ln( + 1)13 = ln(4) − ln 3
+ 1 = ln √
3
+1
4. (a) ln 10 + 2 ln 5 = ln 10 + ln 52 [by Law 3]
= ln [(10)(25)] [by Law 1]
= ln 250
(b) 3 ln( − 2) − ln(2 − 5 + 6) + 2 ln( − 3) = ln( − 2)3 − ln [( − 2)( − 3)] + ln( − 3)2
( − 2)3 ( − 3)2
= ln = ln[( − 2)2 ( − 3)]
( − 2)( − 3)
5. (a) ln 3 + 1
3
ln 8 = ln 3 + ln 813 = ln 3 + ln 2 = ln(3 · 2) = ln 6
(b) 1
3
ln( + 2)3 + 1
2
ln − ln(2 + 3 + 2)2 = ln[( + 2)3 ]13 + 1
2
ln [by Laws 3, 2]
(2 + 3 + 2)2
√
= ln( + 2) + ln [by Law 3]
2 + 3 + 2
√
( + 2)
= ln [by Law 1]
( + 1)( + 2)
√
= ln
+1
Note that since ln is defined for 0, we have + 1, + 2, and 2 + 3 + 2 all positive, and hence their logarithms
are defined.
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°
SECTION 6.2* THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION ¤ 603
6. Reflect the graph of = ln about the axis to obtain 7. Reflect the graph of = ln about the axis to obtain
the graph of = ln (−). the graph of = − ln .
= ln = ln (−)
= ln = − ln
8. Reflect the portion of the graph of = ln to the right 9.
of the axis about the axis. The graph of = ln ||
is that reflection in addition to the original portion.
= ln = ln( + 3)
= ln = ln ||
√ √
10. lim ln( − 1) = −∞ since − 1 → 0+ as → 1+ .
→1+
11. lim ln(cos ) = ln 1 = 0. [ln(cos ) is continuous at = 0 since it is the composite of two continuous functions.]
→0
12. lim ln(sin ) = −∞ since sin → 0+ as → 0+ .
→0+
1
1 + 2 1 + 2 +
13. lim [ln(1 + 2 ) − ln(1 + )] = lim ln = ln lim = ln lim
= ∞, since the limit in
→∞ →∞ 1+ →∞ 1 + →∞ 1 +1
parentheses is ∞.
2+ 2 + 1 1
14. lim [ln(2 + ) − ln(1 + )] = lim ln = lim ln = ln = ln 1 = 0
→∞ →∞ 1+ →∞ 1 + 1 1
1
15. () = 3 ln ⇒ 0 () = 3 · + (ln ) · 32 = 2 + 32 ln = 2 (1 + 3 ln )
1
16. () = ln − ⇒ 0 () = · + (ln ) · 1 − 1 = 1 + ln − 1 = ln
1 1 2 + 3
17. () = ln(2 + 3 + 5) ⇒ 0 () = · (2 + 3 + 5) = 2 · (2 + 3) = 2
2 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 5
1 1 2
18. () = ln(3 + 2 ) ⇒ 0 () = · (3 + 2 ) = · 2 =
3 + 2 3 + 2 3 + 2
1 cos(ln )
19. () = sin(ln ) ⇒ 0 () = cos(ln ) · ln = cos(ln ) · =
1 1
20. () = ln(cos ) ⇒ 0 () = · cos = (− sin ) = −tan
cos cos
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°
604 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1 1 1 1 1
21. () = ln ⇒ 0 () = = − 2 =− .
1
1 1
Another solution: () = ln = ln 1 − ln = − ln ⇒ 0 () = − .
1 1 −1
22. = = (ln )−1 ⇒ 0 = −1(ln )−2 · =
ln (ln )2
1 sin · 5 sin
23. () = sin ln(5) ⇒ 0 () = sin · · (5) + ln(5) · cos = + cos ln(5) = + cos ln(5)
5 5
√ 1 1 1
24. () = 1 + ln ⇒ 0 () = 12 (1 + ln )−12 (1 + ln ) = √ · = √
2 1 + ln 2 1 + ln
2 0 12 2 sin
25. () = (ln ) sin ⇒ () = (ln ) cos + sin · 2 ln · = ln ln cos +
√ 1 √ 2 1 2
26. () = ln 2 + 1 ⇒ 0 () = √ · +1 = √ · √ = 2
+ 1
2 2 + 1 2 2 + 1 +1
√ 1 1
Or: () = ln 2 + 1 = ln(2 + 1)12 = 1
2 ln(2 + 1) ⇒ 0 () = · · 2 = 2
2 2 + 1 +1
1 2(ln tan ) sec2 2 ln tan
27. = (ln tan )2 ⇒ 0 = 2(ln tan ) · · sec2 = or 0 =
tan tan sin cos
1 cos 1 2
28. = ln(tan2 ) = ln(tan )2 = 2 ln tan ⇒ 0 = 2 sec2 = 2 = [or 2 csc sec ]
tan sin cos2 sin cos
ln
29. () = ⇒
1 + ln(2)
[1 + ln(2)] · 1 − ln · 1
·2 1
[1 + ln(2) − ln ] 1 + (ln 2 + ln ) − ln 1 + ln 2
0 () = 2
=
= =
[1 + ln(2)]2 [1 + ln(2)]2 [1 + ln(2)]2 [1 + ln(2)]2
−
30. () = ln = ln( − ) − ln( + ) ⇒
+
1 1 −( + ) − ( − ) −2
0 () = (−1) − = = 2
− + ( − )( + ) − 2
(2 + 1)4 √
31. () = ln √
3
= ln + ln(2 + 1)4 − ln 3 2 − 1 = ln + 4 ln(2 + 1) − 1
3
ln(2 − 1) ⇒
2 − 1
1 1 1 1 1 8 2
0 () = +4· 2 · 2 − · ·2= + 2 −
+1 3 2 − 1 +1 3(2 − 1)
1 + 2 √ √
32. = ln = ln 1 + 2 − ln 1 − 2 = 1
2 ln(1 + 2) − 1
2 ln(1 − 2) ⇒
1 − 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 = · ·2− · · (−2) = +
2 1 + 2 2 1 − 2 1 + 2 1 − 2
1 −104
33. = ln 3 − 25 ⇒ 0 = 5
· (−104 ) =
3 − 2 3 − 25
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°
SECTION 6.2* THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION ¤ 605
34. = ln(csc − cot ) ⇒
1 1 csc (csc − cot )
0 = (csc − cot ) = (− csc cot + csc2 ) = = csc
csc − cot csc − cot csc − cot
√ 1 √ 1 2
35. ln + 2 + 1 = √ · + 2 + 1 = √ · 1+ √
+ 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 2 2 + 1
√ 2 √
1 +1 1 + 2 + 1 1
= √ · √ + √ = √ · √ = √
+ 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 + 1
1 − cos √ √ 1 1
36. ln = ln 1 − cos − ln 1 + cos = ln(1 − cos ) − ln(1 + cos )
1 + cos 2 2
1 1 1 1
= · · sin − · · (− sin )
2 1 − cos 2 1 + cos
1 sin sin 1 sin (1 + cos ) + sin (1 − cos )
= + =
2 1 − cos 1 + cos 2 (1 − cos )(1 + cos )
1 sin + sin cos + sin − sin cos 1 2 sin 1
= = = = csc
2 1 − cos2 2 sin2 sin
√ √ 1 1 2 + ln
37. = ln ⇒ 0 = · + (ln ) √ = √ ⇒
2 2
√ √ √ √
2 (1) − (2 + ln )(1 ) 2 − (2 + ln )(1 ) 2 − (2 + ln ) ln
00 = √ 2 = = √ =− √
(2 ) 4 (4) 4
ln (1 + ln )(1) − (ln )(1) 1
38. = ⇒ 0 = = ⇒
1 + ln (1 + ln )2 (1 + ln )2
[(1 + ln )2 ] · 2(1 + ln ) · (1) + (1 + ln )2
00
=− [Reciprocal Rule] =−
[(1 + ln )2 ]2 2 (1 + ln )4
(1 + ln )[2 + (1 + ln )] 3 + ln
=− =− 2
2 (1 + ln )4 (1 + ln )3
1 1
39. = ln |sec | ⇒ 0 = sec = sec tan = tan ⇒ 00 = sec2
sec sec
1 1 1
40. = ln(1 + ln ) ⇒ 0 = · = ⇒
1 + ln (1 + ln )
[(1 + ln )] (1) + (1 + ln )(1) 1 + 1 + ln 2 + ln
00
=− [Reciprocal Rule] = − =− 2 =− 2
[(1 + ln )]2 2 (1 + ln )2 (1 + ln )2 (1 + ln )2
41. () = ⇒
1 − ln( − 1)
−1 ( − 1)[1 − ln( − 1)] +
[1 − ln( − 1)] · 1 − ·
0 −1 = −1 − 1 − ( − 1) ln( − 1) +
() = =
[1 − ln( − 1)]2 [1 − ln( − 1)]2 ( − 1)[1 − ln( − 1)]2
2 − 1 − ( − 1) ln( − 1)
=
( − 1)[1 − ln( − 1)]2
[continued]
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°
606 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Dom() = { | − 1 0 and 1 − ln( − 1) 6= 0} = { | 1 and ln( − 1) 6= 1}
= | 1 and − 1 6= 1 = { | 1 and 6= 1 + } = (1 1 + ) ∪ (1 + ∞)
√ 1 1 1
42. () = 2 + ln = (2 + ln )12 ⇒ 0 () = (2 + ln )−12 · = √
2 2 2 + ln
Dom() = { | 2 + ln ≥ 0} = { | ln ≥ −2} = { | ≥ −2 } = [−2 ∞).
1 2( − 1)
43. () = ln(2 − 2) ⇒ 0 () = (2 − 2) = .
2 − 2 ( − 2)
Dom( ) = { | ( − 2) 0} = (−∞ 0) ∪ (2 ∞).
1 1 1
44. () = ln ln ln ⇒ 0 () = · · .
ln ln ln
Dom( ) = { | ln ln 0} = { | ln 1} = { | } = ( ∞).
1 1 1
45. () = ln( + ln ) ⇒ 0 () = ( + ln ) = 1+ .
+ ln + ln
1 1 1
Substitute 1 for to get 0 (1) = 1+ = (1 + 1) = 1 · 2 = 2.
1 + ln 1 1 1+0
1 1
− (ln )(1) 2 − − (1 − ln )(2)
ln 1 − ln
46. () = 0
⇒ () = = ⇒ 00 () = , so
2 2 (2 )2
− − 0 1
00 () = = − 3.
4
47. () = sin + ln ⇒ 0 () = cos + 1.
This is reasonable, because the graph shows that increases when 0 is
positive, and 0 () = 0 when has a horizontal tangent.
1
48. () = ln(2 + + 1) ⇒ 0 () = (2 + 1). Notice from
2 + + 1
the graph that is increasing when 0 () is positive.
2 2
49. = sin(2 ln ) ⇒ 0 = cos(2 ln ) · . At (1 0), 0 = cos 0 · = 2, so an equation of the tangent line is
1
− 0 = 2 · ( − 1), or = 2 − 2.
1 12
50. = ln(3 − 7) ⇒ 0 = · 32 ⇒ 0 (2) = = 12, so an equation of a tangent line at (2 0) is
3 − 7 8−7
− 0 = 12( − 2) or = 12 − 24.
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°
SECTION 6.2* THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION ¤ 607
1 2 + 2 0
51. = ln(2 + 2 ) ⇒ 0 = (2 + 2 ) ⇒ 0 = 2 ⇒ 2 0 + 2 0 = 2 + 2 0 ⇒
2 2
+ + 2
2
2 0 + 2 0 − 2 0 = 2 ⇒ (2 + 2 − 2) 0 = 2 ⇒ 0 =
2 + 2 − 2
52. ln = ln + ln = sin ⇒ 1 + 0 = cos + 0 sin ⇒ 0 (1 − sin ) = cos − 1 ⇒
cos − 1 cos − 1
0 = =
1 − sin 1 − sin
1
53. () = ln( − 1) ⇒ 0 () = = ( − 1)−1 ⇒ 00 () = −( − 1)−2 ⇒ 000 () = 2( − 1)−3 ⇒
( − 1)
( − 1)!
(4) () = −2 · 3( − 1)−4 ⇒ ··· ⇒ () () = (−1)−1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · · · · · ( − 1)( − 1)− = (−1)−1
( − 1)
54. = 8 ln , so 9 = 8 0 = 8(87 ln + 7 ). But the eighth derivative of 7 is 0, so we now have
8(87 ln ) = 7(8 · 76 ln + 86 ) = 7(8 · 76 ln ) = 6(8 · 7 · 65 ln ) = · · · = (8! 0 ln ) = 8!
55. = () = ln(sin )
∞
A. = { in | sin 0} = (2 (2 + 1) ) = · · · ∪ (−4 −3) ∪ (−2 −) ∪ (0 ) ∪ (2 3) ∪ · · ·
=−∞
B. No intercept; intercepts: () = 0 ⇔ ln(sin ) = 0 ⇔ sin = 0 = 1 ⇔ = 2 +
2
for each
integer . C. is periodic with period 2. D. lim () = −∞ and lim () = −∞, so the lines
→(2)+ →[(2+1)]−
cos
= are VAs for all integers . E. 0 () = = cot , so 0 () 0 when 2 2 + 2 for each
sin
integer , and 0 () 0 when 2 + 2 (2 + 1). Thus, is increasing on 2 2 + 2 and
decreasing on 2 + 2 (2 + 1) for each integer . H.
F. Local maximum values 2 + 2 = 0, no local minimum.
G. 00 () = − csc2 0, so is CD on (2 (2 + 1)) for
each integer No IP
56. = ln(tan2 ) A. = { | 6= 2} B. intercepts + 4 , no intercept. C. (−) = (), so the curve is
symmetric about the axis. Also ( + ) = (), so is periodic with period , and we consider parts D–G only for
− 2
2 D. lim ln(tan2 ) = −∞ and lim ln(tan2 ) = ∞, lim ln(tan2 ) = ∞, so = 0,
→0 →(2)− →−(−2)+
2 tan sec2 sec2
= ± 2 are VA. E. 0 () = 2
=2 0 ⇔
tan tan
tan 0 ⇔ 0 2 , so is increasing on 0 2 and H.
decreasing on − 2 0 F. No maximum or minimum
2 4 −8 cos 2
G. 0 () = = ⇒ 00 () =0
sin cos sin 2 sin2 2
⇔ cos 2 0 ⇔ − 4 4 , so is CD on − 4 0 and
0 4 and CU on − 2 − 4 and 4 2 . IP are ± 4 0 .
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°
608 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
57. = () = ln(1 + 2 ) A. = B. Both intercepts are 0 C. (−) = (), so the curve is symmetric about the
2
axis. D. lim ln(1 + 2 ) = ∞, no asymptotes. E. 0 () = 0 ⇔
→±∞ 1 + 2
0, so is increasing on (0 ∞) and decreasing on (−∞ 0) H.
F. (0) = 0 is a local and absolute minimum.
2(1 + 2 ) − 2(2) 2(1 − 2 )
G. 00 () = 2 2
= 0 ⇔
(1 + ) (1 + 2 )2
|| 1, so is CU on (−1 1), CD on (−∞ −1) and (1 ∞).
IP (1 ln 2) and (−1 ln 2).
58. = () = ln(1 + 3 ) A. 1 + 3 0 ⇔ 3 −1 ⇔ −1, so = (−1 ∞). B. intercept:
(0) = ln 1 = 0; intercept: () = 0 ⇔ ln(1 + 3 ) = 0 ⇔ 1 + 3 = 0 ⇔ 3 = 0 ⇔ = 0 C. No
32
symmetry D. lim () = −∞, so = −1 is a VA E. 0 () = . 0 () 0 on (−1 0) and (0 ∞)
→−1+ 1 + 3
[ 0 () = 0 at = 0], so by Exercise 3.3.79, is increasing on (−1 ∞). F. No extreme values
(1 + 3 )(6) − 32 (32 )
G. 00 () = H.
(1 + 3 )2
3[2(1 + 3 ) − 33 ] 3(2 − 3 )
= 3 2
=
(1 + ) (1 + 3 )2
√ √
00 () 0 ⇔ 0 3 2, so is CU on 0 3 2 and is CD on (−1 0)
√ √
and 3 2 ∞ . IP at (0 0) and 3 2 ln 3
2 + sin + cos
59. We use the CAS to calculate 0 () = and
2 + sin
22 sin + 4 sin − cos2 + 2 + 5
00 () = . From the graphs, it
2 (cos2 − 4 sin − 5)
seems that 0 0 (and so is increasing) on approximately the intervals
(0 27), (45 82) and (109 143). It seems that 00 changes sign
(indicating inflection points) at ≈ 38, 57, 100 and 120.
Looking back at the graph of () = ln(2 + sin ), this implies that the inflection points have approximate coordinates
(38 17), (57 21), (100 27), and (120 29).
√
60. We see that if ≤ 0, () = ln(2 + ) is only defined for 2 − ⇒ || −, and
lim
√ () = lim
√ () = −∞, since ln → −∞ as → 0. Thus, for 0, there are vertical asymptotes at
→ −+ →− −−
√
= ± , and as decreases (that is, || increases), the asymptotes get further apart. For = 0,
lim () = −∞, so there is a vertical asymptote at = 0. If 0, there is no asymptote. To find the maxima, minima, and
→0
1
inflection points, we differentiate: () = ln(2 + ) ⇒ 0 () = (2), so by the First Derivative Test there is a
2 +
local and absolute minimum at = 0. Differentiating again, we get
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°
SECTION 6.2* THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION ¤ 609
1 −2 2( − 2 )
00 () = (2) + 2 − 2 + (2) = 2 . Now if
2 + ( + )2
≤ 0, this is always negative, so is concave down on both of the intervals
on which it is defined. If 0, then 00 changes sign when = 2 ⇔
√ √
= ± . So for 0 there are inflection points at ± , and as
increases, the inflection points get further apart.
61. From the graph, it appears that the curves = ( − 4)2 and = ln intersect
just to the left of = 3 and to the right of = 5, at about = 53. Let
() = ln − ( − 4)2 . Then 0 () = 1 − 2( − 4), so Newton’s method
ln − ( − 4)2
says that +1 = − ( ) 0 ( ) = − . Taking
1 − 2( − 4)
0 = 3, we get 1 ≈ 2957738, 2 ≈ 2958516 ≈ 3 , so the first solution is 2958516, to six decimal places. Taking 0 = 5,
we get 1 ≈ 5290755, 2 ≈ 5290718 ≈ 3 , so the second (and final) solution is 5290718, to six decimal places.
62. We use Newton’s method with () = ln(4 − 2 ) − and
1 2
0 () = (−2) − 1 = −1 − . The formula is
4 − 2 4 − 2
+1 = − ( ) 0 ( ). From the graphs it seems that the solutions
occur at approximately = −19 and = 11. However, if we use 1 = −19
as an initial approximation to the first solution, we get 2 ≈ −2009611, and
() = ln( − 2) − is undefined at this point, making it impossible to calculate 3 . We must use a more accurate first
2
estimate, such as 1 = −195. With this approximation, we get 1 = −195, 2 ≈ −11967495, 3 ≈ −1964760,
4 ≈ 5 ≈ −1964636. Calculating the second solution gives 1 = 11, 2 ≈ 1058649, 3 ≈ 1058007,
4 ≈ 5 ≈ 1058006. So, correct to six decimal places, the two solutions of the equation ln(4 − 2 ) = are = −1964636
and = 1058006.
63. = (2 + 2)2 (4 + 4)4 ⇒ ln = ln[(2 + 2)2 (4 + 4)4 ] ⇒ ln = 2 ln(2 + 2) + 4 ln(4 + 4) ⇒
1 0 1 1 4 163
=2· 2 · 2 + 4 · 4 · 43 ⇒ 0 = 2 + 4 ⇒
+2 +4 +2 +4
4 163
0 = (2 + 2)2 (4 + 4)4 +
2 + 2 4 + 4
( + 1)4 ( − 5)3
64. = ⇒ ln || = 4 ln | + 1| + 3 ln | − 5| − 8 ln | − 3| ⇒
( − 3)8
0 4 3 8 ( + 1)4 ( − 5)3 4 3 8
= + − ⇒ 0 = + −
+1 −5 −3 ( − 3)8 +1 −5 −3
12
−1 −1 1 1
65. = ⇒ ln = ln 4 ln( − 1) − ln(4 + 1) ⇒
⇒ ln =
4 + 1 +1 2 2
3
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 −1 1 23
= − · 43 ⇒ = − ⇒ = − 4
2−1 2 4 + 1 2( − 1) 4 + 1 4 + 1 2 − 2 +1
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°
610 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
(3 + 1)4 sin2 0 32 cos 1
66. = ⇒ ln || = 4 ln 3 + 1 + 2 ln |sin | − 1
3
ln ||. So =4 3 +2 − ⇒
13 +1 sin 3
(3 + 1)4 sin2 122 1
0 = + 2 cot − .
13 3 + 1 3
4 4 4
3 1 4
67. = 3 = 3 ln || = 3(ln 4 − ln 2) = 3 ln = 3 ln 2
2 2 2 2
68. Let = 5 + 1, so = 5 . When = 0, = 1; when = 3, = 16. Thus,
3
16
1 1 1 16 1 1
= = ln || = (ln 16 − ln 1) = ln 16.
0 5 + 1 1 5 5 1 5 5
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 5
69. = − ln |8 − 3| = − ln 2 − − ln 5 = (ln 5 − ln 2) = ln
1 8 − 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 2
Or: Let = 8 − 3. Then = −3 , so
2 2 1 2
− 3 1 1 1 1 1 5
= = − ln || = − ln 2 − − ln 5 = (ln 5 − ln 2) = ln .
1 8 − 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 2
2 9
9 √ 1 1 9 81
70. + √ = +2+ = 12 2 + 2 + ln 4 = + 18 + ln 9 − (8 + 8 + ln 4)
4 4 2
85
= 2
+ ln 94
3 3 3
32 + 4 + 1 1 3 2 27 3
71. = 3 + 4 + = + 4 + ln || = + 12 + ln 3 − + 4 + ln 1
1 1 2 1 2 2
= 20 + ln 3
6 ln 6 ln 6
1 1
72. Let = ln . Then = , so = = ln || = ln ln 6 − ln 1 = ln ln 6
ln 1 1
(ln )2 1 3 1
73. Let = ln . Then = ⇒ = 2 = + = (ln )3 + .
3 3
74. Let = 3 + 1. Then = 3 2 and 1
3
= 2 , so
2 1 1 1 1
= = ln || + = ln | 3 + 1| + .
3 + 1 3 3 3
sin 2 sin cos
75. = 2 = 2. Let = cos . Then = − sin , so
1 + cos2 1 + cos2
2 = −2 = −2 · 12 ln(1 + 2 ) + = − ln(1 + 2 ) + = − ln(1 + cos2 ) + .
1 + 2
Or: Let = 1 + cos2 .
1 cos(ln )
76. Let = ln . Then = , so = cos = sin + = sin(ln ) + .
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°
SECTION 6.2* THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION ¤ 611
1
77. (a) (ln |sin | + ) = cos = cot
sin
cos
(b) Let = sin . Then = cos , so cot = = = ln || + = ln |sin | + .
sin
ln (ln )2
78. = ⇔ ln = (ln )2 ⇔ 0 = (ln )2 − ln ⇔
0 = ln (ln − 1) ⇔ ln = 0 or 1 ⇔ = 0 or 1 [1 or ]
ln (ln )2
= − = 12 (ln )2 − 13 (ln )3
1 1
1
= 2 − 13 − (0 − 0) = 16
√ 2
79. The crosssectional area is 1 + 1 = ( + 1). Therefore, the volume is
1
= [ln( + 1)]10 = (ln 2 − ln 1) = ln 2.
0 +1
3
2 3
80. Using cylindrical shells, we get = = ln(1 + 2 ) 0 = ln 10.
0 2 + 1
1000
2 1000
1000
1
81. = 1
= = = ln | | = (ln 1000 − ln 600) = ln 1000
600
= ln 53 .
600 600 600
Initially, = , where = 150 kPa and = 600 cm3 , so = (150)(600) = 90,000 kPa · cm3 . Thus,
3
N 1
= 90,000 ln 53 kPa · cm3 = 90,000 ln 53 1000 2 m
m 100
= 90 ln 53 N·m ≈ 45.974 J
82. 00 () = −2 , 0 ⇒ 0 () = −1 + ⇒ () = − ln + + . 0 = (1) = + and
0 = (2) = − ln 2 + 2 + = − ln 2 + 2 − = − ln 2 + ⇒ = ln 2 and = − ln 2. So
() = − ln + (ln 2) − ln 2.
83. () = 2 + ln ⇒ 0 () = 2 + 1. If = −1 , then (1) = 2 ⇒ (2) = 1, so
0 (2) = 1 0 ((2)) = 1 0 (1) = 13 .
84. (a) Let () = ln ⇒ 0 () = 1 ⇒ 00 () = −12 . The linear approximation to ln near 1 is
ln ≈ (1) + 0 (1)( − 1) = ln 1 + 11 ( − 1) = − 1.
(b) (c)
From the graph, it appears that the linear approximation is
accurate to within 01 for between about 062 and 151.
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°
612 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
85. (a) We interpret ln 15 as the area under the curve = 1 from = 1 to
= 15. The area of the rectangle is 12 · 23 = 13 . The area of the
trapezoid is 12 · 12 1 + 23 = 125
. Thus, by comparing areas, we
observe that 1
3 ln 15 12 .
5
(b) With () = 1, = 10, and ∆ = 005, we have
15
ln 15 = 1 (1) ≈ (005)[ (1025) + (1075) + · · · + (1475)]
1 1 1
= (005) 1025 + 1075 + · · · + 1475 ≈ 04054
1 0 1 12 − 1 1 1 1
86. (a) = , = − 2 . The slope of is = − . Let be the coordinate of the point on = with slope − .
2−1 2 2
1 1 √
Then − 2 = − ⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒ = 2 since 0. Therefore the tangent line is given by
2
√ √
− √12 = − 12 − 2 ⇒ = − 12 + 2.
(b) Since the graph of = 1 is concave upward, the graph lies above the
√
tangent line, that is, above the line segment . Now || = − 12 + 2
√
and || = −1 + 2. So the area of the trapezoid is
1 √ √ √
1
2
− 2 + 2 + −1 + 2 1 = − 34 + 2 ≈ 06642. So ln 2 area
of trapezoid 066.
1 1 1 1 1
87. The area of is and so + + · · · + = ln .
+1 2 3 1
1 1 1 1
The area of is and so 1 + + · · · + = ln .
2 −1 1
88. If () = ln( ), then 0 () = (1 )(−1 ) = . But if () = ln , then 0 () = . So and must differ by a
constant: ln( ) = ln + . Put = 1: ln(1 ) = ln 1 + ⇒ = 0, so ln( ) = ln .
89. The curve and the line will determine a region when they intersect at two or
more points. So we solve the equation (2 + 1) = ⇒ = 0 or
± −4()( − 1) 1
2 + − 1 = 0 ⇒ = 0 or = =± − 1.
2
Note that if = 1, this has only the solution = 0, and no region is
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°
SECTION 6.3* THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ¤ 613
determined. But if 1 − 1 0 ⇔ 1 1 ⇔ 0 1, then there are two solutions. [Another way of seeing this
is to observe that the slope of the tangent to = (2 + 1) at the origin is 0 = 1 and therefore we must have 0 1.]
Note that we cannot just integrate between the positive and negative roots, since the curve and the line cross at the origin.
Since and (2 + 1) are both odd functions, the total area is twice the area between the curves on the interval
0 1 − 1 . So the total area enclosed is
√1−1
√1−1
2 2
− = 2 12 ln(2 + 1) − 12 2 0
0 +1
1 1
= ln −1+1 − −1 − (ln 1 − 0)
1
= ln + − 1 = − ln − 1
90.
From the graphs, we see that () = 01 () = ln for approximately 0 306, and then () () for
306 343 × 1015 (approximately). At that point, the graph of finally surpasses the graph of for good.
1
91. If () = ln (1 + ), then 0 () = , so 0 (0) = 1.
1+
ln(1 + ) () () − (0)
Thus, lim = lim = lim = 0 (0) = 1.
→0 →0 →0 −0
6.3* The Natural Exponential Function
1. The function value at = 0 is 1 and the slope at = 0 is 1;
that is, if () = , then 0 (0) = 1.
3 −2
2. (a) ln 15 = 15 by (4). (b) 3 ln 2 = ln 2 = 23 = 8 (c) −2 ln 5 = ln 5 = 5−2 = 1
25
1 √
3. (a) ln = ln −2 = −2 (b) ln = ln 12 = 1
2 (c) ln sin = sin
2
50
3)
4. (a) ln ln = ln(50 ) = 50 (b) ln(ln = ln(3) = 3 (c) +ln = ln =
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°
614 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
5. (a) ln(4 + 2) = 3 ⇒ ln(4+2) = 3 ⇒ 4 + 2 = 3 ⇒ 4 = 3 − 2 ⇒ = 14 (3 − 2) ≈ 4521
(b) 2−3 = 12 ⇒ ln 2−3 = ln 12 ⇒ 2 − 3 = ln 12 ⇒ 2 = 3 + ln 12 ⇒ = 12 (3 + ln 12) ≈ 2742
2 √
6. (a) ln(2 − 1) = 3 ⇒ ln( −1)
= 3 ⇒ 2 − 1 = 3 ⇒ 2 = 3 + 1 ⇒ = ± 3 + 1 ≈ ±4592
(b) 1 + 4+1 = 20 ⇒ 4+1 = 19 ⇒ ln 4+1 = ln 19 ⇒ 4 + 1 = ln 19 ⇒ 4 = −1 + ln 19 ⇒
= 14 (−1 + ln 19) ≈ 0486
2
7. (a) ln + ln( − 1) = 0 ⇒ ln[( − 1)] = 0 ⇒ ln[ −] = 0 ⇒ 2 − = 1 ⇒ 2 − − 1 = 0. The
√ √
1 ± (−1)2 − 4(1)(−1) 1± 5 1− 5
quadratic formula gives = = , but we note that ln is undefined because
2(1) 2 2
√ √
1− 5 1+ 5
0. Thus, = ≈ 1618.
2 2
(b) − −2 = 1 ⇒ − 1 = −2 ⇒ ln( − 1) = ln −2 ⇒ ln( − 1) = −2 ⇒
= − 12 ln( − 1) ≈ −0271
8. (a) ln(ln ) = 0 ⇒ ln(ln ) = 0 ⇒ ln = 1 ⇒ = ≈ 2718
60
(b) = 4 ⇒ 60 = 4(1 + − ) ⇒ 15 = 1 + − ⇒ 14 = − ⇒ ln 14 = ln − ⇒
1 + −
ln 14 = − ⇒ = − ln 14 ≈ −2639
9. (a) 2 − 3 + 2 = 0 ⇔ ( − 1)( − 2) = 0 ⇔ = 1 or = 2 ⇔ = ln 1 or = ln 2, so = 0 or ln 2.
(b) = 10 ⇔ ln = ln 10 ⇔ ln = = ln 10 ⇔ ln = ln(ln 10) ⇔ = ln ln 10
10. (a) 3+1 = ⇔ 3 + 1 = ln ⇔ = 13 (ln − 1)
(b) ln(2 + 1) = 2 − ln ⇒ ln + ln(2 + 1) = ln 2 ⇒ ln [(2 + 1)] = ln 2 ⇒ 22 + = 2 ⇒
√
−1 + 1 + 82
22 + − 2 = 0 ⇒ = [since 0].
4
√
11. (a) ln(1 + 3 ) − 4 = 0 ⇔ ln(1 + 3 ) = 4 ⇔ 1 + 3 = 4 ⇔ 3 = 4 − 1 ⇔ = 3 4
− 1 ≈ 37704.
1 1
(b) 21 = 42 ⇔ 1 = 21 ⇔ = ln 21 ⇔ = ≈ 03285.
ln 21
1 ln 3 ln 3
12. (a) 31(−4) = 7 ⇒ ln 31(−4) = ln 7 ⇒ ln 3 = ln 7 ⇒ − 4 = ⇒ =4+ ≈ 45646
−4 ln 7 ln 7
+1 +1 1
(b) ln =2 ⇔ = 2 ⇔ + 1 = 2 ⇔ (2 − 1) = 1 ⇔ = ≈ 01565
2 − 1
13. (a) ln 0 ⇒ 0 ⇒ 1. Since the domain of () = ln is 0, the solution of the original inequality
is 0 1.
(b) 5 ⇒ ln ln 5 ⇒ ln 5
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°
SECTION 6.3* THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ¤ 615
14. (a) 1 3−1 2 ⇒ ln 1 3 − 1 ln 2 ⇒ 0 3 − 1 ln 2 ⇒ 1 3 1 + ln 2 ⇒
1 1
3 3 (1 + ln 2)
(b) 1 − 2 ln 3 ⇒ −2 ln 2 ⇒ ln −1 ⇒ −1
15. We start with the graph of = (Figure 2) and reflect about the yaxis to get the graph of = − . Then we reflect the
graph about the xaxis to get the graph of = −− .
16. We start with the graph of = (Figure 2) and reflect
the portion of the graph in the first quadrant about the
axis to obtain the graph of = || .
17. We start with the graph of = (Figure 2) and reflect about the axis to get the graph of = − . Then we compress
the graph vertically by a factor of 2 to obtain the graph of = 12 − and then reflect about the axis to get the graph
of = − 12 − . Finally, we shift the graph one unit upward to get the graph of = 1 − 12 − .
18. We start with the graph of = (Figure 2) and reflect about the axis to get the graph of = − . Then shift the graph
upward one unit to get the graph of = 1 − . Finally, we stretch the graph vertically by a factor of 2 to obtain the graph of
= 2(1 − ).
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°
616 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
√
19. (a) For () = 3 − 2 , we must have 3 − 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 2 ≤ 3 ⇒ 2 ≤ ln 3 ⇒ ≤ 1
2 ln 3.
Thus, the domain of is (−∞ 12 ln 3].
√
(b) = () = 3 − 2 [note that ≥ 0] ⇒ 2 = 3 − 2 ⇒ 2 = 3 − 2 ⇒ 2 = ln(3 − 2 ) ⇒
= 1
2
ln(3 − 2 ). Interchange and : = 1
2
ln(3 − 2 ). So −1 () = 1
2
ln(3 − 2 ). For the domain of −1 ,
√ √ √ √
we must have 3 − 2 0 ⇒ 2 3 ⇒ || 3 ⇒ − 3 3 ⇒ 0 ≤ 3 since ≥ 0. Note
√
that the domain of −1 , [0 3 ), equals the range of .
20. (a) For () = ln(2 + ln ), we must have 2 + ln 0 ⇒ ln −2 ⇒ −2 . Thus, the domain of
is (−2 ∞).
−2 −2
(b) = () = ln(2 + ln ) ⇒ = 2 + ln ⇒ ln = − 2 ⇒ = . Interchange and : = .
−2
So −1 () = . The domain of −1 , as well as the range of , is .
21. We solve = 3 ln( − 2) for : 3 = ln( − 2) ⇒ 3 = − 2 ⇒ = 2 + 3 . Interchanging and gives the
inverse function = 2 + 3 .
√ √
22. = (ln )2 , ≥ 1, ln = ⇒ =
. Interchange and : =
is the inverse function.
23. We solve = 1− for : ln = ln 1− ⇒ ln = 1 − ⇒ = 1 − ln . Interchanging and gives the inverse
function = 1 − ln .
1 − −
24. We solve = for : (1 + − ) = 1 − − ⇒ + − = 1 − − ⇒ − + − = 1 − ⇒
1 + −
1− 1− 1−
− (1 + ) = 1 − ⇒ − = ⇒ − = ln ⇒ = − ln or, equivalently,
1+ 1+ 1+
−1
1− 1+ 1+
= ln = ln . Interchanging and gives the inverse function = ln .
1+ 1− 1−
3 − −3 1 − −6 1−0
25. Divide numerator and denominator by 3 : lim −3
= lim = =1
→∞ 3
+ →∞ 1 + −6 1+0
2
26. Let = −2 . As → ∞, → −∞. So lim − = lim = 0 by (6).
→∞ →−∞
27. Let = 3(2 − ). As → 2+ , → −∞. So lim 3(2−) = lim = 0 by (6).
→2+ →−∞
28. Let = 3(2 − ). As → 2− , → ∞. So lim 3(2−) = lim = ∞ by (6).
→2− →∞
29. Since −1 ≤ cos ≤ 1 and −2 0, we have −−2 ≤ −2 cos ≤ −2 . We know that lim (−−2 ) = 0 and
→∞
lim −2 = 0, so by the Squeeze Theorem, lim (−2 cos ) = 0.
→∞ →∞
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°
SECTION 6.3* THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ¤ 617
30. lim sec = 0 since sec → −∞ as → (2)+ .
→(2)+
31. () = −2 ⇒ 0 () = −2( ) = −2
32. () = + ⇒ 0 () = + −1
PR
33. () = (32 − 5) ⇒
0 () = (32 − 5)( )0 + (32 − 5)0 = (32 − 5) + (6 − 5)
= [(32 − 5) + (6 − 5)] = (32 + − 5)
(1 − ) − (− ) − 2 + 2
34. By the Quotient Rule, = ⇒ 0 = = = .
1 − (1 − )2 (1 − )2 (1 − )2
3 3 3
35. By (9), = ⇒ 0 = (3 ) = 32 .
2 − CR 2 − 2 2
36. () = ⇒ 0 () = · ( − ) = − (2 − 1)
37. = tan ⇒ 0 = tan (tan ) = (sec2 )tan
√3
38. Let = () = + 1 and = () = = 13 . Then
1 −23 1
= =
( ) = (
) = .
3 3 3 ( + 1)2 3 3 ( + 1)2
2 QR
39. () = ⇒
2+
(2 + ) 2 + (2) − 2 (2 + ) 4 + 23 + 2 2 + 22 − 23 − 2 2
0 () = 2 2
=
( + ) (2 + )2
4 + 22 (3 + 2 )
= =
(2 + )2 (2 + )2
√ 2
40. () = · +1 ⇒
√ 2 2 2 √ √ 2 2 1
0 () = · +1 · + 1 + +1 · = · +1 · 2 + +1 · √
2
2
2 √ 1 2 4 + 1
= +1 2 + √ or +1 √
2 2
41. Using the Product Rule and the Chain Rule, = 2 −3 ⇒
0 = 2 −3 (−3) + −3 (2) = −3 (−32 + 2) = −3 (2 − 3).
42. () = tan(1 + 2 ) ⇒ 0 () = sec2 (1 + 2 ) · (1 + 2 )0 = 22 sec2 (1 + 2 )
43. () = sin ⇒ 0 () = (cos ) · + (sin ) · = ( cos + sin )
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°
618 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
( − 1)(1) − (1) (−1)
44. () = (−1) ⇒ 0 () = (−1) = (−1) 2
=−
− 1 ( − 1) ( − 1)2
45. By (9), () = sin 2 ⇒
0 sin 2 0
() = ( sin 2) = sin 2 ( · 2 cos 2 + sin 2 · 1) = sin 2 (2 cos 2 + sin 2)
46. = sin 2 + sin(2 ) ⇒
0 = sin 2 sin 2 + cos(2 ) 2 = sin 2 (cos 2) · 2 + cos(2 ) 2 · 2 = 2 cos 2 sin 2 + 22 cos(2 )
√
sec 2
47. () = ⇒
√
sec 2 √ √
2 1
0 () = sec 2 = sec (sec 2 )−12 sec 2
2
√
2 1 √ √
2
= sec √ · sec 2 tan 2 · 2 = sec 2 tan 2 sec
2 sec 2
√
48. () = 1 2 − 1 ⇒
1 √ 1 1 −1 1
0 () = 1 · √ · 2 + 2 − 1 · 1 · − 2 = −1 ; = −−2 = − 2
2 2 − 1
√ 3 2
2 − 1 − +1
= 1 √ − or 1 √
2 − 1 2 2 2 − 1
49. () = sin ⇒
1 +
(1 + ) − ( ) (1 + − )
0 () = cos · = cos · = cos
1 + (1 + )2 1 + (1 + )2 (1 + )2 1 +
2
(2 ) 2
(2 ) 2
(2 )
50. () = sin ⇒ 0 () = sin · 2 sin(2 ) · cos(2 ) · 2 = 4 sin(2 ) cos(2 )sin
51. = cos + sin ⇒ 0 = (− sin ) + (cos )( ) + cos = (cos − sin ) + cos , so
0 (0) = 0 (cos 0 − sin 0) + cos 0 = 1(1 − 0) + 1 = 2. An equation of the tangent line to the curve = cos + sin at
the point (0 1) is − 1 = 2( − 0) or = 2 + 1.
1+ (1 + )(1) − (1 + ) 1 + − − 1 −
52. = ⇒ 0 = = =
1 +
(1 + ) 2
(1 + )2 (1 + )2
1 1
At 0 12 , 0 = = , and an equation of the tangent line is − 1
2
= 14 ( − 0) or = 14 + 12 .
(1 + 1)2 4
· 1 − · 0
53. ( ) = ( − ) ⇒ · = 1 − 0 ⇒ · = 1 − 0 ⇒
2
1 0 0 −
· − · = 1 − 0 ⇒ 0 − · = 1− ⇒ 0 1 − = ⇒
2 2 2
−
( − )
0 = 2 =
− 2 −
2
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°
SECTION 6.3* THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ¤ 619
+
54. + = 1 ⇒ 0 + · 1 + + 0 = 0 ⇒ 0 ( + ) = − − ⇒ 0 = − . At
+
+1·1
(0 1), 0 = − = −( + 1), so an equation for the tangent line is − 1 = −( + 1)( − 0), or = −( + 1) + 1.
0+1
55. = + −2 ⇒ 0 = − 12 −2 ⇒ 00 = + 14 −2 , so
2 00 − 0 − = 2 + 14 −2 − − 12 −2 − + −2 = 0.
56. = − + − ⇒ 0 = −− + − − − = ( − )− − − ⇒
00 = ( − )− − − + − = ( − 2)− + − ,
so 00 + 2 0 + = ( − 2)− + − + 2 ( − )− − − + − + − = 0.
57. = ⇒ 0 = ⇒ 00 = 2 , so if = satisfies the differential equation 00 + 6 0 + 8 = 0,
then 2 + 6 + 8 = 0; that is, (2 + 6 + 8) = 0. Since 0 for all , we must have 2 + 6 + 8 = 0,
or ( + 2)( + 4) = 0, so = −2 or −4.
58. = ⇒ 0 = ⇒ 00 = 2 . Thus, + 0 = 00 ⇔ + = 2 ⇔
√
(2 − − 1) = 0 ⇔ = 1± 5
2 , since 6= 0.
59. () = 2 ⇒ 0 () = 22 ⇒ 00 () = 2 · 22 = 22 2 ⇒
000 () = 22 · 22 = 23 2 ⇒ ··· ⇒ () () = 2 2
60. () = − ⇒ 0 () = (−− ) + − = (1 − )− ⇒
00 () = (1 − )(−− ) + − (−1) = ( − 2)− ⇒ 000 () = ( − 2)(−− ) + − = (3 − )− ⇒
(4) () = (3 − )(−− ) + − (−1) = ( − 4)− ⇒ ··· ⇒ () () = (−1) ( − )− .
So 1000 − = ( − 1000)− .
61. (a) () = + is continuous on and (−1) = −1 − 1 0 1 = (0), so by the Intermediate Value Theorem,
+ = 0 has a solution in (−1 0).
+
(b) () = + ⇒ 0 () = + 1, so +1 = − . Using 1 = −05, we get 2 ≈ −0566311,
+ 1
3 ≈ −0567143 ≈ 4 , so the solution is −0567143 to six decimal places.
2 2 1
62. () = ⇒ 0 () = − , so (0) = 1 and 0 (0) = − .
1 + (1 + )2 2
Thus, () (0) + 0 (0)( − 0) = 1 − 12 . We need
2 1 2
− 01 1 − + 01, which is true when
1 + 2 1 +
−1423 1423. Note that to ensure the accuracy, we have rounded the
smaller value up and the larger value down.
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°
620 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1 1
63. (a) lim () = lim = = 1, since 0 ⇒ − → −∞ ⇒ − → 0. As time increases, the
→∞ →∞ 1 + − 1+·0
proportion of the population that has heard the rumor approaches 1; that is, everyone in the population has heard the rumor.
−
(b) () = (1 + − )−1 ⇒ = −(1 + − )−2 (−− ) =
(1 + − )2
(c)
From the graph of () = (1 + 10−05 )−1 , it seems that () = 08
(indicating that 80% of the population has heard the rumor) when
≈ 74 hours.
64. (a) The displacement function is squeezed between the other two functions. This
is because −1 ≤ sin 4 ≤ 1 ⇒ −8−2 ≤ 8−2 sin 4 ≤ 8−2 .
(b) The maximum value of the displacement is about 66 cm, occurring at ≈ 036 s. It occurs just before the graph of the
displacement function touches the graph of 8−2 (when =
8 ≈ 039).
(c) The velocity of the object is the derivative of its displacement function, that is,
−2
8 sin 4 = 8 −2 cos 4(4) + sin 4 − 12 −2
If the displacement is zero, then we must have sin 4 = 0 (since the exponential term in the displacement function is
always positive). The first time that sin 4 = 0 after = 0 occurs at =
4
. Substituting this into our expression for the
velocity, and noting that the second term vanishes, we get 4
= 8−8 cos 4 · 4 · 4 = −32−8 ≈ −216 cms.
(d) The graph indicates that the displacement is less than 2 cm from equilibrium
whenever is larger than about 28.
(1 + 2 ) − (2) (2 − 2 + 1) ( − 1)2
65. () = , [0 3]. 0
() = = = . 0 () = 0 ⇒
1 + 2 (1 + 2 )2 (1 + 2 )2 (1 + 2 )2
( − 1)2 = 0 ⇔ = 1. 0 () exists for all real numbers since 1 + 2 is never equal to 0. (0) = 1,
(1) = 2 1359, and (3) = 3 10 2009. So (3) = 3 10 is the absolute maximum value and (0) = 1 is the
absolute minimum value.
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°
SECTION 6.3* THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ¤ 621
1 1
66. () = 2 , [−3 1]. 0 () = 2 2
+ 2 (1) = 2 2 + 1 . 0 () = 0 ⇔ 1
2 + 1 = 0 ⇔ = −2.
(−3) = −3−32 ≈ −0669, (−2) = −2−1 ≈ −0736, and (1) = 12 ≈ 1649. So (1) = 12 is the absolute
maximum value and (−2) = −2 is the absolute minimum value.
67. () = − ⇒ 0 () = 1 − = 0 ⇔ = 1 ⇔ = 0. Now 0 () 0 for all 0 and 0 () 0 for all
0, so the absolute maximum value is (0) = 0 − 1 = −1.
− −
68. () = ⇒ 0 () = = 0 ⇔ ( − 1) = 0 ⇒ = 1. Now 0 () 0 ⇔ 0 ⇔
2 2
−
− 1 0 ⇔ 1 and 0 () 0 ⇔ 0 ⇔ − 1 0 ⇔ 1. Thus there is an absolute
2
minimum value of (1) = at = 1.
69. (a) () = 2 ⇒ 0 () = (22 ) + 2 (1) = 2 (2 + 1). Thus, 0 () 0 if − 12 and 0 () 0 if − 12 .
So is increasing on − 12 ∞ and is decreasing on −∞ − 12 .
(b) 00 () = 2 (2) + (2 + 1) · 22 = 22 [1 + (2 + 1)] = 22 (2 + 2) = 42 ( + 1). 00 () 0 ⇔ −1
and 00 () 0 ⇔ −1. Thus, is concave upward on (−1 ∞) and is concave downward on (−∞ −1).
(c) There is an inflection point at −1 −−2 , or −1 −12 .
2 − (2) ( − 2) ( − 2)
70. (a) () = ⇒ 0 () = = = . 0 () 0 ⇔ 0 or 2, so is
2 2
( )2 4 3
increasing on (−∞ 0) and (2 ∞). 0 () 0 ⇔ 0 2, so is decreasing on (0 2).
3 [ · 1 + ( − 2) ] − ( − 2) · 32 2 [( − 1) − 3( − 2)] (2 − 4 + 6)
(b) 00 () = 3 2
= 6
= .
( ) 4
2 − 4 + 6 = (2 − 4 + 4) + 2 = ( − 2)2 + 2 0, so 00 () 0 and is CU on (−∞ 0) and (0 ∞).
(c) There are no changes in concavity and, hence, there are no points of inflection.
71. = () = −1(+1) A. = { | 6= −1} = (−∞ −1) ∪ (−1, ∞) B. No intercept; intercept = (0) = −1
C. No symmetry D. lim −1(+1) = 1 since −1( + 1) → 0, so = 1 is a HA. lim −1(+1) = 0 since
→±∞ →−1+
−1 ( + 1) → −∞, lim −1(+1) = ∞ since −1( + 1) → ∞, so = −1 is a VA.
→−1−
E. 0 () = −1(+1) ( + 1)2 ⇒ 0 () 0 for all except 1, so
is increasing on (−∞ −1) and (−1 ∞). F. No extreme values H.
−1(+1) −1(+1) (−2) −1(+1) (2 + 1)
G. 00 () = 4
+ 3
=− ⇒
( + 1) ( + 1) ( + 1)4
00 () 0 ⇔ 2 + 1 0 ⇔ − 12 , so is CU on (−∞ −1)
and −1 − 12 , and CD on − 12 , ∞ . has an IP at − 12 , −2 .
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°
622 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
72. = () = 2 − A. = B. intercept: (0) = 0; intercepts: () = 0 ⇒ 2 = ⇒ = 1 ⇒
= 0 C. No symmetry D. lim 2 − = 0, so = 0 is a HA. No VA. E. 0 () = 22 − = (2 − 1),
→−∞
so 0 () 0 ⇔ ⇔ ln 12 = − ln 2 and 0 () 0 ⇔
1
2
H.
12 ⇔ ln 12 , so is decreasing on −∞ ln 12
and increasing on ln 12 ∞ .
2
F. Local minimum value ln 12 = 2 ln(12) − ln(12) = 12 − 1
2 = − 14
G. 00 () = 42 − = (4 − 1), so 00 () 0 ⇔ 14 ⇔
ln 14 and 00 () 0 ⇔ ln 14 . Thus, is CD on −∞ ln 14 and
2
CU on ln 14 ∞ . IP at ln 14 14 − 14 = ln 14 − 16 3
73. = 1(1 + − ) A. = B. No intercept; intercept = (0) = 12 C. No symmetry
D. lim 1(1 + − ) = 1
1+0
= 1 and lim 1(1 + − ) = 0 since lim − = ∞, so has horizontal asymptotes
→∞ →−∞ →−∞
= 0 and = 1. E. 0 () = −(1 + − )−2 (−− ) = − (1 + − )2 . This is positive for all , so is increasing on .
(1 + − )2 (−− ) − − (2)(1 + − )(−− ) − (− − 1)
F. No extreme values G. 00 () = =
(1 + − )4 (1 + − )3
The second factor in the numerator is negative for 0 and positive for 0, H.
and the other factors are always positive, so is CU on (−∞, 0) and CD
on (0 ∞). IP at 0, 12
74. The function () = cos is periodic with
period 2, so we consider it only on the interval
[0 2]. We see that it has local maxima of about
(0) ≈ 272 and (2) ≈ 272, and a local
minimum of about (314) ≈ 037. To find the
exact values, we calculate 0 () = − sin cos . This is 0 when − sin = 0 ⇔ = 0, or 2 (since we are only
considering ∈ [0 2]). Also 0 () 0 ⇔ sin 0 ⇔ 0 . So (0) = (2) =
(both maxima) and () = cos = 1 (minimum). To find the inflection points, we calculate and graph
00 () = (− sin cos ) = − cos cos − sin (cos )(− sin ) = cos sin2 − cos . From the graph of 00 (),
we see that has inflection points at ≈ 090 and at ≈ 538. These coordinates correspond to inflection points
(090 186) and (538 186).
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°
SECTION 6.3* THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ¤ 623
3
−
75. () = → 0 as → −∞, and
() → ∞ as → ∞. From the graph,
it appears that has a local minimum of
about (058) = 068, and a local
maximum of about (−058) = 147.
To find the exact values, we calculate
3
0 () = 32 − 1 − , which is 0 when 32 − 1 = 0 ⇔ = ± √13 . The negative solution corresponds to the local
√ 3 √ √
maximum − √13 = (−1 3) − (−1 3) = 2 39 , and the positive solution corresponds to the local minimum
√ √ √
3)3 − (1
1
√
3
= (1 3)
= −2 39
. To estimate the inflection points, we calculate and graph
2 3 3 3 3
00 () = 3 − 1 − = 32 − 1 − 32 − 1 + − (6) = − 94 − 62 + 6 + 1 .
From the graph, it appears that 00 () changes sign (and thus has inflection points) at ≈ −015 and ≈ −109. From the
graph of , we see that these values correspond to inflection points at about (−015 115) and (−109 082).
76. () = − with = 001, = 4, and = 007. We will find the
zeros of 00 for () = − .
0 () = (−− ) + − (−1 ) = − (− + −1 )
00 () = − (−−1 + ( − 1)−2 ) + (− + −1 )(−− )
= −2 − [− + ( − 1) + 2 2 − ]
= −2 − (2 2 − 2 + 2 − )
Using the given values of and gives us 00 () = 2 −007 (000492 − 056 + 12). So 00 () = 001 00 () and its zeros
are = 0 and the solutions of 000492 − 056 + 12 = 0, which are 1 = 200
7
2857 and 2 = 600
7
8571.
At 1 minutes, the rate of increase of the level of medication in the bloodstream is at its greatest and at 2 minutes, the rate of
decrease is the greatest.
77. Let = 0135 and = −2802. Then () = ⇒ 0 () = ( · · + · 1) = ( + 1). 0 () = 0 ⇔
1
+ 1 = 0 ⇔ = − ≈ 036 h. (0) = 0, (−1) = − −1 = − ≈ 00177, and (3) = 33 ≈ 000009.
The maximum average BAC during the first three hours is about 00177 gdL and it occurs at approximately 036 h
(214 min).
78. (a) As || → ∞, = −2 (22 ) → −∞, and → 0. The HA is = 0. Since takes on its maximum value at = 0, so
2 2) 2 2
does . Showing this result using derivatives, we have () = − (2 ⇒ 0 () = − (2 ) (−2 ).
0 () = 0 ⇔ = 0. Because 0 changes from positive to negative at = 0, (0) = 1 is a local maximum. For
1 2 2 2 2
−1 2 2
inflection points, we find 00 () = − 2 − (2 ) · 1 + − (2 ) (−2 ) = 2 − (2 ) (1 − 22 ).
00 () = 0 ⇔ 2 = 2 ⇔ = ±. 00 () 0 ⇔ 2 2 ⇔ − .
So is CD on (− ) and CU on (−∞ −) and ( ∞). IP at (± −12 ).
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°
624 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
(b) Since we have IP at = ±, the inflection points move away from the axis as increases.
(c) From the graph, we see that as increases, the graph tends to spread out and
there is more area between the curve and the axis.
1 1
+1 1 1
79. ( + ) = + = + − (0 + 1) = +−1
0 +1 0 +1 +1
5 5
80. −5
= = 5 − (−5) = 10
−5
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
81. = − = − − = − −2 + 0 = (1 − −2 )
0 0 0
4 4
82. Let = −4 . Then = −43 and 3 = − 14 , so 3 − = − 14 = − 14 + = − 14 − + .
√ √
83. Let = 1 + . Then = , so 1 + = = 23 32 + = 23 (1 + )32 + .
(1 + )2 1 + 2 + 2
84. = = (− + 2 + ) = −− + 2 + +
85. ( + − )2 = (2 + 2 + −2 ) = 12 2 + 2 − 12 −2 +
= 4 +
86. (4 + )5 = 5 = 16 6 + = 16 (4 + )6 +
=
87. Let = 1 − . Then = − and = −, so
1 1 1
= (−) = − −2 = −(−−1 ) + = + = + .
(1 − )2 2 1 −
88. Let = sin . Then = cos , so sin cos = = + = sin + .
89. Let = 1, so = −12 . When = 1, = 1; when = 2, = 2.
1
Thus,
√
2
1 12 12
= (−) = − 1 = −(12 − ) = − .
1 2 1
1
√ 1√ 1+1
1 + − − − = 12 = 1 + −
90. = 1 + (−) −
0 0 2
= −
1+1 √
= − 23 32 = − 23 [(1 + 1)32 − 232 ] = 43 2 − 23 (1 + 1)32
2
2 2
91. avg = 1
2−0 2−
0
2 2
= 12 −− = 12 (−−4 + 1)
0
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°
SECTION 6.3* THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION ¤ 625
1 1 1
92. Area = [ − ( 2 − 2)] = −1 ( − 2 + 2) = − 13 3 + 2 −1
−1
= − 13 + 2 − −1 + 13 − 2 = − −1 − 23 + 4 = − −1 + 10 3
1 3 1
93. Area = 0
− = 13 3 − 0 = 13 3 − − 13 − 1 = 13 3 − + 2
3
≈ 4644
94. 00 () = 3 + 5 sin ⇒ 0 () = 3 − 5 cos + ⇒ 2 = 0 (0) = 3 − 5 + ⇒ = 4, so
0 () = 3 − 5 cos + 4 ⇒ () = 3 − 5 sin + 4 + ⇒ 1 = (0) = 3 + ⇒ = −2,
so () = 3 − 5 sin + 4 − 2.
1 1 1 2
95. = 0
( )2 = 0
2 = 12 2 0 =
2
−1
96. The shell has radius circumference 2, and
1
2 2
height − , so = 2− .
0
Let = . Thus, = 2 , so
2
1 1
= − = −− 0 = (1 − 1).
0
√
97. First Figure Let = , so = 2 and = 2 . When = 0, = 0; when = 1, = 1. Thus,
1 √ 1 1
1 = 0 = 0 (2 ) = 2 0 .
1 1
Second Figure 2 = 0
2 = 2 0
.
Third Figure Let = sin , so = cos . When = 0, = 0; when = 2 , = 1. Thus,
2 2 1 1
3 = 0 sin sin 2 = 0 sin (2 sin cos ) = 0 (2 ) = 2 0 .
Since 1 = 2 = 3 , all three areas are equal.
98. Let () = with = 450268 and = 112567, and () = population after hours. Since () = 0 (),
3
0
() = (3) − (0) is the total change in the population after three hours. Since we start with 400 bacteria, the
population will be
3 3 3
(3) = 400 + 0
() = 400 + 0
= 400 + 0 = 400 + 3 − 1
≈ 400 + 11,313 = 11,713 bacteria
99. The rate is measured in liters per minute. Integrating from = 0 minutes to = 60 minutes will give us the total amount of oil
that leaks out (in liters) during the first hour.
60 60
0
() = 0
100−001 [ = −001, = −001]
−06 −06
= 100 0 (−100 ) = −10,000 0 = −10,000(−06 − 1) 45119 4512 L
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°
626 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
100. The rate is measured in kilograms per year. Integrating from = 0 years (2000) to = 20 years (2020) will give us the net
change in biomass from 2000 to 2020.
1+5−12
20
60,000−06 60,000 1 = 1 + 5−06
= − 3
(1 + 5−06 )2 2 = −3−06
0 6
1+5−12
20,000 20,000 20,000
= = − 16,666
6 1 + 5−12 6
Thus, the predicted biomass for the year 2020 is approximately 25,000 + 16,666 = 41,666 kg.
30 30 −30
= −
101. () = 0 − = 0 (−)
= − −
0 0 1
−30
= 0 − = 0 (−−30 + 1)
1
30
The integral 0
() represents the total amount of urea removed from the blood in the first 30 minutes of dialysis.
√
2 2 2
102. (a) erf() = √ − ⇒ − = erf() By Property 5 of definite integrals in Section 4.2,
0 0 2
2 2 2
0
− = 0
− +
− , so
√ √
2 2 2 √
− = − − − = erf() − erf() = 1
2
[erf() − erf()].
0 0 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) = erf() ⇒ 0 = 2 erf() + erf 0 () = 2 + · √ − [by FTC1] = 2 + √ .
103. From the graph, it appears that is an odd function ( is undefined for = 0).
To prove this, we must show that (−) = −().
1
1 − 1(−) 1 − (−1) 1 − 1 1 1 − 1
(−) = = = · 1 = 1
1+ 1(−) 1+ (−1) 1
1 + 1 +1
1 − 1
=− = −()
1 + 1
so is an odd function.
1
104. We’ll start with = −1 and graph () = for = 01, 1, and 5.
1 +
From the graph, we see that there is a horizontal asymptote = 0 as → −∞
and a horizontal asymptote = 1 as → ∞. If = 1, the yintercept is 0 12 .
As gets smaller (close to 0), the graph of moves left. As gets larger, the graph
of moves right.
[continued]
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°
SECTION 6.4* GENERAL LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS ¤ 627
As changes from −1 to 0, the graph of is stretched horizontally. As
changes through large negative values, the graph of is compressed horizontally.
(This takes care of negatives values of .)
If is positive, the graph of is reflected through the yaxis.
Last, if = 0, the graph of is the horizontal line = 1(1 + ).
105. Using the second law of logarithms and Equation 5, we have ln( ) = ln − ln = − = ln( − ). Since ln is a
onetoone function, it follows that = − .
106. Using the third law of logarithms and Equation 5, we have ln = = ln = ln ( ) . Since ln is a onetoone
function, it follows that = ( ) .
6.4* General Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
1. (a) = ln (b) The domain of () = is .
(c) The range of () = [ 6= 1] is (0 ∞).
(d) (i) See Figure 1. (ii) See Figure 3. (iii) See Figure 2.
2. (a) log is the number such that = . (b) The domain of () = log is (0 ∞).
(c) The range of () = log is . (d) See Figure 11.
√ √
3. Since = ln , 4− = − ln 4 . 4. Since = ln , 5
= 5 ln
.
2 2 ln 10
5. Since = ln , 10 = . 6. Since = ln , (tan )sec = sec ln tan .
7. (a) log3 81 = log3 34 = 4 (b) log3 1
81
= log3 3−4 = −4 (c) log9 3 = log9 912 = 1
2
8. The Laws of Logarithms, used in several solutions for this section, are listed on Reference Page 4.
√
(a) log10 10 = log10 1012 = 1
2 by the cancellation equation after (5).
(b) log10 40 + log10 25 = log10 [(40)(25)] [by Law 1]
= log10 100
= log10 102 = 2 [by the cancellation equation after (5)]
30
(c) log2 30 − log2 15 = log2 = log2 2 = 1
15
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°
628 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
10 2 1
9. (a) log3 10 − log3 5 − log3 18 = log3 − log3 18 = log3 2 − log3 18 = log3 = log3
5 18 9
= log3 3−2 = −2
1002 104
(b) 2 log5 100 − 4 log5 50 = log5 1002 − log5 504 = log5 = log5 = log5 5−4 = −4
504 54 · 104
1 1 1
10. (a) log = −1 since −1 = . [Or: log = log −1 = −1]
(b) 10(log10 4 + log10 7) = 10log10 4 · 10log10 7 = 4 · 7 = 28
[Or: 10(log10 4 + log10 7) = 10log10 (4·7) = 10log10 28 = 28]
11. All of these graphs approach 0 as → −∞, all of them pass through the point
(0 1), and all of them are increasing and approach ∞ as → ∞. The larger the
base, the faster the function increases for 0, and the faster it approaches 0 as
→ −∞.
12. The functions with base greater than 1 (3 and 10 ) are increasing, while those
1 1
with base less than 1 3 and are decreasing. The graph of 13 is the
10
1
reflection of that of 3 about the axis, and the graph of 10 is the reflection of
that of 10 about the axis. The graph of 10 increases more quickly than that of
3 for 0, and approaches 0 faster as → −∞.
ln 10 ln 12 ln 6
13. (a) log5 10 = ≈ 1430677 (b) log3 12 = ≈ 2261860 (c) log12 6 = ≈ 0721057
ln 5 ln 3 ln 12
ln ln
14. To graph the functions, we use log2 = , log4 = , etc. These
ln 2 ln 4
graphs all approach −∞ as → 0+ , and they all pass through the point
(1 0). Also, they are all increasing, and all approach ∞ as → ∞. The
smaller the base, the larger the rate of increase of the function (for 1)
and the closer the approach to the axis (as → 0+ ).
ln ln
15. To graph these functions, we use log15 = and log50 = .
ln 15 ln 50
These graphs all approach −∞ as → 0+ , and they all pass through the
point (1 0). Also, they are all increasing, and all approach ∞ as → ∞.
The functions with larger bases increase extremely slowly, and the ones with
smaller bases do so somewhat more quickly. The functions with large bases
approach the axis more closely as → 0+ .
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°
SECTION 6.4* GENERAL LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS ¤ 629
16. We see that the graph of ln is the reflection of the graph of about the
line = , and that the graph of log8 is the reflection of the graph of 8
about the same line. The graph of 8 increases more quickly than that of .
Also note that log8 → ∞ as → ∞ more slowly than ln .
6 3
17. Use = with the points (1 6) and (3 24). 6 = 1 = 6 and 24 = 3 ⇒ 24 = ⇒
4 = 2 ⇒ = 2 [since 0] and = 6
2
= 3. The function is () = 3 · 2 .
18. Given the intercept (0 2), we have = = 2 . Using the point 2 2
9
gives us 2
9
= 22 ⇒ 1
9
= 2 ⇒
= 1
3 [since 0]. The function is () = 2 13 or () = 2(3)− .
19. (a) 2 ft = 24 in, (24) = 242 in = 576 in = 48 ft. (24) = 224 in = 224 (12 · 5280) mi ≈ 265 mi
(b) 3 ft = 36 in, so we need such that log2 = 36 ⇔ = 236 = 68,719,476,736. In miles, this is
1 ft 1 mi
68,719,476,736 in · · ≈ 1,084,5877 mi.
12 in 5280 ft
20. We see from the graphs that for less than about 18, () = 5 () = 5 , and then near the point (18 171) the curves
intersect. Then () () from ≈ 18 until = 5. At (5 3125) there is another point of intersection, and for 5 we
see that () (). In fact, increases much more rapidly than beyond that point.
21. lim (1001) = ∞ by Figure 1, since 1001 1.
→∞
22. By Figure 1, if 1, lim = 0, so lim (1001) = 0.
→−∞ →−∞
2
23. lim 2− = lim 2 [where = −2 ] = 0
→∞ →−∞
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°
630 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
24. Let = 2 − 5 + 6. As → 3+ , = ( − 2)( − 3) → 0+ . lim log10 2 − 5 + 6 = lim log10 = −∞
→3+ →0+
[analogous to (4) in Section 6.2*].
25. () = 5 + 5 ⇒ 0 () = 54 + 5 ln 5
26. () = sin(2 ) ⇒ 0 () = cos(2 ) · 2 ln 2 + sin(2 ) · 1 = 2 ln 2 cos(2 ) + sin(2 )
27. Using Formula 4 and the Chain Rule, () = 4 ⇒
4
0 () = 4 (ln 4) = −1 = 4 (ln 4) −−2 = − (ln 4) 2 .
28. () = 3cos 2 ⇒ 0 () = 3cos 2 ln 3 (cos 2) = −2(sin 2) 3cos 2 ln 3
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
29. () = tan(4 ) ⇒ 0 () = sec 2 4 4 = sec2 4 · 4 ln 4 ( ) = 2 ln 4 sec2 4 · 4
30. () = (1 + 10ln )6 ⇒
0 () = 6(1 + 10ln )5 (1 + 10ln ) = 6(1 + 10ln )5 10ln ln 10 (ln ) = 6 ln 10(1 + 10ln )5 · 10ln
1 1 2 + 3
31. = log8 (2 + 3) ⇒ 0 = · (2 + 3) = 2 · (2 + 3) = 2
(2 + 3) ln 8 ( + 3) ln 8 ( + 3) ln 8
√ 1 √ 1 1 1
32. () = log10 ⇒ 0 () = √ = √ √ =
ln 10 ln 10 2 2(ln 10)
√ 1 1 1
Or: () = log10 = log10 12 = 1
2
log10 ⇒ 0 () = =
2 ln 10 2 (ln 10)
1 cot
33. = log4 sin ⇒ 0 = · · cos + log4 sin · 1 = + log4 sin
sin ln 4 ln 4
34. = log2 ( log5 ) ⇒
1 1 1 1 1
0 = ( log5 ) = · + log5 = + .
( log5 )(ln 2) ( log5 )(ln 2) ln 5 ( log5 )(ln 5)(ln 2) (ln 2)
ln 1 1 1 + ln
Note that log5 (ln 5) = (ln 5) = ln by the change of base formula. Thus, 0 = + = .
ln 5 ln ln 2 ln 2 ln ln 2
35. = ⇒ ln = ln ⇒ ln = ln ⇒ 0 = (1) + (ln ) · 1 ⇒ 0 = (1 + ln ) ⇒
0 = (1 + ln )
1 0 1 1 1 1 − ln
36. = 1 ⇒ ln = ln ⇒ = − 2 ln + ⇒ 0 = 1
2
0 1
37. = sin ⇒ ln = ln sin ⇒ ln = sin ln ⇒ = (sin ) · + (ln )(cos ) ⇒
sin sin
0 = + ln cos ⇒ 0 = sin + ln cos
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°
SECTION 6.4* GENERAL LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS ¤ 631
√ √ 1 0 1 1 1
38. = ⇒ ln = ln ⇒ ln = ln 12 ⇒ ln = 12 ln ⇒ = · + ln · ⇒
2 2
1 √
0 = 2
+ 1
2
ln ⇒ 0 = 12 (1 + ln )
1 0 1
39. = (cos ) ⇒ ln = ln(cos ) ⇒ ln = ln cos ⇒ =· · (− sin ) + ln cos · 1 ⇒
cos
sin
0 = ln cos − ⇒ 0 = (cos ) (ln cos − tan )
cos
1 0 1 1
40. = (sin )ln ⇒ ln = ln(sin )ln = ln ·
⇒ ln = ln · ln sin ⇒ · cos + ln sin · ⇒
sin
cos ln sin ln sin
0 = ln · + ⇒ 0 = (sin )ln ln cot +
sin
0 1 2 ln
41. = ln ⇒ ln = ln ln = (ln )2 ⇒ = 2 ln ⇒ 0 = ln
0 1 1
42. = (ln )cos ⇒ ln = cos ln(ln ) ⇒ = cos · · + (ln ln )(− sin ) ⇒
ln
cos
0 = (ln )cos − sin ln ln
ln
43. = 10 ⇒ 0 = 10 ln 10, so at (1 10), the slope of the tangent line is 101 ln 10 = 10 ln 10, and its equation is
− 10 = 10 ln 10( − 1), or = (10 ln 10) + 10(1 − ln 10).
44. () = cos = (ln )cos ⇒
1
0 () = ln cos ln (− sin ) + cos
cos
= cos − sin ln
This is reasonable, because the graph shows that increases when
0 () is positive.
4 4
1 16 1 15
45. 2 = 2 = − =
0 ln 2 0 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
5
46. + 5 = 16 6 + 1
ln 5
5 +
log10 (ln )(ln 10) 1 ln 1
47. = = . Now put = ln , so = , and the expression becomes
ln 10
1 1 1 2 1
= + 1 = (ln )2 + .
ln 10 ln 10 2 2 ln 10
log10
Or: The substitution = log10 gives = and we get = 12 ln 10(log10 )2 + .
ln 10
2 1 2 1 2
48. Let = 2 . Then = 2 , so 2 = 1
2
2 = + = 2 + .
2 ln 2 2 ln 2
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°
632 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
3 1 sin
49. Let = sin . Then = cos and 3sin cos = 3 = + = 3 + .
ln 3 ln 3
2 1 1 1
50. Let = 2 + 1. Then = 2 ln 2 , so
= = ln || + = ln(2 + 1) + .
2 +1 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
0 1 0 1
2 5
5 2
51. = (2 − 5 ) + (5 − 2 ) = − + −
−1 0 ln 2 ln 5 −1 ln 5 ln 2 0
1 1 12 15 5 2 1 1
= − − − + − − −
ln 2 ln 5 ln 2 ln 5 ln 5 ln 2 ln 5 ln 2
16 1
= −
5 ln 5 2 ln 2
1 1
52. Using disks, the volume is = 0
[10− ]2 = 0
10−2 . To evaluate the integral, we let = −2 ⇒
= −2 , = 0 ⇒ = 0, and = 1 ⇒ = −2, so we have
−2 −2
1 99
=− 10 = − 10 =− (10−2 − 1) =
2 0 2 ln 10 0 2 ln 10 200 ln 10
53. We see that the graphs of = 2 and = 1 + 3− intersect at ≈ 06. We
let () = 2 − 1 − 3− and calculate 0 () = 2 ln 2 + 3− ln 3, and
using the formula +1 = − ( ) 0 ( ) (Newton’s method), we get
1 = 06, 2 ≈ 3 ≈ 0600967. So, correct to six decimal places, the
solution occurs at = 0600967.
1 1 0
54. = ⇒ ln = ln ⇒ · + (ln ) · 0 = · · 0 + ln ⇒ 0 ln − = ln − ⇒
ln −
0 =
ln −
√ √
55. = () = log4 (3 + 2) ⇒ 4 = 3 + 2 ⇒ 3 = 4 − 2 ⇒ = 4 − 2. Interchange and : = 3 4 − 2.
3
√
So −1 () = 3
4 − 2.
ln − ln 2
56. lim − ln = lim = lim −(ln ) = 0 since − (ln )2 → −∞ as → 0+ .
→0+ →0+ →0+
57. If is the intensity of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake, then log10 () = 71 ⇒
log10 (16) = log10 16 + log10 () = log10 16 + 71 ≈ 83.
1 2
58. Let 1 and 2 be the intensities of the music and the mower. Then 10 log10 = 120 and 10 log10 = 106, so
0 0
1 1 0 1 2 1
log10 = log10 = log10 − log10 = 12 − 106 = 14 ⇒ = 1014 ≈ 25.
2 2 0 0 0 2
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°
SECTION 6.4* GENERAL LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS ¤ 633
59. We find with the loudness formula from Exercise 58, substituting 0 = 10−12 and = 50:
50 = 10 log10 ⇔ 5 = log10 ⇔ 105 = ⇔ = 10−7 wattm2 . Now we differentiate with
10−12 10−12 10−12
1 1 10 1
respect to : = 10 log10 ⇒ = 10 = . Substituting = 10−7 , we get
0 (0 ) ln 10 0 ln 10
10 1 108 dB
0 (50) = = ≈ 434 × 107 .
ln 10 10−7 ln 10 wattm2
60. (a) () = 0 ⇒ 0 () = 0 (ln ) = (0 ) ln = () ln
(b) We substitute 0 = 8, = 038 and = 20 into the first expression for 0 () above:
0 (20) = 8(ln 038)(038)20 ≈ −305 × 10−8 .
(c) The average value of the function () between = 0 and = 20 is
20 20 20
() 1 2 (038) 2(03820 − 1)
0
= 8(038) = = ≈ 041.
20 − 0 20 0 5 ln 038 0 5 ln 038
2 1 2 1
61. (a) = log2 ⇒ [ constant] = · =
2 ln 2
ln 2
As increases, the rate of change of difficulty decreases.
2 1 −2 1
(b) = log2 ⇒ [ constant] = · −2 −2 = · =−
2 2 ln 2 2 ln 2
ln 2
The negative sign indicates that difficulty decreases with increasing width. While the magnitude of the rate of change
1 1
decreases with increasing width that is, − = decreases as increases , the rate of change itself
ln 2 ln 2
increases (gets closer to zero from the negative side) with increasing values of .
(c) The answers to (a) and (b) agree with intuition. For fixed width, the difficulty of acquiring a target increases, but less and
less so, as the distance to the target increases. Similarly, for a fixed distance to a target, the difficulty of acquiring the target
decreases, but less and less so, as the width of the target increases.
62. () = (143653 × 109 ) · (101395) ⇒ 0 () = (143653 × 109 ) · (101395) (ln 101395). The units for 0 () are
millions of people per year. The rates of increase for 1920, 1950, and 2000 are 0 (20) ≈ 2625, 0 (50) ≈ 3978, and
0 (100) ≈ 7953, respectively.
63. Half of 760 RNA copies per mL, corresponding to = 1, is 380 RNA copies per mL. Using the graph of in Figure 9, we
estimate that it takes about 35 additional days for the patient’s viral load to decrease to 38 RNA copies per mL.
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°
634 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
64. (a) (b) Using a graphing calculator, we obtain the exponential
curve () = 3689301(106614) .
(c) Using the TRACE and zooming in, we find that the bacteria count
doubles from 37 to 74 in about 1087 hours.
65. (a) = with = 4502714 × 10−20 and = 1029953851,
where is measured in thousands of people. The fit appears to be very good.
5308 − 3929 7240 − 5308
(b) For 1800: 1 = = 1379, 2 = = 1932.
1800 − 1790 1810 − 1800
So 0 (1800) ≈ (1 + 2 )2 = 16555 thousand peopleyear.
23,192 − 17,063 31,443 − 23,192
For 1850: 1 = = 6129, 2 = = 8251.
1850 − 1840 1860 − 1850
So 0 (1850) ≈ (1 + 2 )2 = 719 thousand peopleyear.
(c) Using 0 () = ln (from Formula 4) with the values of and from part (a), we get 0 (1800) ≈ 15685 thousand
peopleyear and 0 (1850) ≈ 68607. These estimates are somewhat less than the ones in part (b).
(d) (1870) ≈ 41,94656. The difference of 34 million people is most likely due to the Civil War (1861–1865).
66. Let = . Then = , and as → ∞, → ∞.
1 1
Therefore, lim 1 + = lim 1 + = lim 1 + = by Equation 9.
→∞ →∞ →∞
67. = ⇒ 0 = ln , so the slope of the tangent line to the curve = at the point ( ) is ln . An equation of
this tangent line is then − = ln ( − ). If is the intercept of this tangent line, then 0 − = ln ( − ) ⇒
−1 −1
−1 = ln ( − ) ⇒ = − ⇒ | − | = = 1 . The distance between ( 0) and ( 0) is | − |, and
ln ln |ln |
1
this distance is the constant for any . [Note: The absolute value is needed for the case 0 1 because ln is
|ln |
negative there. If 1, we can write − = 1(ln ) as the constant distance between ( 0) and ( 0).]
68. = ⇒ 0 = ln , so the slope of the tangent line to the curve = at the point (0 0 ) is 0 ln . An equation
of this tangent line is then − 0 = 0 ln ( − 0 ). Since this tangent line must pass through (0 0), we have
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°
SECTION 6.5 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY ¤ 635
0 − 0 = 0 ln (0 − 0 ), or 0 = 0 (ln ) 0 . Since (0 0 ) is a point on the exponential curve = , we also have
0 = 0 . Equating the expressions for 0 gives 0 = 0 (ln ) 0 ⇒ 1 = (ln ) 0 ⇒ 0 = 1(ln ).
So 0 = 0 = 0 ln [by combining Property 6.3*.4 with Law 3 of Theorem 6.2*.3] = (1(ln )) ln = 1 = .
ln
69. Using Definition 1 and the second law of exponents for , we have − = ( − ) ln = ln − ln = ln
= .
70. Using Definition 1, the first law of logarithms, and the first law of exponents for , we have
() = ln() = (ln + ln ) = ln + ln = ln ln = .
71. Let log = and log = . Then = and = .
(a) = = + ⇒ log () = + = log + log
(b) = = − ⇒ log = − = log − log
(c) = ( ) = ⇒ log ( ) = = log
6.5 Exponential Growth and Decay
1
1. The relative growth rate is = 04159, so = 04159 and by Theorem 2,
() = (0)04159 = 3804159 million cells. Thus, (2) = 3804159(2) 87 million cells.
1
2. (a) By Theorem 2, () = (0) = 50 . In 20 minutes 3
hour , there are 100 cells, so 13 = 503 = 100 ⇒
3 = 2 ⇒ 3 = ln 2 ⇒ = 3 ln 2 = ln(23 ) = ln 8.
(b) () = 50(ln 8) = 50 · 8
(c) (6) = 50 · 86 = 50 · 218 = 13,107,200 cells
(d) = ⇒ 0 (6) = (6) = (ln 8) (6) ≈ 27,255,656 cellsh
ln 20,000
(e) () = 106 ⇔ 50 · 8 = 1,000,000 ⇔ 8 = 20,000 ⇔ ln 8 = ln 20,000 ⇔ = ≈ 476 h
ln 8
3. (a) By Theorem 2, () = (0) = 50 . Now (15) = 50(15) = 975 ⇒ 15 = 975
50 ⇒
15 = ln 195 ⇒ = 1
15
ln 195 ≈ 19803. So () ≈ 50 19803
cells.
(b) Using 19803 for , we get (3) = 5019803(3) = 19,01385 19,014 cells.
(c) = ⇒ 0 (3) = · (3) = 19803 · 19,014 [from parts (a) and (b)] = 37,6534 37,653 cellsh
250,000
(d) () = 5019803 = 250,000 ⇒ 19803 = ⇒ 19803 = 5000 ⇒ 19803 = ln 5000 ⇒
50
ln 5000
= 430 h
19803
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°
636 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
4. (a) () = (0) ⇒ (2) = (0)2 = 400 and (6) = (0)6 = 25,600. Dividing these equations, we get
6 2 = 25,600400 ⇒ 4 = 64 ⇒ 4 = ln 26 = 6 ln 2 ⇒ = 3
2
ln 2 ≈ 10397, about 104% per hour.
3
(b) 400 = (0)2 ⇒ (0) = 4002 ⇒ (0) = 4003 ln 2 = 400 ln 2 = 40023 = 50.
(c) () = (0) = 50(32)(ln 2) = 50(ln 2 )(32) ⇒ () = 50(2)15
(d) (45) = 50(2)15(45) = 50(2)675 ≈ 5382 bacteria
3
(e) = = ln 2 (50(2)675 ) [from parts (a) and (b)] ≈ 5596 bacteriah
2
(f ) () = 50,000 ⇒ 50,000 = 50(2)15 ⇒ 1000 = (2)1.5 ⇒ ln 1000 = 1.5 ln 2 ⇒
ln 1000
= ≈ 6.64 h
1.5 ln 2
5. (a) Let the population (in millions) in the year be (). Since the initial time is the year 1750, we substitute − 1750 for in
Theorem 2, so the exponential model gives () = (1750)(−1750) . Then (1800) = 980 = 790(1800−1750) ⇒
980
790 = (50) ⇒ ln 980
790 = 50 ⇒ = 1
50 790 ≈ 00043104. So with this model, we have
ln 980
(1900) = 790(1900−1750) ≈ 1508 million, and (1950) = 790(1950−1750) ≈ 1871 million. Both of these
estimates are much too low.
(b) In this case, the exponential model gives () = (1850)(−1850) ⇒ (1900) = 1650 = 1260(1900−1850) ⇒
ln 1650
1260
= (50) ⇒ = 1
50
ln 1650
1260
≈ 0005393. So with this model, we estimate
(1950) = 1260(1950−1850) ≈ 2161 million. This is still too low, but closer than the estimate of (1950) in part (a).
(c) The exponential model gives () = (1900)(−1900) ⇒ (1950) = 2560 = 1650(1950−1900) ⇒
ln 2560
1650
= (50) ⇒ = 1
50
ln 2560
1650
≈ 0008785. With this model, we estimate
(2000) = 1650(2000−1900) ≈ 3972 million. This is much too low. The discrepancy is explained by the fact that the
world birth rate (average yearly number of births per person) is about the same as always, whereas the mortality rate
(especially the infant mortality rate) is much lower, owing mostly to advances in medical science and to the wars in the first
part of the twentieth century. The exponential model assumes, among other things, that the birth and mortality rates will
remain constant.
6. (a) Let () be the population (in millions) in the year . Since the initial time is the year 1950, we substitute − 1950 for in
Theorem 2, and find that the exponential model gives () = (1950)(−1950) ⇒
(1960) = 100 = 83(1960−1950) ⇒ 100
83
= 10 ⇒ = 1
10
ln 100
83
≈ 00186. With this model, we estimate
(1980) = 83(1980−1950) = 8330 ≈ 145 million, which is an underestimate of the actual population of 150 million.
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°
SECTION 6.5 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY ¤ 637
(b) As in part (a), () = (1960)(−1960) ⇒ (1980) = 150 = 10020 ⇒ 20 = ln 150
100 ⇒
= 1
20
ln 32 ≈ 00203. Thus, (2000) = 10040 = 225 million, which is an overestimate of the actual population
of 214 million.
(c) As in part (a), () = (1980)(−1980) ⇒ (2000) = 214 = 15020 ⇒ 20 = ln 214
150 ⇒
= 1
20
ln 214
150
≈ 00178. Thus, (2010) = 15030 ≈ 256, which is an overestimate of the actual population of
243 million.
(d) Using the model in part (c), (2025) = 150(2025−1980) = 15045 334 million. This prediction is likely too high.
The model gave an overestimate for 2010, and the amount of overestimation is likely to compound as time increases.
7. (a) If = [N2 O5 ] then by Theorem 2, = −00005 ⇒ () = (0)−00005 = −00005 .
(b) () = −00005 = 09 ⇒ −00005 = 09 ⇒ −00005 = ln 09 ⇒ = −2000 ln 09 ≈ 211 s
8. (a) The mass remaining after days is () = (0) = 50 . Since the halflife is 28 days, (28) = 5028 = 25 ⇒
28 = 1
2
⇒ 28 = ln 12 ⇒ = −(ln 2)28, so () = 50−(ln 2)28 = 50 · 2−28 .
(b) (40) = 50 · 2−4028 ≈ 186 mg (d)
(c) () = 2 ⇒ 2 = 50 · 2−28 = 2−28 ⇒
⇒ 2
50
1
(−28) ln 2 = ln 25 1
⇒ = −28 ln 25 ln 2 ≈ 130 days
9. (a) If () is the mass (in mg) remaining after years, then () = (0) = 100 .
(30) = 10030 = 12 (100) ⇒ 30 = 1
2
⇒ = −(ln 2)30 ⇒ () = 100−(ln 2)30 = 100 · 2−30
(b) (100) = 100 · 2−10030 ≈ 992 mg
(c) 100−(ln 2)30 = 1 ⇒ −(ln 2)30 = ln 100
1
2 ≈ 1993 years
⇒ = −30 lnln001
10. (a) If () is the mass after days and (0) = , then () = .
(300) = 300 = 0643 ⇒ 300 = 0643 ⇒ = 1
300 ln 0643. To find the halflife, we set the mass after
days equal to onehalf of the original mass. Hence, (1300)(ln 0643) = 12 ⇔ 1
300
(ln 0643) = ln 12 ⇔
300 ln 12
= 471 days.
ln 0643
300 ln 13
(b) (1300)(ln 0643) = 13 ⇔ 1
300 (ln 0643) = ln 13 ⇔ = 746 days
ln 0643
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°
638 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
11. Let () be the level of radioactivity. Thus, () = (0)− and is determined by using the halflife:
ln 12 ln 2
(5730) = 12 (0) ⇒ (0)−(5730) = 12 (0) ⇒ −5730 = 1
2
⇒ −5730 = ln 12 ⇒ =− = .
5730 5730
ln 2
If 74% of the 14 C remains, then we know that () = 074(0) ⇒ 074 = −(ln 2)5730 ⇒ ln 074 = − ⇒
5730
5730(ln 074)
=− ≈ 2489 ≈ 2500 years.
ln 2
12. From Exercise 11, we have the model () = (0)− with = (ln 2)5730. Thus,
(68,000,000) = (0)−68000000 ≈ (0) · 0 = 0. There would be an undetectable amount of 14 C remaining for a
68millionyearold dinosaur.
Now let () = 01% (0), so 0001(0) = (0)− ⇒ 0001 = − ⇒ ln 0001 = − ⇒
ln 0001 ln 0001
= = ≈ 57,104, which is the maximum age of a fossil that we could date using 14 C.
− −(ln 2)5730
13. Let measure time since a dinosaur died in millions of years, and let () be the amount of 40
K in the dinosaur’s bones at
time . Then () = (0)− and is determined by the halflife: (1250) = 12 (0) ⇒ (0)−(1250) = 12 (0) ⇒
ln 12 ln 2
−1250 = 1
2 ⇒ −1250 = ln 12 ⇒ =− = . To determine if a dinosaur dating of 68 million years is
1250 1250
possible, we find that (68) = (0)−(68) ≈ 0963(0), indicating that about 96% of the 40 K is remaining, which is
clearly detectable. To determine the maximum age of a fossil by using 40 K, we solve () = 01%(0) for .
ln 0001
(0)− = 0001(0) ⇔ − = 0001 ⇔ − = ln 0001 ⇔ = ≈ 12,457 million, or
−(ln 2)1250
12457 billion years.
14. From the information given, we know that = 2 ⇒ = 2 by Theorem 2. To calculate we use the point (0 5):
5 = 2(0) ⇒ = 5. Thus, the equation of the curve is = 52 .
15. (a) Using Newton’s Law of Cooling, = ( − ), we have = ( − 22). Now let = − 22 , so
(0) = (0) − 22 = 85 − 22 = 63 , so is a solution of the initialvalue problem = with (0) = 63 and by
Theorem 2 we have () = (0) = 63 .
1 43 45 43
y(30) = 63e30k = 65 22 =) e30k = 43
63
=) k = 1
30
ln 43
63
, so y(t) = 63e 30 t ln 63 and y(45) = 63e 30 ln 63 ⇡
35.5 C. Thus, T (45) ⇡ 35.5 + 22 = 57.5 C.
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°
SECTION 6.5 EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY ¤ 639
1 43 1 43
(b) T (t) = 40 =) y(t) = 18. y(t) = 63e 30 t ln 63 = 18 =) e 30 t ln 63 = 18
63
=) 1
30
t ln 43
63
= ln 2
7
=) t =
30 ln 2
ln 43
7
⇡ 98 min.
63
16. Let () be the temperature of the body hours after 1:30 PM . Then (0) = 325 and (1) = 303. Using Newton’s Law of
Cooling, = ( − ), we have = ( − 20). Now let = − 20, so (0) = (0) − 20 = 325 − 20 = 125,
so is a solution to the initial value problem = with (0) = 125 and by Theorem 2 we have
() = (0) = 125 .
(1) = 303 − 20 ⇒ 103 = 125(1) ⇒ = 103
12.5 12.5 . The murder occurred when
⇒ = ln 103
17
() = 37 − 20 ⇒ 12.5 = 17 ⇒ = 17
12.5
17
⇒ = ln 12.5 ⇒ = ln 12.5 ln 103
12.5
≈ −1588 h
≈ −95 minutes. Thus, the murder took place about 95 minutes before 1:30 PM, or 11:55 AM.
17. = ( − 20). Letting = − 20, we get = , so () = (0) . (0) = (0) − 20 = 5 − 20 = −15, so
(25) = (0)25 = −1525 , and (25) = (25) − 20 = 10 − 20 = −10, so −1525 = −10 ⇒ 25 = 23 . Thus,
2 125
25 = ln 23 and = 1
25
ln 23 , so () = (0) = −15(125) ln(23) . More simply, 25 = 2
3
⇒ = 3
⇒
2 25 2 25
= 3
⇒ () = −15 · 3
.
2 5025 2 2
(a) (50) = 20 + (50) = 20 − 15 · 3 = 20 − 15 · 3 = 20 − 20
3 = 133̄ ◦ C
2 25 2 25 2 25
(b) 15 = () = 20 + () = 20 − 15 · 3
⇒ 15 · 3
=5 ⇒ 3
= 1
3
⇒
(25) ln 23 = ln 13 ⇒ = 25 ln 13 ln 23 ≈ 6774 min.
18. = ( − 20). Let = − 20. Then = , so () = (0) (0) = (0) − 20 = 95 − 20 = 75,
so () = 75 . When () = 70, = −1◦ Cmin. Equivalently, = −1 when () = 50. Thus,
−1 = = () = 50 and 50 = () = 75 . The first relation implies = −150, so the second relation says
50 = 75−50 . Thus, −50 = 23 ⇒ −50 = ln 23 ⇒ = −50 ln 23 ≈ 2027 min.
19. (a) Let () be the pressure at altitude . Then = ⇒ () = (0) = 1013 .
8714
(1000) = 10131000 = 8714 ⇒ 1000 = ln 8714
1013
⇒ = 1
1000
ln 1013
⇒
1 8714 8714
() = 1013 1000 ln( 1013 ) , so (3000) = 10133 ln( 1013 ) ≈ 645 kPa.
6187 8714
(b) (6187) = 1013 1000 ln( 1013 ) ≈ 399 kPa
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°
640 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
20. (a) Using = 0 1 + with 0 = 2500, = 0045, and = 3, we have:
1·3
0045
(i) Annually: = 1 = 2500 1 + = $285292
1
4·3
0045
(ii) Quarterly: = 4 = 2500 1 + = $285919
4
12·3
0045
(iii) Monthly: = 12 = 2500 1 + = $286062
12
52·3
0045
(iv) Weekly: = 52 = 2500 1 + = $286117
52
365·3
0045
(v) Daily: = 365 = 2500 1 + = $286132
365
365·24·3
0045
(vi) Hourly: = 365 · 24 = 2500 1 + = $286134
365 · 24
3
(vii) Continuously: = 2500(0045) = $286134
(b)
21. (a) Using = 0 1 + with 0 = 4000, = 00175, and = 5, we have:
1·5
00175
(i) Annually: = 1 = 4000 1 + = $436247
1
2·5
00175
(ii) Semiannually: = 2 = 4000 1 + = $436411
2
12·5
00175
(iii) Monthly: = 12 = 4000 1 + = $436549
12
52·5
00175
(iv) Weekly: = 52 = 4000 1 + = $436570
52
365·5
00175
(v) Daily: = 365 = 4000 1 + = $436576
365
(vi) Continuously: = 4000(00175)5 = $436577
(b) = 00175 and (0) = 4000.
22. (a) 0 003 = 20 ⇔ 003 = 2 ⇔ 003 = ln 2 ⇔ = 100
3
ln 2 ≈ 2310, so the investment will double in
about 2310 years.
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°
SECTION 6.6 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 641
(b) The annual interest rate in = 0 (1 + ) is . From part (a), we have = 0 003 . These amounts must be equal,
so (1 + ) = 003 ⇒ 1 + = 003 ⇒ = 003 − 1 ≈ 00305 = 305%, which is the equivalent annual
interest rate.
APPLIED PROJECT Controlling Red Blood Cell Loss During Surgery
1. Let () be the volume of RBCs (in liters) at time (in hours). Since the total volume of blood is 5 L, the concentration of
RBCs is 5. The patient bleeds 2 L of blood in 4 hours, so
2 1
=− · =−
4 5 10
From Section 6.5, we know that = has solution () = (0) . In this case, (0) = 45% of 5 = 9
4
and
1
= − 10 , so () = 94 −10 . At the end of the operation, the volume of RBCs is (4) = 94 −04 ≈ 151 L.
2. Let be the volume of blood that is extracted and replaced with saline solution. Let () be the volume of RBCs with the
ANH procedure. Then (0) is 45% of (5 − ), or 9
20 (5 − ), and hence () = 9
20 (5 − )−10 . We want
(4) ≥ 25% of 5 ⇔ 9
20
(5 − )−04 ≥ 5
4
⇔ 5− ≥ 25 04
9
⇔ ≤5− 25 04
9
≈ 086 L. To maximize the
effect of the ANH procedure, the surgeon should remove 086 L of blood and replace it with saline solution.
3. The RBC loss without the ANH procedure is (0) − (4) = 9
4
− 94 −04 ≈ 074 L. The RBC loss with the ANH procedure is
(0) − (4) = 99
− ) − 20
20
(5 − )−04 = 20
(5 9
(5 − )(1 − −04 ). Now let = 5 − 25 9
04 [from Problem 2] to
get (0) − (4) = 20
9
5 − 5 − 259
04 (1 − 04 ) = 209
· 25
9
04 (1 − 04 ) = 54 (04 − 1) ≈ 061 L. Thus, the ANH
procedure reduces the RBC loss by about 074 − 061 = 013 L (about 44 fluid ounces).
6.6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1. (a) sin−1 (05) =
6
because sin 6 = 05 and
6
is in the interval − 2 2 (the range of sin−1 ).
(b) cos −1 (−1) = because cos = −1 and is in the interval [0 ] (the range of cos−1 ).
√ √
2. (a) tan−1 3 =
3 because tan 3 = 3 and
3 is in the interval − 2 2 (the range of tan−1 ).
(b) sec−1 2 =
3
because sec 3 = 2 and
3
is in 0 2 ∪ 3
2
(the range of sec−1 ).
√ √
3. (a) csc −1 2 =
4
because csc 4 = 2 and
4
is in 0 2 ∪ 3
2
(the range of csc−1 ).
√ √
(b) cos−1 32 =
6
because cos 6 = 32 and
6
is in [0 ].
√ √
4. (a) cot−1 − 3 = 5
6
because cot 5
6
= − 3 and 5
6
is in (0 ) (the range of cot−1 ).
(b) arcsin 1 =
2 because sin 2 = 1 and
2 is in − 2 2 (the range of arcsin).
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°
642 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
5. (a) In general, tan(arctan ) = for any real number . Thus, tan(arctan 10) = 10.
√ √
(b) arcsin(sin(54)) = arcsin −1 2 = − 4 because sin − 4 = −1 2 and − 4 is in − 2 2 .
√3
3 1
6. (a) tan−1 tan = tan−1 (−1) = − (b) cos arcsin = cos =
4 4 2 6 2
2
7. Let = sin−1 3
[see the figure].
2
Then tan sin−1 23 = tan = √ .
5
8. Let = arccos 35 [see the figure].
Then csc arccos 35 = csc = 54 .
9. Let = sin−1 [see the figure].
5
13
cos 2 sin−1 13
5
= cos 2 = cos2 − sin2
2 5 2
= 1213 − 13 = 144169 −
25
169 = 119
169
10. Let = tan−1 2 and = tan−1 3. Then
cos tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 = cos( + ) = cos cos − sin sin
1 1 2 3
= √ √ −√ √
5 10 5 10
−5 −5 −1
= √ = √ = √
50 5 2 2
√
11. Let = sin−1 . Then − 2 ≤ ≤
2 ⇒ cos ≥ 0, so cos(sin−1 ) = cos = 1 − sin2 = 1 − 2 .
12. Let = sin−1 . Then sin = , so from the triangle (which
illustrates the case 0), we see that
tan(sin−1 ) = tan = √ .
1 − 2
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°
SECTION 6.6 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 643
13. Let = tan−1 . Then tan = , so from the triangle (which
illustrates the case 0), we see that
sin(tan−1 ) = sin = √ .
1 + 2
14. Let = arccos . Then cos = , so from the triangle (which
illustrates the case 0), we see that
sin(2 arccos ) = sin 2 = 2 sin cos
√ √
= 2( 1 − 2 )() = 2 1 − 2
15. The graph of sin−1 is the reflection of the graph of
sin about the line = .
16. The graph of tan−1 is the reflection of the graph of
tan about the line = .
17. Let = cos−1 . Then cos = and 0 ≤ ≤ ⇒ − sin =1 ⇒
1 1 1
=− = − = −√ . [Note that sin ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ ≤ .]
sin 1 − cos2 1 − 2
√
18. (a) Let = sin−1 and = cos−1 . Then cos = 1 − sin2 = 1 − 2 since cos ≥ 0 for − 2 ≤ ≤
2
. Similarly,
√
sin = 1 − 2 . So
√ √
sin(sin−1 + cos−1 ) = sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin = · + 1 − 2 1 − 2
= 2 + (1 − 2 ) = 1
But − 2 ≤ sin−1 + cos−1 ≤ 3
2
, and so sin−1 + cos−1 =
2
.
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°
644 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
(b) We differentiate sin−1 + cos−1 =
2 with respect to , and get
1 1
√ + (cos−1 ) = 0 ⇒ (cos−1 ) = − √ .
1 − 2 1 − 2
1 1 1
19. Let = cot−1 . Then cot = ⇒ − csc2 =1 ⇒ =− 2 =− =− .
csc 1 + cot2 1 + 2
20. Let = sec−1 . Then sec = and ∈ 0
2
∪ 3
2
. Differentiate with respect to :
1 1 1
sec tan =1 ⇒ = = = √ . Note that tan2 = sec2 − 1 ⇒
sec tan sec sec2 − 1 2 − 1
tan = sec2 − 1 since tan 0 when 0
2 or 2 .
3
21. Let = csc−1 . Then csc = ⇒ − csc cot =1 ⇒
1 1 1
=− =− =− √ . Note that cot ≥ 0 on the domain of csc−1 .
csc cot csc csc2 − 1 2 − 1
1 2 1 2
22. = tan−1 (2 ) ⇒ 0 = · ( ) = · 2 =
1 + (2 )2 1 + 4 1 + 4
1 5
23. () = sin−1 (5) ⇒ 0 () = · (5) = √
1 − (5)2 1 − 252
√ 1 √ 1 1 −12 1
24. () = arccos ⇒ 0 () = − √ 2 = − √1 − =− √ √
2 2 1−
1−
1 2 tan−1
25. = (tan−1 )2 ⇒ 0 = 2(tan−1 )1 · (tan−1 ) = 2 tan−1 · 2
=
1+ 1 + 2
1 1 1
26. () = sec−1 ( ) ⇒ 0 () = · ( ) = √ · = √
2
( ) − 1 2 − 1 2 −1
√
27. = tan−1 −1 ⇒
1 √ 1 1 1 1 1
0 = √ 2 · −1 = · √ = · √ = √
1+ −1 1 + ( − 1) 2 − 1 2 −1 2 − 1
28. () = ln(arctan(4 )) ⇒
1 1 1 4
0 () = · (arctan(4 )) = · · ( )
arctan(4 ) arctan(4 ) 1 + (4 )2
1 1 43
= 4
· 8
· 43 =
arctan( ) 1 + (1 + ) arctan(4 )
8
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°
SECTION 6.6 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 645
1 sin
29. = arctan(cos ) ⇒ 0 = (− sin ) = −
1 + (cos )2 1 + cos2
√
30. = tan−1 − 1 + 2 ⇒
√ 2
1 1 +1−
0 = √ 2 1 − √ = √ √
1 + − 2 + 1 2 + 1 1 + 2 − 2 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 2 + 1
√ √ √
2 + 1 − 2 + 1 − 2 + 1 −
= √ √ = √ = √
2
2 1+ − +1 2 2
+1 2 2 2
2 + 1 (1 + ) − ( + 1) 2 (1 + ) 2 + 1 −
2
1
=
2(1 + 2 )
2)
2) 2) 2 1 2arcsin(
31. () = arcsin( ⇒ 0 () = arcsin( · [arcsin( 2 )] = arcsin( ) · · 2 = √
2
1 − ( )2 1 − 4
32. () = arcsin(1) ⇒
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
() = = − 2 = − √ = −√
1 − (1)2 1 − 12 1 − 12 4 4 − 2
1 1
= − =− √
2 (2 − 1) | | 2 − 1
33. () = cot−1 () + cot−1 (1) ⇒
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
0 () = − − · = − − · − =− + 2 = 0.
1 + 2 1 + (1)2 1 + 2 2 + 1 2 1 + 2 +1
3
Note that this makes sense because () = for 0 and () = for 0.
2 2
1 1 1
34. = cos−1 (sin−1 ) ⇒ 0 = − · sin−1 = − ·√
−1 2
1 − (sin ) −1 2
1 − (sin ) 1 − 2
√
35. = sin−1 + 1 − 2 ⇒
1 1
0 = · √ + (sin−1 )(1) + (1 − 2 )−12 (−2) = √ + sin−1 − √ = sin−1
1 − 2 2 1 − 2 1 − 2
12
1− 1−
36. = arctan = arctan ⇒
1+ 1+
12 −12
1 1− 1 1 1− (1 + )(−1) − (1 − )(1)
0 = 2 · 1 + = · ·
1− 1− 2 1+ (1 + )2
1+ 1+
1+ 1 +
12
1 1 1+ −2 1 + 1 (1 + )12 −2
= · · = · · ·
1+ 1− 2 1− (1 + )2 2 2 (1 − )12 (1 + )2
+
1+ 1+
−1 −1
= = √
2(1 − )12 (1 + )12 2 1 − 2
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°
646 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1 −
−
37. = tan−1 + ln = tan−1 + ln ⇒
+ 2 +
1 1 1 1 ( + ) · 1 − ( − ) · 1 1 1 + 2
0 = 2 · + · − · = 2 + · ·
2 ( + )2 2 − ( + )2
1+ +
+
1
= · + = 2 + 2
2 ( − )( + ) + 2 − 2
+
1
38. () = arcsin( ) ⇒ 0 () = · = √ .
1 − ( )2 1 − 2
Domain() = { | −1 ≤ ≤ 1} = { | 0 ≤ 1} = (−∞ 0].
Domain( 0 ) = | 1 − 2 0 = | 2 1 = { | 2 0} = (−∞ 0).
1 2
39. () = cos−1 (3 − 2) ⇒ 0 () = − (−2) = .
1 − (3 − 2)2 1 − (3 − 2)2
Domain() = { | −1 ≤ 3 − 2 ≤ 1} = { | −4 ≤ −2 ≤ −2} = { | 2 ≥ ≥ 1} = [1 2].
Domain(0 ) = | 1 − (3 − 2)2 0 = | (3 − 2)2 1 = { | |3 − 2| 1}
= { | −1 3 − 2 1} = { | −4 −2 −2} = { | 2 1} = (1 2)
1
40. tan−1(2 ) = ( + 2 ) ⇒ (2 0 + · 2) = 1 + · 2 0 + 2 · 1 ⇒
1 + (2 )2
2 0 0 2 2 0 2 2
− 2 = 1 + − ⇒ − 2 = 1 + 2 − ⇒
1 + 4 2 1 + 4 2 1 + 4 2 1 + 4 2
2
1 + 2 −
0 1 + 4 2 1 + 4 2 + 2 + 4 4 − 2
= 2 or 0 =
2 − 2 − 25 3
− 2
1 + 4 2
√
41. () = sin−1 + 16 − 2 ⇒ 0 () = sin−1 + −√ = sin−1 ⇒
4 4 4 1 − (4)2 16 − 2 4
0 (2) = sin−1 12 =
6
1 1 3 √
42. = 3 arccos ⇒ 0 = 3 − , so at (1 ), 0 = − = − 3. An equation of the tangent
2 1 − (2)2 2 2 1− 1
4
√ √ √
line is − = − 3 ( − 1), or = − 3 + + 3.
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°
SECTION 6.6 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 647
√ √ 1 1 −12 arcsin
43. () = 1 − 2 arcsin ⇒ 0 () = 1 − 2 · √ + arcsin · 1 − 2 (−2) = 1 − √
1 − 2 2 1 − 2
Note that 0 = 0 where the graph of has a horizontal tangent. Also note
that 0 is negative when is decreasing and 0 is positive when is
increasing.
1 2 2 − 1
44. () = arctan(2 − ) ⇒ 0 () = · ( − ) =
1 + (2 − )2 1 + (2 − )2
Note that 0 = 0 where the graph of has a horizontal tangent. Also note
that 0 is negative when is decreasing and 0 is positive when is
increasing.
45. lim sin−1 = sin−1 (−1) = − 2
→−1+
1 + 2 1 + 2 12 + 1 1
46. Let = 2
As → ∞, = 2
= → .
1 + 2 1 + 2 12 + 2 2
1 + 2
lim arccos = lim arccos = arccos 12 = 3 .
→∞ 1 + 22 →12
47. Let = . As → ∞, → ∞. lim arctan( ) = lim arctan =
2
by (8).
→∞ →∞
48. Let = ln . As → 0+ , → −∞. lim tan−1 (ln ) = lim tan−1 = − 2 by (8).
→0+ →−∞
49. If = −1 (), then () = . Differentiating implicitly with respect to and remembering that is a function of ,
1 −1 0 1
we get 0 () = 1, so = 0 ⇒ () = .
() 0 ( −1 ())
0 1 1 1 3
50. (4) = 5 ⇒ −1 (5) = 4. By Exercise 83, −1 (5) = = 0 = = .
0 ( −1 (5)) (4) 23 2
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°
648 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
110
51. = 2 fts, sin = ,
⇒ = sin−1
= ,
10 10 1 − (10)2
110 210
= = (2) rads, = rads = 1
4
rads
1 − (10)2 = 6 1 − (610)2
52. = 4 revmin = 8 · 60 radh. From the diagram, we see that tan = ⇒ = tan−1 .
3 3
2
13
Thus, 8 · 60 = = = . So = 8 · 60 · 3 1 + kmh, and
1 + (3)2 3
at = 1, = 8 · 60 · 3 1 + 19 kmh = 1600 kmh.
53. = () = sin−1 (( + 1))A. = { | −1 ≤ ( + 1) ≤ 1}. For −1 we have − − 1 ≤ ≤ + 1 ⇔
2 ≥ −1 ⇔ ≥ − 12 , so = − 12 ∞ B. Intercepts are 0 C. No symmetry
1
D. lim sin−1 = lim sin−1 = sin−1 1 =
2
, so =
2
is a HA.
→∞ +1 →∞ 1 + 1
1 ( + 1) − 1
E. 0 () = = √ 0, H.
1 − [( + 1)]2 ( + 1)2 ( + 1) 2 + 1
so is increasing on − 12 ∞ F. No local maximum or minimum,
− 12 = sin−1 (−1) = − 2 is an absolute minimum
√ √
2 + 1 + ( + 1)/ 2 + 1
G. 00 () = −
( + 1)2 (2 + 1)
3 + 2
=− 2 32
0 on , so is CD on − 12 ∞ .
( + 1) (2 + 1)
−1
54. = () = tan−1 A. = { | 6= −1} B. intercept = 1, intercept = (0) = tan−1 (−1) = − 4
+1
−1
1 − 1
C. No symmetry D. lim tan−1 = lim tan−1 = tan−1 1 =
4
, so =
4
is a HA.
→±∞ →±∞ +1
1 + 1
−1 −1
Also lim tan−1 = − and lim tan−1 = .
→−1+ + 1 2 →−1− + 1 2
1 ( + 1) − ( − 1) 2 1
E. 0 () = = = 2 0,
1 + [( − 1)( + 1)]2 ( + 1)2 ( + 1)2 + ( − 1)2 +1
so is increasing on (−∞ −1) and (−1 ∞) F. No extreme values H.
2
G. 00 () = −2 2 + 1 0 ⇔ 0, so is CU on (−∞ −1)
and (−1 0), and CD on (0 ∞). IP at 0 − 4
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°
SECTION 6.6 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 649
55. = () = − tan−1 A. = B. Intercepts are 0 C. (−) = −(), so the curve is symmetric about the
origin. D. lim ( − tan−1 ) = ∞ and lim ( − tan−1 ) = −∞, no HA.
→∞ →−∞
But () − − 2 = − tan−1 + 2 → 0 as → ∞, and H.
() − + 2 = − tan−1 − 2 → 0 as → −∞, so = ±
2
are
1 2
slant asymptotes. E. 0 () = 1 − = 2 0, so is
2 +1 +1
increasing on . F. No extrema
(1 + 2 )(2) − 2 (2) 2
G. 00 () = = 0 ⇔ 0, so
(1 + 2 )2 (1 + 2 )2
is CU on (0, ∞), CD on (−∞, 0). IP at (0, 0).
56. = () = arctan A. = B. intercept: (0) = 0 = 1; no intercept since arctan is positive for all .
C. No symmetry D. lim () = −2 [≈ 021], so = −2 is a HA. lim () = 2 [≈ 481], so = 2 is a
→−∞ →∞
1
HA. E. 0 () = arctan . 0 () 0 for all , so is increasing on . F. No extreme values
1 + 2
1
(1 + 2 )arctan − arctan (2)
1 + 2
G. () =
00
H.
(1 + 2 )2
arctan (1 − 2)
=
(1 + 2 )2
00 () 0 for 12 , so is CU on −∞ 12 and is CD on 12 ∞ .
IP at 12 arctan 12 ≈ (05 159)
57. () = arctan(cos(3 arcsin )). We use a CAS to compute 0 and 00 , and to graph , 0 , and 00 :
From the graph of 0 , it appears that the only maximum occurs at = 0 and there are minima at = ±087. From the graph
of 00 , it appears that there are inflection points at = ±052.
58. First note that the function () = − sin−1 is only defined on the interval [−1 1], since sin−1 is only defined on that
√
interval. We differentiate to get 0 () = 1 − 1 − 2 . Now if ≤ 0, then 0 () ≥ 1, so there is no extremum and is
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°
650 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
increasing on its domain. If 1, then 0 () 0, so there is no local extremum and is decreasing on its domain, and if
= 1, then there is still no extremum, since 0 () does not change sign at = 0. So we can only have local extrema if
√ √
0 1. In this case, is increasing where 0 () 0 ⇔ 1 − 2 ⇔ || 1 − 2 , and decreasing where
√ √ √
1 − 2 || ≤ 1. has a maximum at = 1 − 2 and a minimum at = − 1 − 2 .
22 + 5 2(2 + 1) + 3 3
59. () = 2
= = 2+ 2 ⇒ () = 2 + 3 tan−1 +
+1 2 + 1 +1
2
60. 0 () = √ implies that 0 () is defined for in (−1 1) and () = 2 sin−1 + for −1 1. By continuity, we
1 − 2
can extend the domain of to [−1 1]. Now (1) = 5 ⇒ 2 sin−1 1 + = 5 ⇒ = 5 − 2 2 = 5 − , so
() = 2 sin−1 + 5 − .
√
√3
3
8 4
61. √
= 8 arctan √ = 8 − = 8 =
1 3 1 + 2 1 3 3 6 6 3
√
1 2 1√2
6 −1 −1 1 −1 1
62. √
= 6 sin √ = 6 sin √ − sin −√ =6 − − =6 = 3
−1 2 1 − 2 −1 2 2 2 4 4 2
63. Let = sin−1 , so = √ . When = 0, = 0; when = 12 , =
6
. Thus,
1 − 2
12 6 6
sin−1 2 2
√ = = = .
0 1 − 2 0 2 0 72
64. Let = 4. Then = 4 , so
√ √
34
1 3
1 √3 √
= = 14 tan−1 0 = 14 tan−1 3 − tan−1 0 = 14 3 − 0 =
12
.
0 1 + 162 4 0 1+2
65. Let = 1 + 2 . Then = 2 , so
1
1+ 1 2
= + = tan−1 + = tan−1 + 12 ln|| +
1 + 2 1+ 2 1+ 2
= tan−1 + 12 ln1 + 2 + = tan−1 + 12 ln(1 + 2 ) + [since 1 + 2 0].
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°
SECTION 6.6 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 651
66. Let = − cos . Then = sin , so
2
sin 0
1 0
= = tan−1 −1 = tan−1 0 − tan−1 (−1) = 0 − − 4 = 4.
0 1 + cos2 −1 1 + 2
1 (arctan )2
67. Let = arctan . Then = , so = 2 = 13 3 + = 13 (arctan )3 + .
2 + 1 2 + 1
1 1
68. Let = arctan . Then = = 2 , so
1 + 2 +1
1 1
= = ln || + = ln |arctan | + .
(2 + 1) arctan
1 arcsin
69. Let = arcsin . Then = √ , so √ = = + = arcsin + .
1 − 2 1 − 2
70. Let = Then = 12 ⇒
1
2
.
1 1 2 1 1
√ = = √ = √ = 1
2
sec−1 + = 1
2
sec−1 2
+ .
2 − 4 2 (2)2 − 1 4 2 − 1 2 2 − 1
1
2
71. Let = 3 . Then = 32 and √ = √3 = 1
3
sin−1 + = 1
3
sin−1 (3 ) + .
1 − 6 1 − 2
72. Let = , so = . When = 0, = 1; when = 1, = . Thus,
1
1
= = tan−1 = tan−1 − tan−1 1 = tan−1 − 4 .
0 1 + 2 1 1+2 1
√ √
2
73. Let = . Then = √ and √ = 2
= 2 tan−1 + = 2 tan−1 + .
2 (1 + ) 1 +
1
74. Let = 2 . Then = 2 , so = 2
= 1
2
tan−1 + = 1
2
tan−1 (2 ) + .
1 + 4 1 + 2
75. Let = . Then = , so
1 1
√ = = √ = sin−1 + = sin−1 + .
− 2
2 1 − ()2 1 − 2
2 2 2
1 1
76. We use the disk method: = √ = 2
. By Formula 14, this is equal to
0 2 + 4 0 +4
1 2 2
2
tan−1 (2) 0 =
2 4
−0 = 8
.
77. The integral represents the area below the curve = sin−1 on the interval
∈ [0 1]. The bounding curves are = sin−1 ⇔ = sin , = 0 and
= 1. We see that ranges between sin−1 0 = 0 and sin−1 1 =
2
. So we have to
integrate the function = 1 − sin between = 0 and =
2
:
1 2
0
sin−1 = 0
(1 − sin ) = 2
+ cos 2 − (0 + cos 0) =
2
− 1.
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°
652 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
78. Let = arctan and = arctan . Then by the addition formula for the tangent (see Reference Page 2 in the textbook),
tan + tan tan(arctan ) + tan(arctan ) +
tan( + ) = = ⇒ tan( + ) = ⇒
1 − (tan )(tan ) 1 − tan(arctan ) tan(arctan ) 1 −
+
arctan + arctan = + = arctan , since − 2 arctan + arctan 2 .
1 −
1
+ 13
79. (a) arctan 12 + arctan 13 = arctan 2
= arctan 1 =
1 − 12 · 13 4
1
+ 13
(b) 2 arctan 13 + arctan 17 = arctan 13 + arctan 13 + arctan 17 = arctan 3
+ arctan 17
1 − 13 · 13
3
+ 17
= arctan 34 + arctan 17 = arctan 4
= arctan 1 =
1 − 34 · 17 4
80. (a) () = sin(sin−1 ) (b) () = sin−1 (sin )
1 cos cos
(c) 0 () = sin−1 (sin ) = cos = √ =
2
1 − sin cos 2 |cos |
(d) () = cos−1 (sin ), so
cos cos
0 () = − =− .
1 − sin2 |cos |
Notice that () =
2 − () because
sin−1 + cos−1 =
2
for all .
2 4 2 4
81. Let () = 2 sin−1 − cos−1 (1 − 22 ). Then 0 () = √ − = √ − √ =0
1−2 1−2 2 1 − 2
1 − (1 − 22 )2
[since ≥ 0]. Thus 0 () = 0 for all ∈ [0 1). Thus () = . To find let = 0. Thus
2 sin−1 (0) − cos−1 (1) = 0 = . Therefore we see that () = 2 sin−1 − cos−1 (1 − 22 ) = 0 ⇒
2 sin−1 = cos−1 (1 − 22 ).
−1 √
82. Let () = arcsin − 2 arctan +
2
. Note that the domain of is [0 ∞). Thus
+1
1 ( + 1) − ( − 1) 2 1 1 1
0 () = 2 2
− · √ = √ −√ = 0. Then () = .
−1 ( + 1) 1 + 2 ( + 1) ( + 1)
1−
+1
To find , we let = 0 ⇒ arcsin(−1) − 2 arctan 0 +
2
= ⇒ − 2 − 0 +
2
= 0 = . Thus, () = 0 ⇒
−1 √
arcsin = 2 arctan − 2 .
+1
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°
APPLIED PROJECT WHERE TO SIT AT THE MOVIES ¤ 653
1
83. = sec−1 ⇒ sec = ⇒ sec tan =1 ⇒ = . Now tan2 = sec2 − 1 = 2 − 1, so
sec tan
√ 1 1
tan = ± 2 − 1. For ∈ 0 2 , ≥ 1, so sec = = || and tan ≥ 0 ⇒ = √ = √ .
2
−1 || 2 − 1
√
For ∈ 2 , ≤ −1, so || = − and tan = − 2 − 1 ⇒
1 1 1 1
= = √ = √ = √
sec tan − 2 − 1 (−) 2 − 1 || 2 − 1
84. (a) Since |arctan(1)| 2,
we have 0 ≤ | arctan(1)| ≤
2 || → 0 as → 0. So, by the Squeeze Theorem,
lim () = 0 = (0), so is continuous at 0.
→0
() − (0) arctan(1) − 0 1
(b) Here = = arctan . So (see Exercise 62 in Section 2.2 for a discussion of left and
−0
() − (0) 1
righthand derivatives) −0
(0) = lim = lim arctan = lim arctan = − , while
→0− −0 →0− →−∞ 2
0 () − (0) 1
+ (0) = lim = lim arctan = lim arctan = . So 0 (0) does not exist.
→0+ −0 →0+ →∞ 2
APPLIED PROJECT Where to Sit at the Movies
1. |V P | = 2.7 + x cos ↵, |P T | = 10.5 (1.2 + x sin ↵) = 9.3 x sin ↵, and |P B| =
(1.2 + x sin ↵) 3 = x sin ↵ 1.8. So, using the Pythagorean Theorem, we have
p p
|V T | = |V P |2 + |P T |2 = (2.7 + x cos ↵)2 + (9.3 x sin ↵)2 = a, and
p p
|V B| = |V P |2 + |P B|2 = (2.7 + x cos ↵)2 + (x sin ↵ 1.8)2 = b. Using the Law
of Cosines on 4V BT , we get
✓ ◆
a2 + b2 56.25
7.52 = a2 + b2 2ab cos ✓ , ✓ = arccos , as required.
2ab
2. From the graph of ✓, it appears that the value of x which maximizes ✓ is x ⇡ 2.3 m. Assuming
that the first row is at x = 0, the row closest to this value of x is the fourth row, at x = 2.7 m,
and from the graph, the viewing angle in this row seems to be about 0.84 radians, or about
48.2 .
3. With a CAS,we type in the definition of ✓, substitute in the proper values of a and b in terms of x and ↵ = 20 = ⇡
9
radians,
and then use the differentiation command to find the derivative. We use a numerical root finder and find that the root of the
equation d✓/dx = 0 is x ⇡ 2.3, as approximated in Problem 2.
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°
654 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
4. From the graph in Problem 2, it seems that the average value of the function on the interval [0,18] is about 0.6. We can use a
1
´ 18
CAS to approximate 18 0
✓(x) dx ⇡ 0.606 ⇡ 34.7 . (The calculation is much faster if we reduce the number of digits of
accuracy required.) The minimum value is ✓(18) ⇡ 0.36
. and, from Problem 2, the maximum value is about 0.84.
6.7 Hyperbolic Functions
1. (a) sinh 0 = 1
2 (
0
− −0 ) = 0 (b) cosh 0 = 12 (0 + −0 ) = 12 (1 + 1) = 1
(0 − −0 )2 1 − −1 2 − 1
2. (a) tanh 0 = =0 (b) tanh 1 = = ≈ 076159
(0 + −0 )2 1 + −1 2 + 1
3. (a) cosh(ln 5) = 1
2
(ln 5 + −ln 5 ) = 1
2
5 + (ln 5 )−1 = 12 (5 + 5−1 ) = 12 5 + 15 = 13
5
(b) cosh 5 = 12 (5 + −5 ) ≈ 7420995
4. (a) sinh 4 = 1
2
(4 − −4 ) ≈ 2728992
(b) sinh(ln 4) = 12 (ln 4 − −ln 4 ) = 1
2
4 − (ln 4 )−1 = 12 (4 − 4−1 ) = 12 4 − 14 = 15
8
1 1
5. (a) sech 0 = = =1 (b) cosh−1 1 = 0 because cosh 0 = 1.
cosh 0 1
6. (a) sinh 1 = 1
2
(1 − −1 ) ≈ 117520
√ √
(b) Using Equation 3, we have sinh−1 1 = ln 1 + 12 + 1 = ln 1 + 2 ≈ 088137.
− − + − 8 8 5 5 13 3 −
7. 8 sinh + 5 cosh = 8 +5 = − − + + − = −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
− −2 + −2
8. 22 + 3−2 = sinh 2 + cosh 2 ⇒ 22 + 3−2 = + ⇒
2 2
2 −2 2 −2 + 2 − + −2
22 + 3−2 = − + + ⇒ 22 + 3−2 = + ⇒
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ − +
= 2 and = 3 ⇒ + = 4 and − + = 6 ⇒ 2 = 10 ⇒ = 5 and = −1.
2 2
Thus, 22 + 3−2 = − sinh 2 + 5 cosh 2.
1 ln 1 −1
1 1 1 1 2 − 1 2 − 1
9. sinh(ln ) = ( − − ln ) = − ln = ( − −1 ) = − = =
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 ln 4 4
1 −4
1
10. cosh(4 ln ) = cosh(ln 4 ) = + − ln = 4 + ln = (4 + −4 )
2 2 2
8 8
1 4 1 1 +1 +1
= + 4 = =
2 2 4 24
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°
SECTION 6.7 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 655
11. sinh(−) = 12 [− − −(−) ] = 1
2 (
−
− ) = − 12 (− − ) = − sinh
1 −
12. cosh(−) = 2
[ + −(−) ] = 12 (− + ) = 12 ( + − ) = cosh
13. cosh + sinh = 12 ( + − ) + 12 ( − − ) = 1
2 (2 ) =
14. cosh − sinh = 12 ( + − ) − 12 ( − − ) = 1
2
(2− ) = −
1
15. sinh cosh + cosh sinh = 2 (
− − ) 12 ( + − ) + 12 ( + − ) 12 ( − − )
= 14 [(+ + − − −+ − −− ) + (+ − − + −+ − −− )]
= 14 (2+ − 2−− ) = 12 [+ − −(+) ] = sinh( + )
1
16. cosh cosh + sinh sinh = 2
( + − ) 12 ( + − ) + 12 ( − − ) 12 ( − − )
+
= 1
4
( + − + −+ + −− ) + (+ − − − −+ + −− )
= 14 (2+ + 2−− ) = 12 + + −(+) = cosh( + )
17. Divide both sides of the identity cosh2 − sinh2 = 1 by sinh2 :
cosh2 sinh2 1
2 − 2 = ⇔ coth2 − 1 = csch2 .
sinh sinh sinh2
sinh cosh cosh sinh
+
sinh( + ) sinh cosh + cosh sinh cosh cosh cosh cosh
18. tanh( + ) = = =
cosh( + ) cosh cosh + sinh sinh cosh cosh sinh sinh
+
cosh cosh cosh cosh
tanh + tanh
=
1 + tanh tanh
19. Putting = in the result from Exercise 15, we have
sinh 2 = sinh( + ) = sinh cosh + cosh sinh = 2 sinh cosh .
20. Putting = in the result from Exercise 16, we have
cosh 2 = cosh( + ) = cosh cosh + sinh sinh = cosh2 + sinh2 .
sinh(ln ) (ln − − ln )2 − (ln )−1 − −1 − 1 (2 − 1) 2 − 1
21. tanh(ln ) = = ln − ln
= ln −1
= −1
= = 2 = 2
cosh(ln ) ( + )2 + ( ) + + 1 ( + 1) +1
1 + tanh 1 + (sinh ) cosh cosh + sinh 1
2 (
+ − ) + 12 ( − − )
22. = = = 1 1 = − = 2
1 − tanh 1 − (sinh ) cosh cosh − sinh 2
( −
+ ) − 2 ( − ) −
cosh + sinh
Or: Using the results of Exercises 13 and 14, = − = 2
cosh − sinh
23. By Exercise 13, (cosh + sinh ) = ( ) = = cosh + sinh .
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°
656 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1 1 1 13
24. coth = ⇒ coth = = = .
tanh tanh 1213 12
12 2
sech2 = 1 − tanh2 = 1 − 13
= 25
169
⇒ sech = 5
13
[sech, like cosh, is positive].
1 1 13
cosh = ⇒ cosh = = .
sech 513 5
sinh 12 13 12
tanh = ⇒ sinh = tanh cosh ⇒ sinh = · = .
cosh 13 5 5
1 1 5
csch = ⇒ csch = = .
sinh 125 12
1 1 3
25. sech = ⇒ sech = = .
cosh 53 5
5 2
cosh2 − sinh2 = 1 ⇒ sinh2 = cosh2 − 1 = 3
−1= 16
9
⇒ sinh = 4
3
[because 0].
1 1 3
csch = ⇒ csch = = .
sinh 43 4
sinh 43 4
tanh = ⇒ tanh = = .
cosh 53 5
1 1 5
coth = ⇒ coth = = .
tanh 45 4
26. (a)
− − − 1 − −2 1−0
27. (a) lim tanh = lim −
· − = lim = =1
→∞ →∞
+ →∞ 1 + −2 1+0
− − 2 − 1 0−1
(b) lim tanh = lim −
· = lim 2 = = −1
→−∞ →−∞ + →−∞ +1 0+1
− −
(c) lim sinh = lim =∞
→∞ →∞ 2
− −
(d) lim sinh = lim = −∞
→−∞ →−∞ 2
2
(e) lim sech = lim =0
→∞ →∞ + −
+ − − 1 + −2 1+0
(f ) lim coth = lim · = lim = = 1 [Or: Use part (a).]
→∞ →∞ − − − →∞ 1 − −2 1−0
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°
SECTION 6.7 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 657
cosh
(g) lim coth = lim = ∞, since sinh → 0 through positive values and cosh → 1.
→0+ →0+ sinh
cosh
(h) lim coth = lim = −∞, since sinh → 0 through negative values and cosh → 1.
→0− →0− sinh
2
(i) lim csch = lim =0
→−∞ →−∞ − −
sinh − − 1 − −2 1−0 1
(j) lim = lim = lim = =
→∞ →∞ 2 →∞ 2 2 2
1
28. (a) (cosh ) = 2
( + − ) = 12 ( − − ) = sinh
sinh cosh cosh − sinh sinh cosh2 − sinh2 1
(b) (tanh ) = = 2 = = = sech2
cosh cosh cosh2 cosh2
1 cosh 1 cosh
(c) (csch ) = =− =− · = − csch coth
sinh sinh2 sinh sinh
1 sinh 1 sinh
(d) (sech ) = =− 2 =− · = − sech tanh
cosh cosh cosh cosh
cosh sinh sinh − cosh cosh sinh2 − cosh2 1
(e) (coth ) = = = =− = − csch2
sinh sinh2 sinh2 sinh2
29. Let = sinh−1 . Then sinh = and, by Example 1(a), cosh2 − sinh2 = 1
⇒ [with cosh 0]
√ √
cosh = 1 + sinh2 = 1 + 2 . So by Exercise 13, = sinh + cosh = + 1 + 2 ⇒
√
= ln + 1 + 2 .
√
30. Let = cosh−1 . Then cosh = and ≥ 0, so sinh =
cosh2 − 1 = 2 − 1. So, by Exercise 13,
√ √
= cosh + sinh = + 2 − 1 ⇒ = ln + 2 − 1 .
Another method: Write = cosh = 1
2
+ − and solve a quadratic, as in Example 3.
sinh ( − − )2 2 − 1
31. (a) Let = tanh−1 . Then = tanh = = −
· = 2 ⇒ 2 + = 2 − 1 ⇒
cosh ( + )2 +1
2 2 2 2 1+ 1+
1+ = − ⇒ 1 + = (1 − ) ⇒ = ⇒ 2 = ln ⇒
1− 1−
1 1+
= ln .
2 1−
(b) Let = tanh−1 . Then = tanh , so from Exercise 22 we have
1 + tanh 1+ 1+ 1 1+
2 = = ⇒ 2 = ln ⇒ = ln .
1 − tanh 1− 1− 2 1−
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°
658 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
32. (a) (i) = csch−1 ⇔ csch = ( 6= 0)
(ii) We sketch the graph of csch−1 by reflecting the graph of csch (see Exercise 26)
about the line = .
2
(iii) Let = csch−1 . Then = csch = ⇒ − − = 2 ⇒
− −
√
2 1 ± 2 + 1
( ) − 2 − = 0 ⇒ = . But 0, so for 0,
√ √ √
1 + 2 + 1 1 − 2 + 1 1 2 + 1
= and for 0, =
. Thus, csch = ln
−1
+ .
||
(b) (i) = sech−1 ⇔ sech = and 0
(ii) We sketch the graph of sech−1 by reflecting the graph of sech (see Exercise 26)
about the line = .
2
(iii) Let = sech−1 , so = sech = ⇒ + − = 2 ⇒
+ −
√
1 ± 1 − 2
( )2 − 2 + = 0 ⇔ = . But 0 ⇒ 1.
√
1 − 1 − 2 √ √
This rules out the minus sign because 1 ⇔ 1 − 1 − 2 ⇔ 1 − 1 − 2 ⇔
1 − 2 + 2 1 − 2 ⇔ 2 ⇔ 1, but = sech ≤ 1.
√ √
1 + 1 − 2 1 + 1 − 2
Thus, = ⇒ sech−1 = ln .
(c) (i) = coth−1 ⇔ coth =
(ii) We sketch the graph of coth−1 by reflecting the graph of coth (see Exercise 26)
about the line = .
+ −
(iii) Let = coth−1 . Then = coth = ⇒
− −
+1
− − = + − ⇒ ( − 1) = ( + 1)− ⇒ 2 = ⇒
−1
+1 1 +1
2 = ln ⇒ coth−1 = ln
−1 2 −1
33. (a) Let = cosh−1 . Then cosh = and ≥ 0 ⇒ sinh =1 ⇒
1 1 1
= = = √ [since sinh ≥ 0 for ≥ 0]. Or: Use Formula 4.
sinh cosh2 − 1 2 − 1
1 1 1
(b) Let = tanh−1 . Then tanh = ⇒ sech2 =1 ⇒ = = = .
sech2 1 − tanh2 1 − 2
Or: Use Formula 5.
1 1 1
(c) Let = coth−1 . Then coth = ⇒ − csch2 =1 ⇒ =− = =
csch2 1 − coth2 1 − 2
by Exercise 17.
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°
SECTION 6.7 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 659
34. (a) Let = sech−1 . Then sech = ⇒ − sech tanh =1 ⇒
1 1 1
=− =− =− √ . [Note that 0 and so tanh 0.]
sech tanh 2
sech 1 − sech 1 − 2
1
(b) Let = csch−1 . Then csch = ⇒ − csch coth =1 ⇒ =− . By Exercise 17,
csch coth
√ √
coth = ± csch2 + 1 = ± 2 + 1. If 0, then coth 0, so coth = 2 + 1. If 0, then coth 0,
√ 1 1
so coth = − 2 + 1. In either case we have =− =− √ .
csch coth || 2 + 1
35. () = cosh 3 ⇒ 0 () = sinh(3) · (3) = sinh(3) · 3 = 3 sinh 3
PR
36. () = cosh ⇒ 0 () = sinh + (cosh ) = (sinh + cosh ), or, using Exercise 13, ( ) = 2 .
37. () = sinh(2 ) ⇒ 0 () = cosh(2 ) (2 ) = 2 cosh(2 )
2
38. () = sinh2 = (sinh ) ⇒ 0 () = 2(sinh )1 (sinh ) = 2 sinh cosh , or, using Exercise 19, sinh 2.
1 ln 1 1
1
1 2 + 1
2 + 1
39. () = sinh(ln ) ⇒ 0 () = cosh(ln ) ln = + − ln = + = =
2 2 2 22
1 ln 1 1 1 1 2 + 1
Or: () = sinh(ln ) = ( − − ln ) = − ⇒ 0 () = 1+ 2 =
2 2 2 22
1 1
40. () = ln(sinh ) ⇒ 0 () = sinh = cosh = coth
sinh sinh
√
√ √ √ √ 1 sech2
41. () = tanh ⇒ 0 () = sech2 = sech2 √ = √
2 2
42. () = tanh 2 ⇒ 0 () = tanh 2 · tanh 2 = tanh 2 · sech2 (2) · 2 = 2tanh 2 sech2 (2)
PR
43. = sech tanh ⇒ 0 = sech · sech2 + tanh · (− sech tanh ) = sech3 − sech tanh2
44. = sech(tanh ) ⇒ 0 = − sech(tanh ) tanh(tanh ) · (tanh ) = − sech(tanh ) tanh(tanh ) · sech2
√ PR
45. () = coth 2 + 1 ⇒
√ √ √ 2 √
0 () = − csch2 2 + 1 12 (2 + 1)−12 · 2 + coth 2 + 1 (1) = coth 2 + 1 − √ csch2 2 + 1
2
+1
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°
660 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1 + sinh QR
46. () = ⇒
1 − sinh
(1 − sinh ) cosh − (1 + sinh )(− cosh ) cosh − sinh cosh + cosh + sinh cosh
0 () = =
(1 − sinh )2 (1 − sinh )2
2 cosh
=
(1 − sinh )2
1 2
47. () = sinh−1 (−2) ⇒ 0 () = · (−2) = − √
1 + (−2)2 1 + 42
1 32
48. () = tanh−1 (3 ) ⇒ 0 () = · (3 ) =
1 − (3 )2 1 − 6
49. = cosh−1 (sec ) ⇒
1 1 1
0 = √ · (sec ) = √ · sec tan = · sec tan [since 0 ≤ 2] = sec
sec2 − 1 tan2 tan
50. = sech −1 (sin ) ⇒
1 1
0 = − · (sin ) = − √ · cos
sin 1 − sin 2 sin cos2
1 1
=− · cos [since 0 2] = − = − csc
sin · cos sin
√
51. () = cosh−1 1 + 2 ⇒
1 √ 1 2
0 () = √ 2 · 1 + 2 = · √ = √ √
2 (1 + 2) − 1 2 1 + 2 2 · 1 + 2
1+ −1
1
= √ [since 0] = √
1 + 2 1 + 2
√
52. = tanh−1 + ln 1 − 2 = tanh−1 + 12 ln(1 − 2 ) ⇒
1 1
0 = tanh−1 + + (−2) = tanh−1
1 − 2 2 1 − 2
√
53. = sinh−1 (3) − 9 + 2 ⇒
13 2
0 = sinh−1 + − √ = sinh−1 +√ −√ = sinh−1
3 1 + (3)2 2 9+ 2 3 9+2 9+2 3
1 + tanh 1 + (sinh ) cosh cosh + sinh
54. = = = − [by Exercises 13 and 14] = 2 , so
1 − tanh 1 − (sinh ) cosh cosh − sinh
4 1 + tanh
√4 4 1 + tanh 2 1
= 2 = 2 . Thus, = ( ) = 2 .
1 − tanh 1 − tanh 2
1 sech2 1 cosh2
55. arctan(tanh ) = (tanh ) = =
1 + (tanh )2 1 + tanh2 1 + (sinh2 ) cosh2
1 1
= = [by Exercise 20] = sech 2
cosh2 + sinh2 cosh 2
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°
SECTION 6.7 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 661
56. (a) Let = 003291765. A graph of the central curve,
= () = 21149 − 2096 cosh , is shown.
(b) (0) = 21149 − 2096 cosh 0 = 21149 − 2096(1) = 19053 m
(c) = 100 ⇒ 100 = 21149 − 2096 cosh ⇒
11149
2096 cosh = 11149 ⇒ cosh = ⇒
2096
11149 1 11149
= ± cosh−1 ⇒ = ± cosh−1 ≈ ±7156 m. The points are approximately (±7156 100).
2096 2096
(d) () = 21149 − 2096 cosh ⇒ 0 () = −2096 sinh · .
1 11149 1 11149 11149
0 ± cosh−1 = −2096 sinh ± cosh−1 = −2096 sinh ± cosh−1 ≈ ∓36.
2096 2096 2096
So the slope at (7156 100) is about −36 and the slope at (−7156 100) is about 36.
2 2
gets large, and from Figure 5 or Exercise 27(a), tanh
57. As the depth of the water gets large, the fraction
2
approaches 1. Thus, = tanh ≈ (1) = .
2 2 2
58. For = cosh() with 0, we have the intercept equal to .
As increases, the graph flattens.
59. (a) = 20 cosh(20) − 15 ⇒ 0 = 20 sinh(20) · 1
20
= sinh(20). Since the right pole is positioned at = 7,
we have 0 (7) = sinh 20
7
≈ 03572.
(b) If is the angle between the tangent line and the axis, then tan = slope of the line = sinh 20
7
, so
= tan−1 sinh 20 7
≈ 0343 rad ≈ 1966◦ . Thus, the angle between the line and the pole is = 90◦ − ≈ 7034◦ .
60. We differentiate the function twice, then substitute into the differential equation: = cosh ⇒
2
= sinh = sinh 2
= cosh ⇒ = cosh . We evaluate the two sides
2
2
separately: LHS = = cosh and RHS = 1 + = 1 + sinh2 = cosh ,
2
by the identity proved in Example 1(a).
61. (a) From Exercise 60, the shape of the cable is given by = () = cosh . The shape is symmetric about the
axis, so the lowest point is (0 (0)) = 0 and the poles are at = ±100. We want to find when the lowest
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°
662 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
kgm
point is 60 m, so = 60 ⇒ = 60 = (60 m)(2 kgm)(98 ms2 ) = 1176 , or 1176 N (newtons).
s2
· 100 100
The height of each pole is (100) = cosh = 60 cosh ≈ 16450 m.
60
2
(b) If the tension is doubled from to 2 , then the low point is doubled since = 60 ⇒ = 120. The height of the
2 · 100 100
poles is now (100) = cosh = 120 cosh ≈ 16413 m, just a slight decrease.
2 120
as → ∞,
62. (a) lim () = lim tanh = lim tanh = ·1 =
→∞ →∞ →∞ → ∞
60(98)
(b) Bellytoearth: = 98, = 0515, = 60, so the terminal velocity is ≈ 3379 ms.
0515
60(98)
Feetfirst: = 98, = 0067, = 60, so the terminal velocity is ≈ 9368 ms.
0067
63. (a) = sinh + cosh ⇒ 0 = cosh + sinh ⇒
00 = 2 sinh + 2 cosh = 2 ( sinh + cosh ) = 2
(b) From part (a), a solution of 00 = 9 is () = sinh 3 + cosh 3. Now −4 = (0) = sinh 0 + cosh 0 = , so
= −4. Also, 0 () = 3 cosh 3 − 12 sinh 3, so 6 = 0 (0) = 3 ⇒ = 2. Thus, = 2 sinh 3 − 4 cosh 3.
1 ln(sec +tan ) 1 1
64. cosh = cosh[ln(sec + tan )] = + − ln(sec +tan ) = sec + tan +
2 2 sec + tan
1 sec − tan 1 sec − tan
= sec + tan + = sec + tan +
2 (sec + tan )(sec − tan ) 2 sec2 − tan2
= 12 (sec + tan + sec − tan ) = sec
√
65. The tangent to = cosh has slope 1 when 0 = sinh = 1 ⇒ = sinh−1 1 = ln 1 + 2 , by Equation 3.
√ √ √
Since sinh = 1 and = cosh = 1 + sinh2 , we have cosh = 2. The point is ln 1 + 2 , 2 .
66. () = tanh( sin ), where is a positive integer. Note that ( + 2) = (); that is, is periodic with period 2.
Also, from Figure 3, −1 tanh 1, so we can choose a viewing rectangle of [0 2] × [−1 1]. From the graph, we see
that () becomes more rectangular looking as increases. As becomes
large, the graph of approaches the graph of = 1 on the intervals
(2 (2 + 1)) and = −1 on the intervals ((2 − 1) 2).
67. Let = cosh . Then = sinh , so sinh cosh2 = 2 = 13 3 + = 1
3 cosh3 + .
68. Let = 1 + 4. Then = 4 , so sinh(1 + 4) = 1
4
sinh = 1
4
cosh + = 1
4
cosh(1 + 4) + .
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°
SECTION 6.7 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS ¤ 663
√
√ sinh √
69. Let = . Then = √ and √ = sinh · 2 = 2 cosh + = 2 cosh + .
2
sinh
70. Let = cosh . Then = sinh , and tanh = = = ln || + = ln(cosh ) + .
cosh
cosh cosh cosh 1
71. = = · = coth csch = − csch +
cosh2 − 1 sinh2 sinh sinh
72. Let = 2 + tanh . Then = sech2 , so
sech2 1
= = ln || + = ln |2 + tanh | + = ln (2 + tanh ) + [since 2 + tanh 1].
2 + tanh
73. Let = 3. Then = 3 and
2
6
1 2
1 2
√ = √ 3 = √ = cosh−1 = cosh−1 2 − cosh−1 43 or
4 2 − 9 43 92 − 9 43 2 −1 43
2 √ √
√ 2 √ 4+ 7 6+3 3
= cosh−1 2
= ln + − 1 = ln 2 + 3 − ln = ln √
43 43 3 4+ 7
74. Let = 4. Then = 4 and
1
1 41
1 4 1 4 √
√ = √4 = sinh−1 = ln + 2 + 1 = 14 ln 4 + 17 − ln 1
0 162 + 1 0
2
+1 4 0 4 0
√
= 14 ln 4 + 17
75. Let = . Then = and = = tanh−1 + = tanh−1 +
1 − 2 1 − 2
1 1 +
or ln + .
2 1 −
1
76. We want 0
sinh = 1. To calculate the integral, we put = ,
so = , the upper limit becomes , and the equation becomes
1 1
sinh = 1 ⇔ [cosh − 1] = 1 ⇔ cosh − 1 = .
0
We plot the function () = cosh − − 1, and see that its positive root
1
lies at approximately = 162. So the equation 0 sinh = 1 holds
for ≈ 162.
77. (a) From the graphs, we estimate
that the two curves = cosh 2
and = 1 + sinh intersect at
= 0 and at = ≈ 0481.
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°
664 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
(b) We have found the two solutions of the equation cosh 2 = 1 + sinh to be = 0 and = ≈ 0481. Note from the
first graph that 1 + sinh cosh 2 on the interval (0 ), so the area between the two curves is
1
= 0
(1 + sinh − cosh 2) = + cosh − 2
sinh 2 0
1 1
= [ + cosh − 2
sinh 2] − [0 + cosh 0 − 2
sinh 0] ≈ 00402
78. The area of the triangle with vertices , , and (cosh 0) is 1
2
sinh cosh , and the area under the curve 2 − 2 = 1, from
cosh √
= 1 to = cosh , is 1
2 − 1 . Therefore, the area of the shaded region is
cosh √
() = 1
2 sinh cosh − 1
2 − 1 . So, by FTC1,
√
0 () = 1
2
cosh2 + sinh2 − cosh2 − 1 sinh = 12 cosh2 + sinh2 − sinh2 sinh
= 12 cosh2 + sinh2 − sinh2 = 12 cosh2 − sinh2 = 12 (1) = 12
Thus () = 1
2
+ , since 0 () = 1
2
. To calculate , we let = 0. Thus,
cosh 0 √
(0) = 1
2 sinh 0 cosh 0 − 1
2 − 1 = 12 (0) + ⇒ = 0. Thus () = 12 .
79. If + − = cosh( + ) [or sinh( + )], then
+
+ − =
2
± −− = 2 ± − − = 2 ± 2 − − . Comparing coefficients of
and − , we have =
2 (1) and = ± 2 − (2). We need to find and . Dividing equation (1) by equation (2)
gives us
= ±2 ⇒ () 2 = ln ± ⇒ = 1
2
ln ± . Solving equations (1) and (2) for gives us
2 2 √
= and = ± , so =± ⇒ 2 = ±4 ⇒ = 2 ±.
2 2
() If
0, we use the + sign and obtain a cosh function, whereas if
0, we use the − sign and obtain a sinh
function.
√
In summary, if and have the same sign, we have + − = 2 cosh + 1
2
ln , whereas, if and have the
√
opposite sign, then + − = 2 − sinh + 1
2
ln − .
6.8 Indeterminate Forms and l'Hospital's Rule
H
Note: The use of l’Hospital’s Rule is indicated by an H above the equal sign: =
() 0
1. (a) lim is an indeterminate form of type .
→ () 0
()
(b) lim = 0 because the numerator approaches 0 while the denominator becomes large.
→ ()
()
(c) lim = 0 because the numerator approaches a finite number while the denominator becomes large.
→ ()
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°
SECTION 6.8 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ¤ 665
()
(d) If lim () = ∞ and () → 0 through positive values, then lim = ∞. [For example, take = 0, () = 12 ,
→ → ()
()
and () = 2 .] If () → 0 through negative values, then lim = −∞. [For example, take = 0, () = 12 ,
→ ()
and () = −2 .] If () → 0 through both positive and negative values, then the limit might not exist. [For example,
take = 0, () = 12 , and () = .]
() ∞
(e) lim is an indeterminate form of type .
→ () ∞
2. (a) lim [ ()()] is an indeterminate form of type 0 · ∞.
→
(b) When is near , () is large and () is near 1, so ()() is large. Thus, lim [()()] = ∞.
→
(c) When is near , () and () are both large, so ()() is large. Thus, lim [()()] = ∞.
→
3. (a) When is near , () is near 0 and () is large, so () − () is large negative. Thus, lim [ () − ()] = −∞.
→
(b) lim [ () − ()] is an indeterminate form of type ∞ − ∞.
→
(c) When is near , () and () are both large, so () + () is large. Thus, lim [ () + ()] = ∞.
→
()
4. (a) lim [ ()] is an indeterminate form of type 00 .
→
(b) If = [ ()]() , then ln = () ln (). When is near , () → ∞ and ln () → −∞, so ln → −∞.
Therefore, lim [ ()]() = lim = lim ln = 0, provided is defined.
→ → →
(c) lim [()]() is an indeterminate form of type 1∞ .
→
(d) lim [ ()] () is an indeterminate form of type ∞0 .
→
(e) If = [ ()]() , then ln = () ln (). When is near , () → ∞ and ln () → ∞, so ln → ∞. Therefore,
lim [ ()]() = lim = lim ln = ∞.
→ → →
(f ) lim ()
() = lim [ ()]1() is an indeterminate form of type ∞0 .
→ →
5. From the graphs of and , we see that lim () = 0 and lim () = 0, so l’Hospital’s Rule applies.
→2 →2
0
() H 0 () lim () 0 (2) 18 9
→2
lim = lim 0 = = = 4 =
→2 () →2 () lim 0 () 0 (2) 5
4
→2
6. From the graphs of and , we see that lim () = 0 and lim () = 0, so l’Hospital’s Rule applies.
→2 →2
0
() H 0 () lim () 0 (2) 15 3
→2
lim = lim 0 = 0
= 0 = =−
→2 () →2 () lim () (2) −1 2
→2
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°
666 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
7. and = − 1 are differentiable and 0 = 6= 0 on an open interval that contains 0. lim () = 0 and lim () = 0,
→0 →0
so we have the indeterminate form 0
0
and can apply l’Hospital’s Rule.
() H 0 () 1
lim = lim = =1
→0 − 1 →0 1
Note that lim 0 () = 1 since the graph of has the same slope as the line = at = 0.
→0
−3 −3 1 1 1
8. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = lim = =
→3 2 − 9 →3 ( + 3)( − 3) →3 + 3 3+3 6
Note: Alternatively, we could apply l’Hospital’s Rule.
2 − 2 − 8 ( − 4)( + 2)
9. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = lim ( + 2) = 4 + 2 = 6
→4 −4 →4 −4 →4
Note: Alternatively, we could apply l’Hospital’s Rule.
3 + 8 H 32
10. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = 3(−2)2 = 12
→−2 +2 →−2 1
Note: Alternatively, we could factor and simplify.
7 − 1 H 76 7
11. This limit has the form 00 . lim 3
= lim =
→1 −1 →1 32 3
Note: Alternatively, we could factor and simplify.
12. This limit has the form 0
0
.
√ √ √
−2 −2 +2 −4 1 1 1
lim = lim ·√ = lim √ = lim √ = √ =
→4 −4 →4 − 4 + 2 →4 ( − 4) + 2 →4 +2 4+2 4
Note: Alternatively, we could apply l’Hospital’s Rule.
√ √
2 2 √
sin − cos H cos + sin +
13. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = lim 2 2 = 2
√ 2
→4 tan − 1 →4 sec2 →4
2 2
tan 3 H 3 sec2 3 3(1)2 3
14. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = =
→0 sin 2 →0 2 cos 2 2(1) 2
2 − 1 H 22 2(1)
15. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = =2
→0 sin →0 cos 1
2 H 2 2 2
16. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = lim = =2
→0 1 − cos →0 sin →0 (sin ) 1
sin( − 1) H cos( − 1) cos 0 1
17. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = =
→1 3 + − 2 →1 32 + 1 3(1)2 + 1 4
1 + cos 1 + (−1) 0
18. The limit can be evaluated by substituting for . lim = = =0
→ 1 − cos 1 − (−1) 2
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°
SECTION 6.8 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ¤ 667
√ 1
√
1
= lim 2 = lim
H
19. This limit has the form ∞
∞
. lim √ =0
→∞ 1 + →∞ →∞ · 2
+ 2 H 1 + 2 H 2 1
20. This limit has the form ∞ . →∞
∞
lim = lim = lim =− .
1 − 22 →∞ −4 →∞ −4 2
1
+ 2 +1 0+1 1
A better method is to divide the numerator and the denominator by : lim = lim = 2
=− .
→∞ 1 − 22 →∞ 1 0−2 2
−2
2
21. lim [(ln )] = −∞ since ln → −∞ as → 0+ and dividing by small values of just increases the magnitude of the
→0+
quotient (ln ). L’Hospital’s Rule does not apply.
√ 1
1
ln 2 ln H 2 1
22. This limit has the form ∞.
∞
lim = lim = lim = = lim =0
→∞ 2 →∞ 2 →∞ 2 →∞ 42
ln(3) H 1(3) · (13) 1 1
23. This limit has the form 0
0
. lim = lim = lim − =−
→3 3 − →3 −1 →3 3
8 − 5 H 8 ln 8 − 5 ln 5 8
24. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = ln 8 − ln 5 = ln
→0 →0 1 5
25. This limit has the form 00 .
√ √
1 + 2 − 1 − 4 H 1
(1 + 2)−12 · 2 − 12 (1 − 4)−12 (−4)
lim = lim 2
→0 →0 1
1 2 1 2
= lim √ +√ = √ +√ =3
→0 1 + 2 1 − 4 1 1
26. This limit has the form ∞.
∞
10
10 H · 1
H 10 · 1
H 10 · 1
lim = lim 10
= 1
lim
30 →∞
10
= 1
lim
600 →∞
10
= 1
lim 10
6000 →∞
=∞
→∞ 3 →∞ 32 2 1
+ − − 2 H − − H + − 1+1
27. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = lim = =2
→0 − − 1 →0 − 1 →0 1
sinh − H cosh − 1 H sinh H cosh 1
28. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = lim = lim =
→0 3 →0 32 →0 6 →0 6 6
tanh H sech 2 sech2 0 1
29. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim 2
= = =1
→0 tan →0 sec sec2 0 1
30. This limit has the form 00 .
cos
− sin H 1 − cos H −(− sin ) 1 sin
lim = lim = lim = − lim sin
→0 − tan →0 1 − sec2 →0 −2 sec (sec tan ) 2 →0 sec2
= − 12 lim cos3 = − 12 (1)3 = − 12
→0
sin
1−
Another method is to write the limit as lim .
→0 tan
1−
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°
668 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
√
sin−1 H 1 1 − 2 1 1
31. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = lim √ = =1
→0 →0 1 →0 1 − 2 1
(ln )2 H 2(ln )(1) ln H 1
32. This limit has the form ∞
∞
. lim = lim = 2 lim = 2 lim = 2(0) = 0
→∞ →∞ 1 →∞ →∞ 1
3 H 3 ln 3 + 3 3 ( ln 3 + 1) ln 3 + 1 1
33. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = lim = lim =
→0 3 − 1 →0 3 ln 3 →0 3 ln 3 →0 ln 3 ln 3
34. This limit has the form 0
0
.
+ − − 2 cos H − − + 2 sin H + − + 2 cos 1+1+2 4
lim = lim = lim = = =2
→0 sin →0 cos + sin →0 − sin + cos + cos 0+1+1 2
ln(1 + ) ln 1 0
35. This limit can be evaluated by substituting 0 for . lim = = =0
→0 cos + − 1 1+1−1 1
sin( − 1) H cos( − 1) + sin( − 1) cos 0 1
36. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = =
→1 22 − − 1 →1 4 − 1 4−1 3
37. This limit has the form 0
∞
, so l’Hospital’s Rule doesn’t apply. As → 0+ , arctan 2 → 0 and ln → −∞,
arctan 2
so lim = 0.
→0+ ln
38. This limit has the form 00 .
2 sin H 2 cos + 2 sin H −2 sin + 2 cos + 2 cos + 2 sin
lim = lim = lim
→0 sin − →0 cos − 1 →0 − sin
(2 − 2 ) sin + 4 cos
= lim
→0 − sin
H (2 − 2 ) cos − 2 sin − 4 sin + 4 cos 2(1) − 0 − 0 + 4(1)
= lim = = −6
→0 − cos −1
− 1 H −1 (1)
39. This limit has the form 00 . lim [for 6= 0] = lim = =
→1 − 1 →1 −1 (1)
− H −− 1 + 2 H 2 H 2
40. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = lim = lim = lim = 0
→∞ (2) − tan−1 →∞ 1 →∞ →∞ →∞
−
1 + 2
41. This limit has the form 00 .
cos − 1 + 12 2 H − sin + H − cos + 1 H sin H cos 1
lim = lim = lim = lim = lim =
→0 4 →0 43 →0 122 →0 24 →0 24 24
42. This limit has the form 00 .
− sin H 1 − cos 1 − cos
lim = lim = lim
→0 sin(2 ) →0 cos(2 ) · 2 + sin(2 ) →0 22 cos(2 ) + sin(2 )
H sin sin
= lim = lim
→0 22 [− sin(2 ) · 2] + cos(2 ) · 4 + cos(2 ) · 2 →0 6 cos(2 ) − 43 sin(2 )
H cos 1 1
= lim = =
→0 6 [− sin(2 ) · 2] + cos(2 ) · 6 − 43 cos(2 ) · 2 − sin(2 ) · 122 0+1·6−0−0 6
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°
SECTION 6.8 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ¤ 669
43. This limit has the form ∞ · 0. We’ll change it to the form 00 .
sin() H cos()(−2 )
lim sin() = lim = lim = lim cos() = (1) =
→∞ →∞ 1 →∞ −12 →∞
44. This limit has the form ∞ · 0. We’ll change it to the form ∞.
∞
√ 1 −12
√ −2 H 1
lim = lim = lim 21 2 = lim √ 2 = 0
→∞ →∞ 2 →∞ →∞
2
sin 5 H 5 cos 5 5·1 5
45. This limit has the form 0 · ∞. We’ll change it to the form 00 . lim sin 5 csc 3 = lim = lim = =
→0 →0 sin 3 →0 3 cos 3 3·1 3
46. This limit has the form (−∞) · 0.
1 1 1
ln 1 − ·
1 H 1 − 1 2 −1 −1
lim ln 1 − = lim = lim = lim = = −1
→−∞ →−∞ 1 →−∞ 1 →−∞ 1 1
− 2 1−
2 3 H 32 3 H 3
47. This limit has the form ∞ · 0. lim 3 − = lim 2 = lim 2 = lim 2 = lim 2 = 0
→∞ →∞ →∞ 2 →∞ 2 →∞ 4
48. This limit has the form ∞ · 0.
sin(1) 1 sin 1
lim 32 sin(1) = lim 12 · = lim √ [where = 1] = ∞ since as → 0+ , √ → ∞
→∞ →∞ 1 →0+
sin
and → 1.
49. This limit has the form 0 · (−∞).
ln H 1 1 2
lim ln tan(2) = lim = lim = =−
→1+ →1+ cot(2) →1+ (−2) csc2 (2) (−2)(1)2
cos H − sin −1 1
50. This limit has the form 0 · ∞. lim cos sec 5 = lim = lim = =
→(2)− →(2)− cos 5 →(2)− −5 sin 5 −5 5
51. This limit has the form ∞ − ∞.
1 ln − ( − 1) H (1) + ln − 1 ln
lim − = lim = lim = lim
→1 −1 ln →1 ( − 1) ln →1 ( − 1)(1) + ln →1 1 − (1) + ln
H 1 2 1 1
= lim · 2 = lim = =
→1 12 + 1 →1 1 + 1+1 2
1 cos 1 − cos H sin
52. This limit has the form ∞ − ∞. lim (csc − cot ) = lim − = lim = lim =0
→0 →0 sin sin →0 sin →0 cos
53. This limit has the form ∞ − ∞.
1 1 − 1 − H − 1 H 1 1
lim − = lim
= lim
= lim = =
→0 + +
−1 ( − 1)
→0+ →0+ →0 + − 1
+ + 0+1+1 2
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°
670 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
54. This limit has the form ∞ − ∞.
1 1 tan−1 − H 1(1 + 2 ) − 1 1 − (1 + 2 )
lim − = lim = lim = lim
→0+ tan−1 →0+ tan−1 →0+ (1 + 2 ) + tan−1
→0 + + (1 + 2 ) tan−1
−2 H −2
= lim = lim
→0+ + (1 + 2 ) tan−1 →0+ 1 + (1 + 2 )(1(1 + 2 )) + (tan−1 )(2)
−2 0
= lim = =0
→0+ 2 + 2 tan−1 2+0
55. This limit has the form ∞ − ∞.
1 1 tan − H sec2 − 1 H 2 sec · sec tan
lim − = lim = lim = lim
→0+ tan →0+ tan →0+ sec2 + tan →0+ · 2 sec · sec tan + sec2 + sec2
0
= =0
0+1+1
56. The limit has the form ∞ − ∞ and we will change the form to a product by factoring out .
ln ln H 1
lim ( − ln ) = lim 1 − = ∞ since lim = lim = 0.
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞ 1
√ √
57. =
⇒ ln = ln , so
√ ln H 1 √
lim ln = lim ln = lim −12
= lim 1 −32 = −2 lim+ =0 ⇒
→0+ →0+ →0+ →0 −
+
2
→0
√
lim = lim ln = 0 = 1.
→0+ →0+
58. = (tan 2) ⇒ ln = · ln tan 2, so
ln tan 2 H (1 tan 2)(2 sec2 2) −22 cos 2
lim ln = lim · ln tan 2 = lim = lim 2
= lim 2
→0+ →0+ →0+ 1 →0+ −1 →0 sin 2 cos 2
+
2 −
= lim · lim =1·0=0 ⇒
→0+ sin 2 →0+ cos 2
lim (tan 2) = lim ln = 0 = 1.
→0+ →0+
1 ln(1 − 2) H −2(1 − 2)
59. = (1 − 2)1 ⇒ ln = ln(1 − 2), so lim ln = lim = lim = −2 ⇒
→0 →0 →0 1
lim (1 − 2)1 = lim ln = −2 .
→0 →0
60. = 1+ ⇒ ln = ln 1 + , so
1
− 2
ln(1 + ) H 1 +
lim ln = lim = lim = lim = ⇒
→∞ →∞ 1 →∞ −12 →∞ 1 +
lim 1 + = lim ln = .
→∞ →∞
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°
SECTION 6.8 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ¤ 671
1 1 ln H 1
61. = 1(1−) ⇒ ln = ln , so lim ln = lim ln = lim = lim = −1 ⇒
1− →1 + →1 + 1 − →1 + 1 − →1 + −1
1
lim 1(1−) = lim ln = −1 = .
→1+ →1+
1
62. = ( + 10)1 ⇒ ln = ln( + 10), so
1
· ( + 10)
1 ln( + 10) H + 10
lim ln = lim ln( + 10) = lim = lim
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞ 1
+ 10 H H
= lim = lim = lim = lim (1) = 1 ⇒
→∞ + 10 →∞ + 10 →∞ →∞
lim ( + 10)1 = lim ln = 1 =
→∞ →∞
ln H 1
63. = 1 ⇒ ln = (1) ln ⇒ lim ln = lim = lim =0 ⇒
→∞ →∞ →∞ 1
lim 1 = lim ln = 0 = 1
→∞ →∞
− ln H 1 1
64. = ⇒ ln = − ln ⇒ lim ln = lim = lim = lim =0 ⇒
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞
−
lim = lim ln = 0 = 1
→∞ →∞
4
cot ln(4 + 1) H 4 +1 = 4 ⇒
65. = (4 + 1) ⇒ ln = cot ln(4 + 1), so lim ln = lim = lim 2
→0+ →0+ tan →0+ sec
lim (4 + 1)cot = lim ln = 4 .
→0+ →0+
66. = (1 − cos )sin ⇒ ln = sin ln(1 − cos ), so
1
· sin
ln(1 − cos ) H 1 − cos
lim ln = lim sin ln(1 − cos ) = lim = lim
→0+ →0+ →0+ csc →0+ − csc cot
2
sin sin sin
= − lim = − lim ·
→0+ (1 − cos ) csc cot
2
→0+ csc cot − cot sin2
sin3 sin3
= − lim = − lim
→0+ cos − cos2 →0+ (1 − cos ) cos
H 3 sin2 cos 3 sin cos 0
= − lim = − lim =− =0 ⇒
→0+ (1 − cos )(− sin ) + cos (sin ) →0+ (cos − 1) + cos 0+1
lim (1 − cos )sin = lim ln = 0 = 1
→0+ →0+
1
67. = (1 + sin 3)1 ⇒ ln = ln(1 + sin 3) ⇒
ln(1 + sin 3) H [1(1 + sin 3)] · 3 cos 3 3 cos 3 3·1
lim ln = lim = lim = lim = =3 ⇒
→0+ →0+ →0+ 1 →0 + 1 + sin 3 1 +0
lim (1 + sin 3)1 = lim ln = 3
→0+ →0+
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°
672 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
2 1
68. = (cos )1 ⇒ ln = ln cos , so
2
1
1 ln cos H · (− sin ) − tan H − sec2 1
lim ln = lim 2 ln cos = lim = lim cos = lim = lim =− ⇒
→0 →0 →0 2 →0 2 →0 2 →0 2 2
2 1
lim (cos )1 = lim ln = −12 = √
→0 →0
− 1
69. The given limit is lim . Note that = ⇒ ln = ln , so
→0+ ln + − 1
1
ln H
lim ln = lim ln = lim = lim = lim (−) = 0 ⇒ lim = lim ln = 0 = 1.
→0+ →0+ →0+ 1 →0+ 1 →0+ →0+ →0+
− 2
Therefore, the numerator of the given limit has limit 1 − 1 = 0 as → 0+ . The denominator of the given limit → −∞ as
− 1
→ 0+ since ln → −∞ as → 0+ . Thus, lim = 0.
→0+ ln + − 1
2+1
2 − 3 2 − 3
70. = ⇒ ln = (2 + 1) ln ⇒
2 + 5 2 + 5
ln(2 − 3) − ln(2 + 5) H 2(2 − 3) − 2(2 + 5) −8(2 + 1)2
lim ln = lim = lim 2
= lim
→∞ →∞ 1(2 + 1) →∞ −2(2 + 1) →∞ (2 − 3)(2 + 5)
2 2+1
−8(2 + 1) 2 − 3
= lim = −8 ⇒ lim = lim ln = −8
→∞ (2 − 3)(2 + 5) →∞ 2 + 5 →∞
71. From the graph, if = 500, ≈ 736. The limit has the form 1∞ .
2 2
Now = 1 + ⇒ ln = ln 1 + ⇒
1 2
− 2
ln(1 + 2) H 1 + 2
lim ln = lim = lim
→∞ →∞ 1 →∞ −12
1
= 2 lim = 2(1) = 2 ⇒
→∞ 1 + 2
2
lim 1+ = lim ln = 2 [≈ 739]
→∞ →∞
72. From the graph, as → 0, ≈ 055. The limit has the form 00 .
5 − 4 H 5 ln 5 − 4 ln 4 ln 5 − ln 4 ln 54
lim = lim = = [≈ 055]
→0 3 − 2
→0 3 ln 3 − 2 ln 2 ln 3 − ln 2 ln 32
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°
SECTION 6.8 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ¤ 673
() 0 ()
73. From the graph, it appears that lim = lim 0 = 025
→0 () →0 ()
() − 1 H 1
We calculate lim = lim 3 = lim 2 = .
→0 () →0 + 4 →0 3 + 4 4
() 0 ()
74. From the graph, it appears that lim = lim 0 = 4. We calculate
→0 () →0 ()
() 2 sin H 2( cos + sin )
lim = lim = lim
→0 () →0 sec − 1 →0 sec tan
H 2(− sin + cos + cos ) 4
= lim = =4
→0 sec (sec2 ) + tan (sec tan ) 1
H H H H
75. lim
= lim −1
= lim −2
= · · · = lim =∞
→∞ →∞ →∞ ( − 1) →∞ !
ln H 1 1
76. This limit has the form ∞
. lim
∞ →∞
= lim = lim = 0 since 0.
→∞ −1 →∞
√
H 1 2 + 1
77. lim √ = lim 1 2 = lim . Repeated applications of l’Hospital’s Rule result in the
→∞ 2
+1 →∞
2 ( + 1)−12 (2) →∞
original limit or the limit of the reciprocal of the function. Another method is to try dividing the numerator and denominator
1 1
by : lim √ = lim = lim = =1
→∞ 2
+1 →∞ 2 2
+ 12 →∞ 1 + 12 1
sec H sec tan tan
78. lim = lim = lim . Repeated applications of l’Hospital’s Rule result in the
→(2)− tan →(2)− sec2 →(2)− sec
original limit or the limit of the reciprocal of the function. Another method is to simplify first:
sec 1cos 1 1
lim = lim = lim = =1
→(2)− tan →(2)− sin cos →(2)− sin 1
79. = () = − A. = B. Intercepts are 0 C. No symmetry
H 1
D. lim − = lim = lim = 0, so = 0 is a HA. lim − = −∞
→∞ →∞ →∞ →−∞
E. 0 () = − − − = − (1 − ) 0 ⇔ 1, so is increasing H.
on (−∞ 1) and decreasing on (1 ∞) F. Absolute and local maximum
value (1) = 1 G. 00 () = − ( − 2) 0 ⇔ 2, so is CU
on (2 ∞) and CD on (−∞ 2). IP at 2 22
ln
80. = () = A. = (0 ∞) B. intercept: none; intercept: () = 0 ⇔ ln = 0 ⇔ = 1
2
ln H 1
C. No symmetry D. lim () = −∞, so = 0 is a VA; lim = lim = 0, so = 0 is a HA.
→0+ →∞ 2 →∞ 2
[continued]
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°
674 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
2 (1) − (ln )(2) (1 − 2 ln ) 1 − 2 ln 0
E. 0 () = = = . () 0 ⇔ 1 − 2 ln 0 ⇔ ln 1
2
⇒
(2 )2 4 3
√ √
0 12 and 0 () 0 ⇒ 12 , so is increasing on 0 and decreasing on ∞ .
12 1
F. Local maximum value (12 ) = = H.
2
3 (−2) − (1 − 2 ln )(32 )
G. 00 () =
(3 )2
2 [−2 − 3(1 − 2 ln )] −5 + 6 ln
= =
6 4
00 () 0 ⇔ −5 + 6 ln 0 ⇔ ln 5
6 ⇒ 56 [ is CU]
and 00 () 0 ⇔ 0 56 [ is CD]. IP at (56 5(653 ))
2
81. = () = − A. = B. Intercepts are 0 C. (−) = − (), so the curve is symmetric
2 H 1
about the origin. D. lim − = lim = lim 2 = 0, so = 0 is a HA.
→±∞ →±∞ 2 →±∞ 2
2 2 2
E. 0 () = − − 22 − = − (1 − 22 ) 0 ⇔ 2 1
2
⇔ || √1 ,
2
so is increasing on − √12 √12
√
and decreasing on −∞ − √12 and √12 ∞ . F. Local maximum value √12 = 1 2, local minimum
√ 2 2 2
value − √12 = −1 2 G. 00 () = −2− (1 − 22 ) − 4− = 2− (22 − 3) 0 ⇔
3
2
or − 32 0, so is CU on 3
2
∞ and H.
− 32 0 and CD on −∞ − 32 and 0 32 .
IP are (0, 0) and ± 32 ± 32 −32 .
82. = () = A. = { | 6= 0} B. No intercept C. No symmetry
H
D. lim = lim = ∞, = lim = 0, so = 0 is a HA. lim = ∞, lim = −∞, so = 0 is a VA.
→∞ →∞ 1 →−∞ →0+ →0−
−
E. 0 () = 0 ⇔ ( − 1) 0 ⇔ 1, so is increasing on (1 ∞), and decreasing
2
on (−∞ 0) and (0 1). F. (1) = is a local minimum value. H.
2 ( ) − 2( − ) (2 − 2 + 2)
G. 00 () = 4
= 0 ⇔ 0
3
since 2 − 2 + 2 0 for all . So is CU on (0 ∞) and CD on (−∞ 0).
No IP
1
83. = () = + ln A. = (0 ∞) [same as ln ] B. No intercept; no intercept [1 |ln | on (0 1), and 1
and ln are both positive on (1 ∞)] C. No symmetry D. lim () = ∞, so = 0 is a VA.
→0+
[continued]
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°
SECTION 6.8 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ¤ 675
1 1 −1
E. 0 () = − + = . 0 () 0 for 1, so is increasing on H.
2 2
(1 ∞) and is decreasing on (0 1).
2 1 2−
F. Local minimum value (1) = 1 G. 00 () = − 2 = .
3 3
00 () 0 for 0 2, so is CU on (0 2), and is CD on (2 ∞).
IP at 2 12 + ln 2
84. = () = (2 − 3)− A. = B. intercept: (0) = −3; intercepts: () = 0 ⇔ 2 − 3 = 0 ⇔
√ 2 − 3 H 2 H 2
= ± 3 C. No symmetry D. lim (2 − 3)− = lim = lim = lim = 0, so = 0 is a HA.
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞
E. 0 () = (2 − 3)(−− ) + − (2) = −− [(2 − 3) − 2] = −− ( − 3)( + 1). 0 () 0 ⇔ −1 3
and 0 () 0 ⇔ −1 or 3, so is increasing on (−1 3) and decreasing on (−∞ −1) and (3 ∞).
F. Local maximum value (3) = 6−3 ; local minimum value (−1) = −2
G. 00 () = (−− )(2 − 2) + (2 − 2 − 3)(− ) = − [−(2 − 2) + (2 − 2 − 3)] = − (2 − 4 − 1).
√ √ √
00 () = 0 ⇔ = 4 ±2 20 = 2 ± 5, so 00 () 0 ⇔ 2 − 5 or H.
√ √ √
2 + 5 and 00 () 0 ⇔ 2 − 5 2 + 5, so is CU on
√ √ √ √
−∞ 2 − 5 and 2 + 5 ∞ and is CD on 2 − 5 2 + 5 .
√ √
IP at 2 − 5 2 − 5 ≈ (−024 −373) and
√ √
2 + 5 2 + 5 ≈ (424 022)
85. (a) () = −
ln
(b) = () = − . We note that ln () = ln − = − ln = − , so
1
H 1
lim ln () = lim − = lim = 0. Thus lim () = lim ln () = 0 = 1.
→0+ →0+ −−2 →0+ →0+ →0+
(c) From the graph, it appears that there is a local and absolute maximum of about (037) ≈ 144. To find the exact value, we
1
differentiate: () = − = − ln ⇒ 0 () = − ln − + ln (−1) = −− (1 + ln ). This is 0 only
when 1 + ln = 0 ⇔ = −1 . Also 0 () changes from positive to negative at −1 . So the maximum value is
(1) = (1)−1 = 1 .
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°
676 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
(d) We differentiate again to get
00 () = −− (1) + (1 + ln )2 (− ) = − [(1 + ln )2 − 1]
From the graph of 00 (), it seems that 00 () changes from negative to
positive at = 1, so we estimate that has an IP at = 1.
86. (a) () = (sin )sin is continuous where sin 0, that is, on intervals
of the form (2 (2 + 1)), so we have graphed on (0 ).
(b) = (sin )sin ⇒ ln = sin ln sin , so
ln sin H cot
lim ln = lim sin ln sin = lim = lim
→0+ →0+ →0+ csc →0+ − csc cot
= lim (− sin ) = 0 ⇒ lim = 0 = 1
→0+ →0+
(c) It appears that we have a local maximum at (157 1) and local minima at (038 069) and (276 069).
0 cos
= (sin )sin ⇒ ln = sin ln sin ⇒ = (sin ) + (ln sin ) cos = cos (1 + ln sin ) ⇒
sin
0 = (sin )sin (cos )(1 + ln sin ). 0 = 0 ⇒ cos = 0 or ln sin = −1 ⇒ 2 =
2
or sin = −1 .
On (0 ), sin = −1 ⇒ 1 = sin−1 (−1 ) and 3 = − sin−1 (−1 ). Approximating these points gives us
(1 (1 )) ≈ (03767 06922), (2 (2 )) ≈ (15708 1), and (3 (3 )) ≈ (27649 06922). The approximations
confirm our estimates.
(d) From the graph, we see that 00 () = 0 at ≈ 094 and ≈ 220.
Since 00 changes sign at these values, they are xcoordinates of inflection
points.
87. (a) () = 1
ln
(b) Recall that = ln . lim 1 = lim (1) ln . As → 0+ , → −∞, so 1 = (1) ln → 0. This
→0+ →0+
indicates that there is a hole at (0 0). As → ∞, we have the indeterminate form ∞0 . lim 1 = lim (1) ln ,
→∞ →∞
ln H 1
but lim = lim = 0, so lim 1 = 0 = 1. This indicates that = 1 is a HA.
→∞ →∞ 1 →∞
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°
SECTION 6.8 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ¤ 677
(c) Estimated maximum: (272 145). No estimated minimum. We use logarithmic differentiation to find any critical
1 0 1 1 1 1 − ln
numbers. = 1 ⇒ ln = lnx ⇒ = · + (ln ) − 2 ⇒ 0 = 1 =0 ⇒
2
ln = 1 ⇒ = . For 0 , 0 0 and for , 0 0, so () = 1 is a local maximum value. This
point is approximately (27183 14447), which agrees with our estimate.
(d) From the graph, we see that 00 () = 0 at ≈ 058 and ≈ 437. Since 00
changes sign at these values, they are coordinates of inflection points.
88. The first figure shows representative examples
of () = − with odd. is even in the
second figure. All curves pass through the
origin and approach = 0 as → ∞.
( − )
0 () = = 0 ⇔ = or = 0 (the latter for 1). At = 0, we have a local minimum for even.
At = , we have a local maximum for all . As increases, ( ()) gets farther away from the origin.
2 − 2 + 2 − √
00 () = = 0 ⇔ = ± or = 0 (the latter for 2). As increases, the IP move
2
farther away from the origin—they are symmetric about the line = .
89. () = − ⇒ 0 () = − = 0 ⇔ = ⇔ = ln , 0. 00 () = 0, so is CU on
H
(−∞ ∞). lim ( − ) = lim − = 1 . Now lim = lim = ∞, so 1 = ∞, regardless
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞ 1
of the value of . For = lim ( − ), → 0, so is determined
→−∞
by −. If 0, − → ∞, and = ∞. If 0, − → −∞, and
= −∞. Thus, has an absolute minimum for 0. As increases, the
minimum points (ln − ln ) get farther away from the origin.
90. (a) lim = lim 1 − − = lim 1 − − = (1 − 0) [because − → −∞ as → ∞]
→∞ →∞ →∞
= , which is the speed the object approaches as time goes on, the socalled limiting velocity.
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°
678 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1 − −
(b) lim = lim (1 − − ) = lim [form is 00 ]
→0+ →0+ →0+
H (−− ) · (−)
= lim = lim − = (1) =
→0+ 1 →0+
The velocity of a falling object in a vacuum is directly proportional to the amount of time it falls.
91. First we will find lim 1+ , which is of the form 1∞ . = 1 + ⇒ ln = ln 1 + , so
→∞
ln(1 + ) H −2
lim ln = lim ln 1 + = lim = lim = lim = ⇒
→∞ →∞ →∞ 1 →∞ (1 + )(−12 ) →∞ 1 +
lim = . Thus, as → ∞, = 0 1 + → 0 .
→∞
2
1 − 10− 1 − 10−045
92. (a) = 3, = 005 ⇒ = 2
= ≈ 062, or about 62%.
ln 10 045 ln 10
1 − 10−02
(b) = 2, = 005 ⇒ = ≈ 080, or about 80%.
02 ln 10
Yes, it makes sense. Since measured brightness decreases with light entering farther from the center of the pupil, a smaller
pupil radius means that the average brightness measurements are higher than when including light entering at larger radii.
2 2
1 − 10− H −10− (ln 10)(−2) 1
(c) lim = lim 2
= lim = lim 2 = 1, or 100%.
→0+ →0+ ln 10 →0+ 2(ln 10) →0+ 10
We might expect that 100% of the brightness is sensed at the very center of the pupil, so a limit of 1 would make sense in
this context if the radius could approach 0. This result isn’t physically possible because there are limitations on how
small the pupil can shrink.
93. (a) lim () = lim = =
→∞ →∞ 1 + − 1+·0
It is to be expected that a population that is growing will eventually reach the maximum population size that can be
supported.
H 1
(b) lim () = lim = lim = lim = 0
→∞ →∞ − 0 − →∞ →∞ 1 −
1+ 1+ − 1 −
0 0 0
0 is an exponential function.
2 1
2 1
94. (a) lim = lim − ln 2
= − lim ln = −2 · 2 · ln 1 = − · 0 = 0
→+ → + →+
As the insulation of a metal cable becomes thinner, the velocity of an electrical impulse in the cable approaches zero.
2
(b) lim = lim − ln = − 2 lim 2 ln [form is 0 · ∞]
→0+ →0+ →0+
1
ln · 2
H
= − 2 lim [form is ∞∞] = − 2 lim = − 2 lim − =0
→0+ 1 →0+ −2 →0+ 2
2 3
As the radius of the metal cable approaches zero, the velocity of an electrical impulse in the cable approaches zero.
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°
SECTION 6.8 INDETERMINATE FORMS AND L’HOSPITAL’S RULE ¤ 679
2 2
√ √
1
2 3
+1 H 3 + 1 1
95. lim 2 √ = lim 0
form 00 = lim = lim √ =1
→0 0
3
+1 →0 2 →0 2 →0 3
+1
ln(1 + )
1 ln(1 + ) H
= lim 1 +
H
96. lim 2 ln(1 + ) = lim 0
form ∞
∞
= lim
→∞ 0 →∞ 2 →∞ 2 →∞ 2
1 1 1
= lim = lim = lim = =
→∞ 2(1 + ) →∞ 2(1 + ) →∞ 1 2(0 + 1) 2
2 +1
97. Both numerator and denominator approach 0 as → 0, so we use l’Hospital’s Rule (and FTC1):
() 0
sin(22) H sin(22) H cos(22)
lim = lim = lim = lim = · cos 0 =
→0 3 →0 3 →0 32 →0 6 6 6
98. Both numerator and denominator approach 0 as → 0, so we use l’Hospital’s Rule. (Note that we are differentiating with
respect to , since that is the quantity which is changing.) We also use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1:
2 2 2
0
−( − ) (4) H −( − ) (4) − (4)
lim ( ) = lim √ = lim √ = √
→0 →0 4 →0 4 4
99. We see that both numerator and denominator approach 0, so we can use l’Hospital’s Rule:
√ √
23 − 4 − 3 H
1
2
(23 − 4 )−12 (23 − 43 ) − 13 ()−23 2
lim √ = lim
→ 4
− 3 → − 14 (3 )−34 (32 )
1 3
2 (2 − 4 )−12 (23 − 43 ) − 13 3 (2 )−23
=
− 14 (3 )−34 (32 )
(4 )−12 (−3 ) − 13 3 (3 )−23 − − 13
= 3 3 4 −34 = 3 = 43 43 = 16
9
− 4 ( ) −4
100. Let the radius of the circle be . We see that () is the area of the whole figure (a sector of the circle with radius 1), minus
the area of 4 . But the area of the sector of the circle is 12 2 (see Reference Page 1), and the area of the triangle is
1
2
| | = 12 ( sin ) = 12 2 sin . So we have () = 12 2 − 12 2 sin = 12 2 ( − sin ). Now by elementary
trigonometry, () = 1
2 || | | = 12 ( − ||) | | = 12 ( − cos )( sin ) = 12 2 (1 − cos ) sin .
So the limit we want is
1 2
() 2
( − sin ) H 1 − cos
lim = lim 1 2 = lim
→0+ () →0+ 2
(1 − cos ) sin →0+ (1 − cos ) cos + sin (sin )
1 − cos H sin
= lim = lim
→0+ cos − cos2 + sin2 →0+ − sin − 2 cos (− sin ) + 2 sin (cos )
sin 1 1 1
= lim = lim = =
→0+ − sin + 4 sin cos →0+ −1 + 4 cos −1 + 4 cos 0 3
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°
680 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1+ 1
101. The limit, = lim − 2 ln = lim − 2 ln + 1 . Let = 1, so as → ∞, → 0+ .
→∞ →∞
1
1−
1 1 − ln( + 1) H + 1 = lim ( + 1) = lim 1 1
= lim − 2 ln( + 1) = lim = lim =
→0+ →0+ 2 →0+ 2 →0+ 2 →0+ 2 ( + 1) 2
Note: Starting the solution by factoring out or 2 leads to a more complicated solution.
102. = [ ()]() ⇒ ln = () ln (). Since is a positive function, ln () is defined. Now
lim ln = lim () ln () = −∞ since lim () = ∞ and lim () = 0 ⇒ lim ln () = −∞. Thus, if = ln ,
→ → → → →
lim = lim = 0. Note that the limit, lim () ln (), is not of the form ∞ · 0.
→ →−∞ →
103. (a) We look for functions and whose individual limits are ∞ as → 0, but whose quotient has a limit of 7 as → 0.
7 1
One such pair of functions is () = and () = 2 . We have lim () = lim () = ∞, and
2 →0 →0
() 72
lim = lim = lim 7 = 7
→0 () →0 12 →0
(b) We look for functions and whose individual limits are ∞ as → 0, but whose difference has a limit of 7 as → 0.
1 1
One such pair of functions is () =+ 7 and () = 2 . We have lim () = lim () = ∞, and
2 →0 →0
1 1
lim [ () − ()] = lim + 7 − 2 = lim 7 = 7
→0 →0 2 →0
sin 2 sin 2 + 3 + H 2 cos 2 + 32 +
104. = lim ++ 2 = lim = lim . As → 0, 32 → 0, and
→0 3 →0 3 →0 32
(2 cos 2 + 32 + ) → + 2, so the last limit exists only if + 2 = 0, that is, = −2. Thus,
2 cos 2 + 32 − 2 H −4 sin 2 + 6 H −8 cos 2 + 6 6 − 8
lim = lim = lim = , which is equal to 0 if and only
→0 32 →0 6 →0 6 6
if = 43 . Hence, = 0 if and only if = −2 and = 43 .
() 1
105. (a) We show that lim = 0 for every integer ≥ 0. Let = 2 . Then
→0
2
() −1 H −1 H H !
lim = lim = lim = lim = · · · = lim = 0 ⇒
→0 2 →0 (2 ) →∞ →∞ →∞
() () () () − (0) ()
lim = lim 2 = lim lim 2 = 0. Thus, 0 (0) = lim = lim = 0.
→0 →0 →0 →0 →0 −0 →0
(b) Using the Chain Rule and the Quotient Rule we see that () () exists for 6= 0. In fact, we prove by induction that for
each ≥ 0, there is a polynomial and a nonnegative integer with () () = () () for 6= 0. This is
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 681
true for = 0; suppose it is true for the th derivative. Then 0 () = ()(23 ), so
(+1) () = [0 () () + () 0 ()] − −1 () () −2
= 0 () + ()(23 ) − −1 () ()−2
= +3 0 () + 2 () − +2 () ()−(2 +3)
which has the desired form.
Now we show by induction that () (0) = 0 for all . By part (a), 0 (0) = 0. Suppose that () (0) = 0. Then
() () − () (0) () () () () () ()
(+1) (0) = lim = lim = lim = lim
→0 −0 →0 →0 →0 +1
()
= lim () lim = (0) · 0 = 0 [by part (a)]
→0 →0 +1
106. (a) For to be continuous, we need lim () = (0) = 1. We note that for 6= 0, ln () = ln || = ln ||.
→0
ln || H 1
So lim ln () = lim ln || = lim = lim = 0. Therefore, lim () = lim ln () = 0 = 1.
→0 →0 →0 1 →0 −12 →0 →0
So is continuous at 0.
(b) From the graphs, it appears that is differentiable at 0.
0 () 1
(c) To find 0 , we use logarithmic differentiation: ln () = ln || ⇒ = + ln || ⇒
()
0 () = ()(1 + ln ||) = || (1 + ln ||), 6= 0. Now 0 () → −∞ as → 0 [since || → 1 and
(1 + ln ||) → −∞], so the curve has a vertical tangent at (0 1) and is therefore not differentiable there.
The fact cannot be seen in the graphs in part (b) because ln || → −∞ very slowly as → 0.
6 Review
1. True. If is onetoone, with domain , then −1 ( (6)) = 6 by the first cancellation equation [see (6.1.4)].
1 1
2. False. By Theorem 6.1.7, ( −1 )0 (6) = , not 0 unless −1 (6) = 6.
0 ( −1 (6)) (6)
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°
682 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
3. False. For example, cos 2 = cos − 2 , so cos is not 11.
4. False. It is true that tan 3
4
= −1, but since the range of tan−1 is − 2 2 , we must have tan−1 (−1) = − 4 .
5. True. The function = ln is increasing on (0 ∞), so if 0 , then ln ln .
√ √
6. True. Since = ln , 5
= 5 ln
.
7. True. We can divide by since 6= 0 for every .
8. False. For example, ln(1 + 1) = ln 2, but ln 1 + ln 1 = 0. In fact ln + ln = ln().
9. False. Let = . Then (ln )6 = (ln )6 = 16 = 1, but 6 ln = 6 ln = 6 · 1 = 6 6= 1 = (ln )6 . What is true, however,
is that ln(6 ) = 6 ln for 0.
10. False. (10 ) = 10 ln 10, which is not equal to 10−1 .
11. False. ln 10 is a constant, so its derivative, (ln 10), is 0, not 1
10
.
12. True. = 3 ⇒ ln = 3 ⇒ = 1
3 ln ⇒ the inverse function is = 1
3 ln .
13. False. The “−1” is not an exponent; it is an indication of an inverse function.
14. False. For example, tan−1 20 is defined; sin−1 20 and cos−1 20 are not.
15. True. See Figure 2 in Section 6.7.
10
10
16. True. − = − ln || 1 = − ln 10 + ln 1 = ln 10−1 + 0 = ln 10
1
1
16
16 16
17. True. = ln || 2 = ln 16 − ln 2 = ln = ln 8 = ln 23 = 3 ln 2
2 2
tan 0
18. False. L’Hospital’s Rule does not apply since lim = = 0.
→ − 1 − cos 2
1
19. False. Let () = 1 + and () = . Then lim () = 1 and lim () = ∞, but
→∞ →∞
1
lim [ ()]() = lim 1 + = , not 1.
→∞ →∞
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 683
1. No. is not 11 because the graph of fails the Horizontal Line Test.
2. (a) is onetoone because it passes the Horizontal Line Test.
(b) When = 2, ≈ 02. So −1 (2) ≈ 02.
(c) The range of is [−1 35], which is the same as the domain of −1 .
(d) We reflect the graph of through the line = to obtain the graph of −1 .
1 1 1
3. (a) −1 (3) = 7 since (7) = 3. (b) ( −1 )0 (3) = = 0 =
0 ( −1 (3)) (7) 8
2 + 3
4. We write = and solve for : (1 − 5) = 2 + 3 ⇒ − 5 = 2 + 3 ⇒ − 3 = 2 + 5 ⇒
1 − 5
−3 −3 −3
− 3 = (2 + 5) ⇒ = . Interchanging and gives = , so −1 () = .
2 + 5 2 + 5 2 + 5
5. 6.
= 5 − 1 = − = −−
7. Reflect the graph of = ln about the axis to 8. = ln( + 5). Start with the graph of = ln and shift
obtain the graph of = − ln . 5 units to the left.
= ln = ln( + 5)
= ln = −ln
9.
= 2 arctan
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°
684 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
10. We have seen that if 1, then for sufficiently large . (See Exercise 6.2.20.) In general, we could show that
lim = ∞ by using l’Hospital’s Rule repeatedly. Also, log increases much more slowly than either or .
→∞
[Compare the graph of log with those of and , or use l’Hospital’s Rule to show that lim (log ) = 0.]
→∞
So for large , log .
2
11. (a) 2 ln 5 = ln 5 = 52 = 25
(b) log6 4 + log6 54 = log6 (4 · 54) = log6 216 = log6 63 = 3
(c) Let = arcsin 45 , so sin = 45 . Draw a right triangle with angle as shown
in the figure. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the adjacent side has length 3,
4 opp 4
and tan arcsin = tan = = .
5 adj 3
1
12. (a) ln = ln −3 = −3
3
√
2
(b) sin(tan−1 1) = sin =
4 2
−3 1 1
(c) 10−3 log 4 = 10log 4 = 4−3 = =
43 64
13. 2 = 3 ⇒ ln(2 ) = ln 3 ⇒ 2 = ln 3 ⇒ = 1
2 ln 3 ≈ 0549
2 √
14. ln 2 = 5 ⇒ ln = 5 ⇒ 2 = 5 ⇒ = ± 5 ≈ ±12182
15. = 10 ⇒ ln = ln 10 ⇒ = ln 10 ⇒ ln = ln(ln 10) ⇒ = ln(ln 10) ≈ 0834
16. cos−1 = 2 ⇒ cos(cos−1 ) = cos 2 ⇒ = cos 2 ≈ −0416
1 1
17. tan−1 (32 ) = ⇒ tan(tan−1 (32 )) = tan ⇒ 32 = 1 ⇒ 2 = ⇒ = ± √ ≈ ±0577
4 4 3 3
18. ln(1 + − ) = 3 ⇒ 1 + − = 3 ⇒ − = 3 − 1 ⇒ ln − = ln(3 − 1) ⇒ − = ln(3 − 1) ⇒
= − ln(3 − 1)
19. ln − 1 = ln(5 + ) − 4 ⇒ ln − ln(5 + ) = −4 + 1 ⇒ ln = −3 ⇒ ln((5+)) = −3 ⇒
5+
5−3
= −3 ⇒ = 5−3 + −3 ⇒ − −3 = 5−3 ⇒ (1 − −3 ) = 5−3 ⇒ =
5+ 1 − −3
3 5
or, multiplying by , we have = 3 ≈ 0262.
3 −1
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 685
20. log5 ( ) = ⇒ log5 = ⇒ = .
log5
ln 5
Or: log5 ( ) = ⇒ 5 = ⇒ ln 5 = ln ⇒ ln 5 = ln ⇒ = .
ln
1
21. () = 2 ln ⇒ 0 () = 2 · + (ln )(2) = + 2 ln or (1 + 2 ln )
1 + −
22. () = ⇒ 0 () = =
1 + (1 + )2 (1 + )2
23. () = tan 2 ⇒ 0 () = tan 2 · sec2 2 · 2 = 2 sec2 (2) tan 2
√
√ √
1 (ln 10)10
24. () = 10
⇒ 0 () = 10
· ln 10 · √ = √
2 2
25. = ln |sec 5 + tan 5| ⇒
1 5 sec 5 (tan 5 + sec 5)
0 = (sec 5 tan 5 · 5 + sec2 5 · 5) = = 5 sec 5
sec 5 + tan 5 sec 5 + tan 5
26. = cos ⇒
0 = (cos )0 + cos ( )0 = (− sin · ) + cos ( · ) = ( cos − sin )
27. = ln(sec2 ) = 2 ln |sec | ⇒ 0 = (2 sec )(sec tan ) = 2 tan
28. = ln(4 ) ⇒
1 1 1 1 ln(4 ) + 4
0 = [ ln(4 )]−12 [ ln(4 )] = · 1 · ln(4 ) + · 4 · 43 = · [ln(4 ) + 4] =
2 4
2 ln( ) 4
2 ln( ) 2 ln(4 )
√ √
Or: Since y is only defined for 0, we can write = · 4 ln = 2 ln . Then
1 1 ln + 1
0 = 2 · √ · 1 · ln + · = √ . This agrees with our first answer since
2 ln ln
ln(4 ) + 4 4 ln + 4 4(ln + 1) ln + 1
= √ = √ = √ .
2 ln(4 ) 2 · 4 ln 2 · 2 ln ln
0
1 2 (1 )0 − 1 2 2 (1 )(−12 ) − 1 (2) −1 (1 + 2)
29. = ⇒ 0 = = =
2 2
( )2 4 4
1 4 arcsin 2
30. = (arcsin 2)2 ⇒ 0 = 2(arcsin 2) · (arcsin 2)0 = 2 arcsin 2 · ·2= √
1 − (2)2 1 − 42
1 01 1 5 1 5
31. = 5 arctan ⇒ =5· 2 · = − 2 =− 2
1 1 +1
1+ 1+ 2
1 1
32. = sec−1 ⇒ 0 = · √ + sec−1 · 1 = √ + sec−1
2
−1 2
−1
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°
686 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1
33. = 3 ln ⇒ 0 = 3 ln (ln 3) ( ln ) = 3 ln (ln 3) · + ln · 1 = 3 ln (ln 3)(1 + ln )
34. = cos + cos( ) ⇒ 0 = − sin cos − sin( )
35. = tan−1 − 1
2
ln(1 + 2 ) ⇒
1 1 2
0 = · + tan−1 · 1 − = + tan−1 − = tan−1
1 + 2 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + 2
1 2
36. () = log10 (1 + 2 ) ⇒ 0 () = · 2 =
(ln 10)(1 + 2 ) (ln 10)(1 + 2 )
37. = sinh(2 ) ⇒ 0 = cosh(2 ) · 2 + sinh(2 ) · 1 = 22 cosh(2 ) + sinh(2 )
0 1
38. = (cos ) ⇒ ln = ln(cos ) = ln cos ⇒ =· · (− sin ) + ln cos · 1 ⇒
cos
0 = (cos ) (ln cos − tan )
1 1 1 2
39. = ln(arcsin 2 ) ⇒ 0 = · (arcsin 2 ) = · · 2 = √
arcsin 2 arcsin 2 2
1 − ( )2 (arcsin 2 ) 1 − 4
√ 1 1 1
40. = arctan arcsin ⇒ 0 = √ 2 · √1 − · √
1 + arcsin 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
41. = ln + = ln −1 + (ln )−1 = − ln + (ln )−1 ⇒ 0 = −1 · + (−1)(ln )−2 · = − −
ln (ln )2
2
− 4
42. = ln = ln 2 − 4 − ln |2 + 5| ⇒ 0 = 2 − 2
or
2( + 1)( + 4)
2 + 5 2 − 4 2 + 5 ( + 2)( − 2)(2 + 5)
43. = ln(cosh 3) ⇒ 0 = (1 cosh 3)(sinh 3)(3) = 3 tanh 3
(2 + 1)4
44. = ⇒
(2 + 1)3 (3 − 1)5
(2 + 1)4
ln = ln = ln(2 + 1)4 − ln[(2 + 1)3 (3 − 1)5 ] = 4 ln(2 + 1) − [ln(2 + 1)3 + ln(3 − 1)5 ]
(2 + 1)3 (3 − 1)5
= 4 ln(2 + 1) − 3 ln(2 + 1) − 5 ln(3 − 1) ⇒
0 1 1 1 (2 + 1)4 8 6 15
=4· 2 · 2 − 3 · ·2−5· · 3 ⇒ 0 = − − .
+1 2 + 1 3 − 1 (2 + 1)3 (3 − 1)5 2 + 1 2 + 1 3 − 1
(2 + 56 + 9)(2 + 1)3
[The answer could be simplified to 0 = − , but this is unnecessary.]
(2 + 1)4 (3 − 1)6
45. = cosh−1 (sinh ) ⇒ 0 = (cosh ) sinh2 − 1
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 687
√
√ √ 1 1 −1 √
46. = tanh−1 ⇒ 0 = tanh−1 + √ 2 √ = tanh +
1 − ( ) 2 2(1 − )
√
tan 3
47. = cos ⇒
√ √ 0 √ √
0 = − sin tan 3 · tan 3 = − sin tan 3 tan 3 · 12 (tan 3)−12 · sec2 (3) · 3
√ √
−3 sin tan 3 tan 3 sec2 (3)
= √
2 tan 3
1 1 ( + 1)2 1 1 1
48. tan−1 + ln 2 = tan−1 + ln | + 1| − ln(2 + 1)
2 4 +1 2 2 4
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
= + − = − +
2 2 + 1 2+1 4 2 + 1 2 2 + 1 2 + 1 +1
2 2
1 1− 1 1 1− +1
= + = + 2
2 2 + 1 +1 2 (2 + 1)(1 + ) ( + 1)(1 + )
1 2 1
= =
2 (2 + 1)(1 + ) (1 + )(2 + 1)
49. () = () ⇒ 0 () = () 0 ()
50. () = ( ) ⇒ 0 () = 0 ( )
1 0 0 ()
51. () = ln |()| ⇒ 0 () = () =
() ()
1 0 (ln )
52. () = (ln ) ⇒ 0 () = 0 (ln ) · =
53. () = 2 ⇒ 0 () = 2 ln 2 ⇒ 00 () = 2 (ln 2)2 ⇒ ··· ⇒ () () = 2 (ln 2)
54. () = ln(2) = ln 2 + ln ⇒ 0 () = −1 , 00 () = −−2 , 000 () = 2−3 , (4) () = −2 · 3−4 , ,
() () = (−1)−1 ( − 1)! −
55. We first show it is true for = 1: 0 () = + = ( + 1) . We now assume it is true for = :
() () = ( + ) . With this assumption, we must show it is true for = + 1:
()
(+1) () = () = [( + ) ] = + ( + ) = [ + ( + 1)] .
Therefore, () () = ( + ) by mathematical induction.
1 1
56. Using implicit differentiation, = + arctan ⇒ 0 = 1 + 0 ⇒ 0 1 − =1 ⇒
1 + 2 1 + 2
0 2 1 + 2 1
= 1 ⇒ 0 = = 2 + 1.
1 + 2 2
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°
688 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
57. = (2 + )− ⇒ 0 = (2 + )(−− ) + − · 1 = − [−(2 + ) + 1] = − (− − 1). At (0 2), 0 = 1(−1) = −1,
so an equation of the tangent line is − 2 = −1( − 0), or = − + 2.
58. = () = ln ⇒ 0 () = ln + 1, so the slope of the tangent at ( ) is 0 () = 2 and an equation is
− = 2( − ) or = 2 − .
1 ln( + 4)
59. = [ln( + 4)]2 ⇒ 0 = 2[ln( + 4)]1 · ·1=2 and 0 = 0 ⇔ ln( + 4) = 0 ⇔
+4 +4
+ 4 = 0 ⇒ + 4 = 1 ⇔ = −3, so the tangent is horizontal at the point (−3 0).
60. () = sin ⇒ 0 () = [sin (cos )] + sin (1) = sin ( cos + 1). As a check on our work, we notice from the
graphs that 0 () 0 when is increasing. Also, we see in the larger viewing rectangle a certain similarity in the graphs of
and 0 : the sizes of the oscillations of and 0 are linked.
61. (a) The line − 4 = 1 has slope 14 . A tangent to = has slope when 0 = = 14 ⇒ = ln 14 = − ln 4.
1
4
Since = , the coordinate is 1
4
and the point of tangency is − ln 4 14 . Thus, an equation of the tangent line
is − 1
4 = 14 ( + ln 4) or = 14 + 14 (ln 4 + 1).
(b) The slope of the tangent at the point ( ) is = . Thus, an equation of the tangent line is
=
− = ( − ). We substitute = 0, = 0 into this equation, since we want the line to pass through the origin:
0 − = (0 − ) ⇔ − = (−) ⇔ = 1. So an equation of the tangent line at the point ( ) = (1 )
is − = ( − 1) or = .
62. (a) lim () = lim [(− − − )] = lim (− − − ) = (0 − 0) = 0 because − → −∞ and − → −∞
→∞ →∞ →∞
as → ∞.
(b) () = (− − − ) ⇒ 0 () = (− (−) − − (−)) = (−− + − )
ln()
(c) 0 () = 0 ⇔ − = − ⇔ = (−+) ⇔ ln = ( − ) ⇔ =
−
63. lim −3 = 0 since −3 → −∞ as → ∞ and lim = 0.
→∞ →−∞
64. lim ln(100 − 2 ) = −∞ since as → 10− , (100 − 2 ) → 0+ .
→10−
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 689
65. Let = 2( − 3). As → 3− , → −∞. lim 2(−3) = lim = 0
→3− →−∞
66. If = 3 − = (2 − 1), then as → ∞, → ∞. lim arctan(3 − ) = lim arctan =
2
.
→∞ →∞
67. As → 0, cosh → 1, so lim ln(cosh ) = 0.
→0
68. −1 ≤ sin ≤ 1 ⇒ −− ≤ − sin ≤ − . Now lim ±− = 0, so by the Squeeze Theorem,
→∞
lim − sin = 0.
→∞
1 + 2 (1 + 2 )2 12 + 1 0+1
69. lim = lim = lim = = −1
→∞ 1 − 2 →∞ (1 − 2 )2 →∞ 12 − 1 0−1
4 4
4 1 1
70. Let = 4, so = 4. As → ∞, → ∞. lim 1 + = lim 1 + = lim 1 + = 4
→∞ →∞ →∞
− 1 H 1
71. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = =1
→0 tan →0 sec2 1
1 − cos H sin 0
72. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = =0
→0 2 + →0 2 + 1 1
2 − −2 H 22 + 2−2 2+2
73. This limit has the form 00 . lim = lim = =4
→0 ln( + 1) →0 1( + 1) 1
2 − −2 H 22 + 2−2
74. This limit has the form ∞.
∞
lim = lim = lim 2( + 1)(2 + −2 ) = ∞
→∞ ln( + 1) →∞ 1( + 1) →∞
since 2( + 1) → ∞ and (2 + −2 ) → ∞ as → ∞.
75. This limit has the form ∞ · 0.
2 − 3 ∞ H 2 − 32 ∞
lim (2 − 3 )2 = lim −2 ∞
form = lim −2 ∞
form
→−∞ →−∞ →−∞ −2
H 2 − 6 ∞ H −6
∞ form
= lim = lim =0
→−∞ 4−2 →−∞ −8−2
ln H 1
76. This limit has the form 0 · (−∞). lim 2 ln = lim = lim = lim − 12 2 = 0
→0+ →0+ 12 →0+ −23 →0+
77. This limit has the form ∞ − ∞.
1 ln − + 1 H · (1) + ln − 1 ln
lim − = lim = lim = lim
→1+ −1 ln →1+ ( − 1) ln →1+ ( − 1) · (1) + ln →1+ 1 − 1 + ln
H 1 1 1
= lim = =
→1+ 12 + 1 1+1 2
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°
690 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
78. = (tan )cos ⇒ ln = cos ln tan , so
ln tan H (1 tan ) sec2 sec cos 0
lim ln = lim = lim = lim 2
= lim 2 = 2 = 0,
→(2)− →(2)− sec →(2)− sec tan →(2)− tan →(2)− sin 1
so lim (tan )cos = lim ln = 0 = 1.
→(2)− →(2)−
79. = () = sin , − ≤ ≤ A. = [− ] B. intercept: (0) = 0; () = 0 ⇔ sin = 0 ⇒
= −, 0, . C. No symmetry D. No asymptote E. 0 () = cos + sin · = (cos + sin ).
0 () = 0 ⇔ − cos = sin ⇔ −1 = tan ⇒ = − 4 3 4
. 0 () 0 for − 4 3
4
and 0 () 0
for − − 4 and 3
4
, so is increasing on − 4 3
4
and is decreasing on − − 4 and 3 4
.
√
F. Local minimum value − 4 = (− 22)−4 ≈ −032 and H.
3 √ 34
local maximum value 4 = 22 ≈ 746
G. 00 () = (− sin + cos ) + (cos + sin ) = (2 cos ) 0 ⇒
− 2 2 and 00 () 0 ⇒ − − 2 and 2 , so is
CU on − 2 2 , and is CD on − − 2 and 2 . There are inflection
points at − 2 −−2 and 2 2 .
80. = () = sin−1 (1) A. = { | −1 ≤ 1 ≤ 1} = (−∞ −1] ∪ [1 ∞) B. No intercept
C. (−) = −(), symmetric about the origin D. lim sin−1 (1) = sin−1 (0) = 0, so = 0 is a HA.
→±∞
1 1 −1
E. 0 () = − 2 = √ 0, so is decreasing on (−∞ −1) and (1 ∞).
1 − (1)2 4 − 2
F. No local extreme value, but (1) =
2
is the absolute maximum value H.
and (−1) = − 2 is the absolute minimum value.
43 − 2 22 − 1
G. 00 () = = 0 for 1 and 00 () 0
2(4 − 2 )32 (4 − 2 )32
for −1, so is CU on (1 ∞) and CD on (−∞ −1). No IP
81. = () = ln A. = (0 ∞) B. No intercept; intercept 1. C. No symmetry D. No asymptote
[Note that the graph approaches the point (0 0) as → 0+ .] H.
E. () = (1) + (ln )(1) = 1 + ln , so () → −∞ as → 0 and
0 0 +
0 () → ∞ as → ∞. 0 () = 0 ⇔ ln = −1 ⇔ = −1 = 1.
0 () 0 for 1, so is decreasing on (0 1) and increasing on
(1 ∞). F. Local minimum: (1) = −1. No local maximum.
G. 00 () = 1, so 00 () 0 for 0. The graph is CU on (0 ∞) and
there is no IP.
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 691
2 2
82. = () = 2− A. = B. intercept 1; no intercept C. No symmetry D. lim 2− = 0, so = 0
→±∞
2 2
is a HA. E. = () = 2− ⇒ 0 () = 2(1 − )2− 0 ⇔ 1, so is increasing on (−∞ 1) and
decreasing on (1 ∞). F. (1) = is a local and absolute maximum value.
2 √
G. 00 () = 2 22 − 4 + 1 2− = 0 ⇔ = 1 ± 2 .
2
H.
√ √ √
00 () 0 ⇔ 1 − 22 or 1 + so is CU on −∞ 1 −
2
2
, 2
2
√ √ √ √ √
and 1 + 22 ∞ , and CD on 1 − 22 1 + 22 . IP at 1 ± 22
83. = () = ( − 2)− A. = B. intercept: (0) = −2; intercept: () = 0 ⇔ = 2
−2 H 1
C. No symmetry D. lim = lim = 0, so = 0 is a HA. No VA
→∞ →∞
E. 0 () = ( − 2)(−− ) + − (1) = − [−( − 2) + 1] = (3 − )− . H.
() 0 for 3, so is increasing on (−∞ 3) and decreasing on (3 ∞).
0
F. Local maximum value (3) = −3 , no local minimum value
G. 00 () = (3 − )(−− ) + − (−1) = − [−(3 − ) + (−1)]
= ( − 4)− 0
for 4, so is CU on (4 ∞) and CD on (−∞ 4). IP at (4 2−4 )
84. = () = + ln(2 + 1) A. = B. intercept: (0) = 0 + ln 1 = 0; intercept: () = 0 ⇔
ln(2 + 1) = − ⇔ 2 + 1 = − ⇒ = 0 since the graphs of = 2 + 1 and = − intersect only at = 0.
2 2 + 2 + 1 ( + 1)2
C. No symmetry D. No asymptote E. 0 () = 1 + = = 2 . 0 () 0 if 6= −1 and
2 +1 2
+1 +1
is increasing on . F. No local extreme values
(2 + 1)2 − 2(2) 2[(2 + 1) − 22 ] 2(1 − 2 )
G. 00 () = 2 2
= 2 2
= 2 . H.
( + 1) ( + 1) ( + 1)2
00 () 0 ⇔ −1 1 and 00 () 0 ⇔ −1 or 1, so is
CU on (−1 1) and is CD on (−∞ −1) and (1 ∞). IP at (−1 −1 + ln 2)
and (1 1 + ln 2)
H 1
85. If 0, then lim () = lim − = lim = lim = 0, and lim () = ∞.
→−∞ →−∞ →−∞ →−∞ →∞
H 1
If 0, then lim () = −∞, and lim () = lim = 0.
→−∞ →∞ →∞
If = 0, then () = , so lim () = ±∞, respectively.
→±∞
So we see that = 0 is a transitional value. We now exclude the case = 0, since we know how the function behaves
in that case. To find the maxima and minima of , we differentiate: () = − ⇒
0 () = (−− ) + − = (1 − )− . This is 0 when 1 − = 0 ⇔ = 1. If 0 then this
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°
692 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
represents a minimum value of (1) = 1(), since 0 () changes from negative to positive at = 1;
and if 0, it represents a maximum value. As || increases, the maximum or
minimum point gets closer to the origin. To find the inflection points, we
differentiate again: 0 () = − (1 − ) ⇒
00 () = − (−) + (1 − )(−− ) = ( − 2)− . This changes sign
when − 2 = 0 ⇔ = 2. So as || increases, the points of inflection get
closer to the origin.
86. We exclude the case = 0, since in that case () = 0 for all . To find the maxima and minima, we differentiate:
2
2 2
2
() = − ⇒ 0 () = − (−2) + − (1) = − (−22 + 1)
√
This is 0 where −22 + 1 = 0 ⇔ = ±1 2. So if 0, there are two maxima or minima, whose coordinates
approach 0 as increases. The negative solution gives a minimum and the positive solution gives a maximum, by the First
√ √ √ 2
Derivative Test. By substituting back into the equation, we see that ±1 2 = ±1 2 −(±1 2 ) = ± 2.
So as increases, the extreme points become more pronounced. Note that if 0, then lim () = 0. If 0, then there
→±∞
are no extreme values, and lim () = ∓∞.
→±∞
2
To find the points of inflection, we differentiate again: 0 () = − −22 + 1 ⇒
2 2
2
00 () = − (−4) + (−22 + 1)(−2− ) = −22 − (3 − 22 ). This is 0 at = 0 and where
3 − 22 = 0 ⇔ = ± 3(2) ⇒ IP at ± 3(2) ± 32 −32 . If 0 there are three inflection points,
and as increases, the coordinates of the nonzero inflection points approach 0. If 0, there is only one inflection point,
the origin.
87. () = − cos( + ) ⇒
() = 0 () = {− [− sin( + )] + cos( + )(−− )} = −− [ sin( + ) + cos( + )] ⇒
() = 0 () = −{− [2 cos( + ) − sin( + )] + [ sin( + ) + cos( + )](−− )}
= −− [2 cos( + ) − sin( + ) − sin( + ) − 2 cos( + )]
= −− [(2 − 2 ) cos( + ) − 2 sin( + )] = − [(2 − 2 ) cos( + ) + 2 sin( + )]
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 693
88. (a) Let () = ln + − 3. Then 0 () = 1 + 1 [for 0)] and (2) ≈ −0307 and () ≈ 0718.
is differentiable on (2 ), continuous on [2 ] and (2) 0, () 0. Therefore, by the Intermediate Value Theorem
there exists a number in (2 ) such that () = 0. Thus, there is one solution. But 0 () 0 for ∈ (2 ), so is
increasing on (2 ), which means that there is exactly one solution.
(b) We use Newton’s method with () = ln + − 3, 0 () = 1 + 1, and 1 = 2.
ln 1 + 1 − 3 ln 2 + 2 − 3
2 = 1 − =2− ≈ 220457. Similarly, 3 ≈ 220794, 4 = 220794. Thus, the solution
11 + 1 12 + 1
of the equation, correct to four decimal places, is 22079.
89. (a) () = (0) = 200 ⇒ (05) = 20005 = 360 ⇒ 05 = 18 ⇒ 05 = ln 18 ⇒
= 2 ln 18 = ln(18)2 = ln 324 ⇒ () = 200(ln 324) = 200(324)
(b) (4) = 200(324)4 ≈ 22,040 cells
(c) 0 () = 200(324) · ln 324, so 0 (4) = 200(324)4 · ln 324 ≈ 25,910 cells per hour
(d) 200(324) = 10,000 ⇒ (324) = 50 ⇒ ln 324 = ln 50 ⇒ = (ln 50)(ln 324) ≈ 333 hours
90. (a) If () is the mass remaining after years, then () = (0) = 100 . (524) = 100524 = 1
2 · 100 ⇒
524 = 1
2
1
⇒ 524 = − ln 2 ⇒ = − 524 ln 2 ⇒ () = 100−(ln 2)524 = 100 · 2−524 . Thus,
(20) = 100 · 2−20524 ≈ 71 mg.
1 1 ln 100
(b) 100 · 2−524 = 1 ⇒ 2−524 = ⇒ − ln 2 = ln ⇒ = 524 ≈ 348 years
100 524 100 ln 2
64
91. Let () = = = (1 + )−1 , where = 64, = 31, and = −07944.
1 + 31−07944 1 +
0 () = −(1 + )−2 ( ) = − (1 + )−2
00 () = − [ − 2(1 + )−3 ( )] + (1 + )−2 ( − 2 )
2 (1 − )
= −2 (1 + )−3 [−2 + (1 + )] = −
(1 + )3
The population is increasing most rapidly when its graph changes from CU to CD; that is, when 00 () = 0 in this case.
1 1 ln(1) ln(131)
00 () = 0 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ = ⇒ = ln ⇒ = = ≈ 432 days. Note that
−07944
1 1
ln = = = = = , onehalf the limit of as → ∞.
1 + (1) ln(1) 1 + ln(1) 1 + (1) 1+1 2
92. Let = 4. Then = 4 and
4
1 1
1 1 1
1 −1 1
= · 4 = = tan = 14 (tan−1 1 − tan−1 0) = 14 4 − 0 =
16
.
0 16 + 2 0 16 + 162 4 0 1 + 2 4 0
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°
694 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1 2 −2 −2
93. Let = −2 2 . Then = −4 and 0
−2 = 0
− 14 = − 14 0 = − 14 (−2 − 1) = 14 (1 − −2 ).
5
5
94. = 12 ln |1 + 2| 2 = 12 (ln 11 − ln 5) = 1
2
ln 11
5
2 1 + 2
95. Let = , so = When = 0 = 1; when = 1 = . Thus,
1
1
= = arctan 1 = arctan − arctan 1 = arctan − 4 .
0 1 + 2 1 1 + 2
96. Let = sin . Then = cos , so
2
cos 1
1 1
= = tan−1 0 = tan−1 1 − tan−1 0 =
−0=
.
0 1 + sin2 0 1 + 2 4 4
√
√ √
97. Let = . Then = √ ⇒ √ = 2 = 2 + = 2
+ .
2
1 sin(ln )
98. Let = ln . Then = , so = sin = − cos + = − cos(ln ) + .
99. Let = 2 + 2. Then = (2 + 2) = 2( + 1) and
+1 1
= 2
= 1
2
ln || + = 1
2
ln 2 + 2 + .
2 + 2
csc2 1
100. Let = 1 + cot . Then = − csc2 , so = (−) = − ln || + = − ln |1 + cot | + .
1 + cot
− sin
101. Let = ln(cos ). Then = = − tan ⇒
cos
tan ln(cos ) = − = − 12 2 + = − 12 [ ln(cos )]2 + .
1
102. Let = . Then = 2 , so
2
√ = √ = 1
2
sin−1 + = 1
2
sin−1 2 + .
1 − 4 2 1 − 2
2 2tan
103. Let = tan . Then = sec2 and 2tan sec2 = 2 = + = + .
ln 2 ln 2
1
104. sinh = cosh +
−1 −1 −1
2 + 1 1 1 2 1 3
105. = + = + ln || = + ln |−1| − 2 + ln |−2| = − − ln 2
−2 −2 2 −2 2 2
√ √ 1√ 1 1
106. 1 + 2 2 ⇒ 1 + 2 2 = ⇒ 0
1 + 2 ≥ 0 = 0 = − 1
1 1 1
107. cos ≤ 1 ⇒ cos ≤ ⇒ 0
cos ≤ 0
= 0
=−1
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 695
1 1
2 1
108. For 0 ≤ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ sin−1 ≤ 2,
so 0
sin−1 ≤ 0
2 = 4 0 = 4.
√
√
√ √ √
√ 1
109. () = ⇒ 0 () = = √ = √ √ =
1 1 2 2
2 2
110. () = − ⇒
ln
2 ln 2 2
2 2 2 2 1 2 −(ln ) 2
0 () = − = − − + − = −−(ln ) +−(2) (2) = − +2−4
ln 0 0
5
1 1 ln 1 ln 5 = ln
111. (a) avg = () = =
− 5−1 1 4 0 = (1)
ln 5
= 14 12 2 = 18 (ln 5)2
0
ln (1) − (ln ) · 1 1 − ln
(b) () = , [1 5]. 0 () = = = 0 ⇔ 1 − ln = 0 ⇔ ln = 1 ⇔ = .
2 2
(1) = 0, () = 1 ≈ 037, and (5) = 1
5
ln 5 ≈ 032. So () = 1 is the absolute maximum value and (1) = 0 is
the absolute minimum value.
0 1 0 1
112. = −2
(− − ) + 0
− − = −− − −2 + + − 0
= [(−1 − 1) − (−2 − −2 )] + [( + −1 ) − (1 + 1)] = 2 + + −1 + −2 − 4
1
2
113. = by cylindrical shells. Let = 2 ⇒ = 2 . Then
0 1 + 4
2
1
1
= 2
= tan−1 0 = tan−1 1 − tan−1 0 = = .
0 1+ 4 4
114. () = + 2 + ⇒ 0 () = 1 + 2 + and (0) = 1 ⇒ (1) = 0 [where = −1 ],
1 1 1
so 0 (1) = = 0 = .
0 ((1)) (0) 2
115. () = ln + tan−1 ⇒ (1) = ln 1 + tan−1 1 =
4
⇒ 4
= 1 [where = −1 ].
1 1 1 1 2
0 () = + 2
, so 0 = 0 = = .
1+ 4 (1) 32 3
116. The area of such a rectangle is just the product of its sides, that is, () = · − .
We want to find the maximum of this function, so we differentiate:
0 () = ( − − ) + − (1) = − (1 − ). This is 0 only at = 1, and changes
from positive to negative there, so by the First Derivative Test this gives a local
maximum. So the largest area is (1) = 1.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
696 ¤ CHAPTER 6 INVERSE FUNCTIONS
117. We find the equation of a tangent to the curve = − , so that we can find the
and intercepts of this tangent, and then we can find the area of the triangle.
−
The slope of the tangent at the point − is given by = −− ,
=
and so the equation of the tangent is − − = −− ( − ) ⇔
= − ( − + 1).
The intercept of this line is = − ( − 0 + 1) = − ( + 1). To find the intercept we set = 0 ⇒
− ( − + 1) = 0 ⇒ = + 1. So the area of the triangle is () = 12 − ( + 1) ( + 1) = 12 − ( + 1)2 . We
differentiate this with respect to : 0 () = 12 − (2)( + 1) + ( + 1)2 − (−1) = 12 − 1 − 2 . This is 0
at = ±1, and the root = 1 gives a maximum, by the First Derivative Test. So the maximum area of the triangle is
(1) = 12 −1 (1 + 1)2 = 2−1 = 2.
1 1 1
118. Using Theorem 4.2.4 with = 0, = 1, ∆ = , and = 0 + (1) = , we have 0 = lim .
→∞ =1
(1 ) − 1 −1
This series is a geometric series with = = 1 , so = 1 = 1 1 ⇒
=1 1 − 1 −1
1
1 1
= lim = lim ( − 1)1 1 . As → ∞, 1 → 0+ , so 1 → 0 = 1.
0 →∞ =1 →∞ −1
1
Let = 1. Then 1 − 1 = − 1 → 0+ as → ∞, so l’Hospital’s Rule gives lim = lim = 1 and we have
→0+ − 1 →0+
1
= lim ( − 1) lim = − 1.
0 →0+ →0+ − 1
+ 1 − + 1 H + 1 ln − + 1 ln
119. lim () = lim = lim = ln − ln = (−1), so is continuous at −1.
→−1 →−1 +1 →−1 1
120. Let 1 = arccot , so cot 1 = = 1.
1
So sin(arccot ) = sin 1 = √ .
2 + 1
1 1
Let 2 = arctan √ , so tan 2 = √ .
2 + 1 2 + 1
√ 2
2 + 1 +1
Hence, cos{arctan[sin(arccot )]} = cos 2 = √ = .
2
+2 2 + 2
121. Using FTC1, we differentiate both sides of the given equation, 1
() = ( − 1)2 + 1
− () , and get
() = ( − 1) · 2 · 2 + 2 + − () ⇒ ()(1 − − ) = 2( − 1)2 + 2 ⇒
2 [1 + 2( − 1)] 2 (2 − 1)
() = −
= .
1− 1 − −
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 697
122. The area () = 0
sin(2 ) , and the area () = 12 sin(2 ). Since lim () = 0 = lim (), we can use
→0+ →0+
l’Hospital’s Rule:
() H sin(2 )
lim = lim 1 [by FTC1 and the Product Rule]
→0+ () →0+
2
sin(2 ) + 12 [2 cos(2 )]
H 2 cos(2 ) 2 cos(2 ) 2 2
= lim = lim = =
→0+ cos(2 ) − 2 sin( ) + 2 cos( ) →0 3 cos(2 ) − 22 sin(2 )
3 2 2 + 3−0 3
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
PROBLEMS PLUS
2 2
1. Let = () = − . The area of the rectangle under the curve from − to is () = 2− where ≥ 0. We maximize
2 2 2
(): 0 () = 2− − 42 − = 2− 1 − 22 = 0 ⇒ = √1 .
2
This gives a maximum since 0 () 0
for 0 ≤ √1
2
and 0 () 0 for 1
√
2
. We next determine the points of inflection of (). Notice that
2
0 () = −2− = −(). So 00 () = −0 () and hence, 00 () 0 for − √12 √1
2
and 00 () 0 for − √12
and √1 .
2
So () changes concavity at = ± √12 , and the two vertices of the rectangle of largest area are at the inflection
points.
2. We use proof by contradiction. Suppose that log2 5 is a rational number. Then log2 5 = where and are positive
integers ⇒ 2 = 5 ⇒ 2 = 5 . But this is impossible since 2 is even and 5 is odd. So log2 5 is irrational.
3. ln 2 − 2 − 2 ≤ 0 ⇒ 2 − 2 − 2 ≤ 0 = 1 ⇒ 2 − 2 − 3 ≤ 0 ⇒ ( − 3)( + 1) ≤ 0 ⇒ ∈ [−1 3].
√ √
Since the argument must be positive, 2 − 2 − 2 0 ⇒ − 1 − 3 − 1 + 3 0 ⇒
√ √ √ √
∈ −∞ 1 − 3 ∪ 1 + 3 ∞ . The intersection of these intervals is −1 1 − 3 ∪ 1 + 3 3 .
1 1 1 1 1 1
4. + + = + + [Change of Base formula]
log2 log3 log5 log log log
log 2 log 3 log 5
log 2 log 3 log 5
= + +
log log log
log 2 + log 3 + log 5 log(2 · 3 · 5)
= = [Law 1 of Logarithms]
log log
log 30 1 1
= = = [Change of Base formula]
log log log30
log 30
5. () has the form () , so it will have an absolute maximum (minimum) where has an absolute maximum (minimum).
10( − 2) − 2 if − 2 0 −2 + 10 − 20 if 2
() = 10| − 2| − 2 = = ⇒
10[−( − 2)] − 2 if − 2 0 −2 − 10 + 20 if 2
−2 + 10 if 2
0 () =
−2 − 10 if 2
0 () = 0 if = −5 or = 5, and 0 (2) does not exist, so the critical numbers of are −5, 2, and 5. Since 00 () = −2 for
all 6= 2, is concave downward on (−∞ 2) and (2 ∞), and will attain its absolute maximum at one of the critical
numbers. Since (−5) = 45, (2) = −4, and (5) = 5, we see that (−5) = 45 is the absolute maximum value of . Also,
lim () = −∞, so lim () = lim () = 0 But () 0 for all , so there is no absolute minimum value of .
→∞ →∞ →∞
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
° 699
700 ¤ CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS
4 4
6. For = 0
(−2) , let = − 2 so that = + 2 and = . Then
2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4
= −2
( + 2) = −2
+ −2
2 = 0 [by 4.5.6] + 2 0
(−2) = 2.
7. Consider the statement that ( sin ) = sin( + ). For = 1,
( sin ) = sin + cos , and
sin( + ) = [sin cos + cos sin ] = sin + cos = sin + cos
since tan = ⇒ sin = and cos = . So the statement is true for = 1.
Assume it is true for = . Then
+1
( sin ) = sin( + ) = sin( + ) + cos( + )
+1
= [ sin( + ) + cos( + )]
But
sin[ + ( + 1)] = sin[( + ) + ] = sin( + ) cos + sin cos( + ) = sin( + ) + cos( + ).
Hence, sin( + ) + cos( + ) = sin[ + ( + 1)]. So
+1
( sin ) = [ sin(+ )+ cos(+)] = [ sin( +( + 1))] = +1 [sin(+ ( + 1))].
+1
Therefore, the statement is true for all by mathematical induction.
8. Let = tan−1 . Then tan = , so from the triangle we see that
sin(tan−1 ) = sin = √ Using this fact we have that
1 + 2
sinh sinh
sin(tan−1 (sinh )) = = = tanh .
2
1 + sinh cosh
Hence, sin−1 (tanh ) = sin−1 (sin(tan−1 (sinh ))) = tan−1 (sinh ).
9. We first show that tan−1 for 0. Let () = tan−1 − . Then
1 + 2 1 + 2
1 1(1 + 2 ) − (2) (1 + 2 ) − (1 − 2 ) 22
0 () = 2
− 2 2
= 2 2
= 0 for 0. So () is increasing
1+ (1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + 2 )2
on (0 ∞). Hence, 0 ⇒ 0 = (0) () = tan−1 − . So tan−1 for 0 . We next show that
1 + 2 1 + 2
1 2
tan−1 for 0. Let () = − tan−1 . Then 0 () = 1 − = 0. Hence, () is increasing
1 + 2 1 + 2
on (0 ∞). So for 0 , 0 = (0) () = − tan−1 . Hence, tan−1 for 0, and we conclude that
tan−1 for 0.
1 + 2
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS ¤ 701
1 1
10. The shaded region has area 0
() = 13 . The integral 0
−1 ()
gives the area of the unshaded region, which we know to be 1 − 1
3
= 23 .
1
So 0
−1 () = 23 .
√ √
11. By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, () = 1
1 + 3 ⇒ 0 () = 1 + 3 0 for −1.
So is increasing on (−1 ∞) and hence is onetoone. Note that (1) = 0, so −1 (1) = 0 ⇒
( −1 )0(0) = 1 0 (1) = √1 .
2
2 sin √
12. = √ −√ arctan √ . Let = + 2 − 1. Then
2 −1 2
−1 2
+ − 1 + cos
1 2 1 cos ( + cos ) + sin2
0 = √ −√ · 2 ·
2 − 1 2 − 1 1 + sin ( + cos )2 ( + cos )2
1 2 cos + cos2 + sin2 1 2 cos + 1
= √ −√ · = √ −√ ·
2 − 1 2 − 1 ( + cos )2 + sin2 2 − 1 2 − 1 2 + 2 cos + 1
2 + 2 cos + 1 − 2 cos − 2 2 − 1
= √ = √
2 − 1 (2 + 2 cos + 1) 2 − 1 (2 + 2 cos + 1)
√ √
But 2 = 22 + 2 2 − 1 − 1 = 2 + 2 − 1 − 1 = 2 − 1, so 2 + 1 = 2, and 2 − 1 = 2( − 1).
2( − 1) − 1 √ √
So 0 = √ = √ . But − 1 = 2 + 2 − 1 − 1 = 2 − 1,
2
− 1 (2 + 2 cos ) 2
− 1 ( + cos )
so 0 = 1( + cos ).
+
13. If = lim , then has the indeterminate form 1∞ , so
→∞ −
1 1
−
+ + ln( + ) − ln( − ) H + −
ln = lim ln = lim ln = lim = lim
→∞ − →∞ − →∞ 1 →∞ −12
( − ) − ( + ) −2 22 2
= lim · = lim = lim = 2
→∞ ( + )( − ) 1 →∞ 2 − 2 →∞ 1 − 22
Hence, ln = 2, so = 2 . From the original equation, we want = 1 ⇒ 2 = 1 ⇒ = 12 .
14. We first present some preliminary results that we will invoke when calculating the limit.
(1) If = (1 + ) , then ln = ln(1 + ), and lim ln = lim ln(1 + ) = 0. Thus, lim (1 + ) = 0 = 1.
→0+ →0+ →0+
0
(2) If = (1 + ) , then ln = ln(1 + ), and implicitly differentiating gives us =· + ln(1 + ) ⇒
1 +
[continued]
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
702 ¤ CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS
G
0 = + ln(1 + ) . Thus, = (1 + ) ⇒ 0 = (1 + ) + ln(1 + ) .
1 + 1 +
(1 + ) − () + 2 − 2
(3) If = , then 0 = 2
= = .
1 + (1 + ) (1 + )2 (1 + )2
( + 2)1 − 1 1 [(1 + 2)1 − 1]
lim 1 1
= lim 1 [factor out 1 ]
→∞ ( + 3) − →∞ [(1 + 3)1 − 1]
(1 + 2)1 − 1
= lim
→∞ (1 + 3)1 − 1
(1 + 2) − 1
= lim
[let = 1, form 00 by (1)]
→0+ (1 + 3) − 1
2
(1 + 2) + ln(1 + 2)
H 1 + 2
= lim [by (2)]
→0+ 3
(1 + 3) + ln(1 + 3)
1 + 3
2
+ ln(1 + 2)
(1 + 2) 1 + 2
= lim · lim
→0+ (1 + 3) →0+ 3
+ ln(1 + 3)
1 + 3
2
+ ln(1 + 2)
1 1 + 2
= · lim [by (1), now form 00]
1 →0+ 3
+ ln(1 + 3)
1 + 3
2 2
+
H (1 + 2)2 1 + 2
= lim [by (3)]
→0+ 3 3
+
(1 + 3)2 1 + 3
2+2 4 2
= = =
3+3 6 3
15. As in Exercise 4.3.70, assume that the integrand is defined at = 0 so that it is continuous there. By l’Hospital’s Rule and the
Fundamental Theorem, using the notation exp() = ,
(1 − tan 2)1 H (1 − tan 2)1 ln(1 − tan 2)
lim 0
= lim = exp ln lim (1 − tan 2)1 = exp lim
→0 →0 1 →0 →0
H −2 sec2 2 −2 · 12
= exp lim = exp = −2
→0 1 − tan 2 1−0
16. Case (i) (first graph): For + ≥ 0, that is, ≥ −, | + | = + ≤ ⇒ ≤ − .
Note that = − is always above the line = − and that = − is a slant asymptote.
Case (ii) (second graph): For + 0, that is, −, | + | = − − ≤ ⇒ ≥ − − .
Note that − − is always below the line = − and = − is a slant asymptote.
Putting the two pieces together gives the third graph.
[continued]
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS ¤ 703
17. Both sides of the inequality are positive, so cosh(sinh ) sinh(cosh )
⇔ cosh2 (sinh ) sinh2 (cosh ) ⇔ sinh2 (sinh ) + 1 sinh2 (cosh )
⇔ 1 [sinh(cosh ) − sinh(sinh )][sinh(cosh ) + sinh(sinh )]
+ − − − + − − −
⇔ 1 sinh − sinh sinh + sinh
2 2 2 2
⇔ 1 [2 cosh(2) sinh(2)][2 sinh(2) cosh(2)] [use the addition formulas and cancel]
⇔ 1 [2 sinh(2) cosh(2)][2 sinh(2) cosh(2)] ⇔ 1 sinh sinh − ,
by the halfangle formula. Now both and − are positive, and sinh for 0, since sinh 0 = 0 and
(sinh − )0 = cosh − 1 0 for 0, so 1 = − sinh sinh − . So, following this chain of reasoning
backward, we arrive at the desired result.
+
18. First, we recognize some symmetry in the inequality: ≥ 2 ⇔ · ≥ · . This suggests that we need to show
that ≥ for 0. If we can do this, then the inequality ≥ is true, and the given inequality follows. () = ⇒
− ( − 1)
0 () = 2
= = 0 ⇒ = 1. By the First Derivative Test, we have a minimum of (1) = , so
2
≥ for all .
√
19. Let () = 2 and () = [ 0]. From the graphs of and ,
we see that will intersect exactly once when and share a tangent
line. Thus, we must have = and 0 = 0 at = .
√
() = () ⇒ 2 = ()
and 0 () = 0 () ⇒ 22 = √ ⇒ 2 = √ .
2 4
√ √ 2
So we must have = √ ⇒ = ⇒ = 14 . From (), 2(14) = 14 ⇒
4 4
√
= 212 = 2 ≈ 3297.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
704 ¤ CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS
20. We see that at = 0, () = = 1 + = 1, so if = is to lie above = 1 + ,
the two curves must just touch at (0 1), that is, we must have 0 (0) = 1. [To see this
− 1
analytically, note that ≥ 1 + ⇒ − 1 ≥ ⇒ ≥ 1 for 0, so
− 1 − 1
0 (0) = lim ≥ 1. Similarly, for 0, − 1 ≥ ⇒ ≤ 1, so
→0+
− 1
0 (0) = lim ≤ 1.
→0−
Since 1 ≤ 0 (0) ≤ 1, we must have 0 (0) = 1.] But 0 () = ln ⇒ 0 (0) = ln , so we have ln = 1 ⇔
= .
Another method: The inequality certainly holds for ≤ −1, so consider −1, 6= 0. Then ≥ 1 + ⇒
≥ (1 + )1 for 0 ⇒ ≥ lim (1 + )1 = , by Equation 6.4.8. Also, ≥ 1 + ⇒ ≤ (1 + )1
→0+
for 0 ⇒ ≤ lim (1 + ) 1
= . So since ≤ ≤ , we must have = .
→0−
10
21. Suppose that the curve = intersects the line = . Then 0 = 0 for some 0 0, and hence = 0 . We find the
maximum value of () = , 0, because if is larger than the maximum value of this function, then the curve =
1
1 1 1 1
does not intersect the line = . 0 () = (1) ln − 2 ln + · = 1 (1 − ln ). This is 0 only where
2
= , and for 0 , 0 () 0, while for , 0 () 0, so has an absolute maximum of () = 1 . So if
= intersects = , we must have 0 ≤ 1 . Conversely, suppose that 0 ≤ 1 . Then ≤ , so the graph of
= lies below or touches the graph of = at = . Also 0 = 1 0, so the graph of = lies above that of =
at = 0. Therefore, by the Intermediate Value Theorem, the graphs of = and = must intersect somewhere between
= 0 and = .
22. = 3 + ⇒ 0 = 32 + ⇒ 00 = 6 + . The curve will have
inflection points when 00 changes sign. 00 = 0 ⇒ −6 = , so 00 will change
sign when the line = −6 intersects the curve = (but is not tangent to it).
Note that if = 0, the curve is just = , which has no inflection point.
The first figure shows that for 0, = −6 will intersect = once, so
= 3 + will have one inflection point.
The second figure shows that for 0, the line = −6 can intersect the curve
= in two points (two inflection points), be tangent to it (no inflection point), or not
intersect it (no inflection point). The tangent line at ( ) has slope , but from the
diagram we see that the slope is . So = ⇒ = 1. Thus, the slope is .
The line = −6 must have slope greater than , so −6 ⇒ −6.
Therefore, the curve = 3 + will have one inflection point if 0 and two inflection points if −6.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
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