CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Governance is the sum of cumulative practice of behaviour and attitude of the government as
seen in the manner they create and use the said evolutionary instruments. Form, style, systems, methods
and procedures of government generally reflect the pattern of governance in a nation or city. The quality
and effectiveness of governance depend mostly on how judiciously the government uses the said
instruments to help people achieve the ultimate goal of their progress - justice, equity and peace
(IDPAA PRIA, 2001).
In the present era, the terms governance and good governance are being increasingly used in
development literature. Bad governance is being increasingly regarded as one of the root causes of all
evil within the society. Most of the donors and international financial institutions are increasingly
basing their aid and loans on the condition that reforms that ensure good governance are undertaken.
Usually, governance means government plus something else: public policies, institutions, and a system
of economic relationships or a role for the non-governmental sector in the business of the state (Smith,
2007).
Good governance is not only for a type of government and its related political values but also for
certain kinds of additional components. It implies government that is democratically organized within a
democratic political culture and with efficient administrative organizations, plus the right policies,
particularly in the economic sphere (Smith, 2007). At the constitutional level, good governance requires
changes that will strengthen the accountability of political leaders to the people, ensure respect for
human rights, strengthen the rule of law and decentralize political authority. At the political and
organizational level, good governance requires three attributes that are common to the governance
agenda of most aid agencies: political pluralism, opportunities for extensive participation in politics, and
uprightness and incorruptibility in the use of public powers and offices by servants of the state.
Administratively, good governance requires accountable and transparent public administration; and
effective public management, including a capacity to design good policies as well as to implement them
(Smith, 2007).
No matter the level it is viewed from, good governance is attained by collaboration of all
stakeholders like the government, the citizens, civil society organisations, government structures,
department, ministries and agencies of government and importantly, the media. All these agencies and
institutions have their crucial roles to play in attaining good governance in the nation. However, this
study focuses on the impact of the media in promoting good governance. In order to strengthen
governance in developing countries, effectiveness of the media has been suggested. But, the extent to
which media can contribute to good governance rests on its ability to coordinate and focus more on
investigative journalism (The World Bank, 2009). It also needs to negotiate for access to information
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and freedom of expression and dissemination through legislative processes. Critical roles expected of
the media in good governance drive include exposure of illegal, corrupt and unethical activities of the
government and its agencies. To this end, it is important for media agents to engage professional and
ethical cadre of investigative news sources (Okoro, 2013). It is expected that such approach would
engender publication of information that is well-articulated and thoroughly investigated without any
fear of harassment.
Okoro (2013) substantiate that citizens depend on the media for an understanding of issues, it
would be appropriate that the mass media, as watchdogs, are involved or have access to policy
formation and implementation processes in countries where leadership credibility is either questionable
or nonexistent. It is noteworthy that some sustainable development policies of governments are complex
or even challenging to the citizenry; therefore, it is important to allow the media to analyze programme
objectives.
However, there seem to be hindrances to media effectiveness in driving and supporting good
governance. In a developing country like Nigeria, it has been observed and discovered that most
government owned media of mass communication are extensively used as instrument of propaganda to
foster the political ideals of the government in power. This again has been made possible because these
media outfits lack financial autonomy and are heavily reliant on government for revenue to run their
businesses. This is also the same with private media. So, the researcher in this study sets to appraise the
role of the media have in promoting good governance in Nigeria, focusing on the urban population
Enugu and FRCN.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
Governance strategies have been generally poor at integrating media and communication issues
into their analysis, research and strategic plans. The impact of changing media and communication
landscapes on governance outcomes is increasing, that is the way in which the media is conceptualised
in relationship to governance needs a rethink and that governance policy needs to find better ways of
prioritising it.
Any debate about the role of media in good governance is likely to be contested and divided into
arguments around effectiveness (does supporting the media lead to improved governance outcomes?)
and values (is supporting the media inherently associated with a normative, democratic, “Western”
framework?). This contestation makes it especially difficult for media issues to be properly integrated
into good governance strategies.
Governance actors focus on supporting effective institutions. Where governance strategies do
include the media, they are often designed to support more effective and sustainable media institutions.
This focus is important and necessary but limited. Some of the greatest media and communication
 3

changes shaping governance outcomes are being played out at the societal rather than institutional level.
Media support strategies need to adjust to this reality.
The transformation in people’s access to media, information and communication continues to
accelerate with both positive and negative consequences for governance. It is not clear that these
changes are leading to more informed societies which, for most governance actors, is why a free and
plural media is most valued. Supply driven strategies (such as improving access to governmental and
institutional information and data) are not necessarily being complemented by increased citizen demand
for such information.
On the other hand, scholars contend that independent media or a free press is necessary but not
sufficient to strengthen good governance, particularly if the public viewpoints or marginalized groups’
opinions are excluded in the process of checking abuse of power. States ought to satisfy two conditions
in order to achieve these goals: first, channels of mass communications are free and independent of
government censorship; second, citizens have widespread access to these media. In this context, the
independent and free press serves as a prerequisite to maintain the government effectiveness and to
promote the potential for better governance. Another question that confronts scholars is the restricted
awareness of public perception of good governance, because public opinion plays an important role in
the process of governance.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to appraise the level of impact that the media has in good
governance in Nigeria, using Enugu urban as the focus.
The specific objectives are:
I. To determine the level of prominence given to issues of good governance in the programme
contents of the media.
II. To ascertain the viability of the media in influencing government towards implementing
policies of good governance.
III. To determine the extent the media play their watchdog role in ensuring that good governance
structures and activities are upheld by the government.
IV. To find out if the media in Nigeria are independent and free enough to strengthen and
promote good governance.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study will be of great benefit to the government, the media, and the society generally. It
will help the government to understand and utilize the media in rightly informing the public on its
policies of good governance. This is to forestall incidences of viewing and perceiving the government
as arbitrary and irresponsible.
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Media professionals will also benefit from this study as it will help them to live up to their social
responsibilities by serving as both watch-dogs, attack dogs when necessary and crusade dogs. This will
go a long way to ginger the quest for professional practice not minding the hindrances posed by the
society and the government. It will also help the media to know how people perceive its reports and the
level of credibility they attach to such reports.
To the society, this study will help to expose the various elements that form the angle of report
of the media on issues in the society. This is to help them appreciate the way the media reports issues
and thereby have a true judgment on the professionalism of the media in the report of events in the
society. This study will be of great value to future researchers who are focusing on how the public
perceive information from the media, and also contribute to existing literature in this field.
1.5 Research Questions
The following research questions were put forward to guide the study:
I. Do the media give significant level of prominence to issues of good governance in their
programme contents?
II. To what level is the media viable in influencing government towards implementing policies
of good governance?
III. To what extent do the media play their watchdog role in ensuring that good governance
structures and activities are upheld by the government?
IV. Are the media in Nigeria independent and free enough to strengthen and promote good
governance?
1.6 Research Hypotheses
The hypotheses for this study are:
Hypothesis One
H1 The media give significant level of prominence to issues of good governance in their programme
contents.
Ho The media do not give significant level of prominence to issues of good governance in their
programme contents.
Hypothesis Two
H2 The media are highly viable in influencing government towards implementing policies of good
governance.
Ho The media are not highly viable in influencing government towards implementing policies of good
governance.
Hypothesis Three
H3 To a large extent the media play their watchdog role in ensuring that good governance structures and
activities are upheld by the government.
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Ho To a minimal extent the media play their watchdog role in ensuring that good governance structures
and activities are upheld by the government.
Hypothesis Four
H4 The media in Nigeria are independent and free enough to strengthen and promote good governance
in Nigeria.
Ho The media in Nigeria are not independent and free enough to strengthen and promote good
governance in Nigeria.
1.7 Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework on which this study is anchored is on the Agenda Setting theory of
mass communication and the Social Responsibility theory.
Agenda Setting Theory
The agenda setting theory of mass communication explains the effect of the media on culture
and society. It was developed and propounded by Max McCombs and Donald Shaw in a study on the
1968 American presidential election. They demonstrated a strong correlation coefficient between what
100 residents of Chapel Hill, North Carolina thought was the most important election issue and what the
local and national news media reported was the most important issue (McCombs, 2005). It describes the
powerful influence which the media can have in determining not only the issues members of the society
talk about, but also how they talk about them. The media can also place pictures in our minds (Okenwa,
2002).
McCombs and Shaw (1972, 1976) cited in Ndolo (2006, p. 32) writes that “audience not only
learn about public issues and other matters through the media, they also learn how much importance to
attach to an issue or topic from the emphasis the mass media places upon it.” Furthermore, McCombs
and Shaw (1972, p. 72) cited in Eze (2011, p. 106) observes that “the power of the news organisations
to influence what people think about often referred to as ‘agenda setting’ comes from their ability to
choose the stories that will gain media attention.” This means that greater visibility of an event leads to
greater public awareness and concern for an issue. Therefore, the manner in which an event or issue is
presented in the news media contributes a lot to the knowledge and understanding of such event or
issue.
According to Rodman (2010, p. 44) “the main thrust of agenda setting is that media content
might not change your point of view about a particular issue, but will change your perception of what is
important.” For today’s researchers, the important point to make about agenda setting is that once issues
capture people’s attention, they have a tendency to influence government policy.
It is expected that the constant portrayal of messages about good governance by the media will
go a long way to make people perceive it in a certain way. Even if the messages do not direct their
attention or thinking toward good governance, the messages will certainly register a certain perception
 6

of good governance in their minds. The agenda setting perspective will go a long way to enhance the
efforts of the media in the struggle to ensure that the government delivers good governance to the
public.
Social Responsibility Theory
The origin of this theory is traced to the Hutchins’ Commission of the Freedom of the Press.
This commission was set up in the United States of America in 1947 to reconsider the idea of press
freedom as propounded by the Libertarian theorists. Dominick (2000, p. 401) in Agbo, Ojobor and
Ezinwa (2010, p. 132) observes that the theory holds that the press have a right to criticise government
and other institutions, but they have a responsibility to preserve democracy by properly informing the
people and by responding to society’s needs and interests.
This therefore holds that this theory advocates some obligations on the part of the media to the
society. A judicial mix of self-regulation and state regulation, and high professional standards were
imperative (Eze, 2011, p. 84). It dwells on the modern variation that the duty of one’s conscience is the
primary basis of the right of free expression. The purpose of this theory is to ensure that the press
should be open to anyone with something to say. The press is controlled by community opinion and
consumer action. No publishing of socially harmful information or invasion of privacy (Ndolo, 2006, p.
35).
The watchwords of this are liberty and restraint. The principles of the theory are:
I. The media should accept and fulfil certain obligations to the society;
II. The obligations are mainly to be met by setting high professional standards of informativeness, truth,
accuracy, objectivity, and balance;
III. In accepting and applying these obligations, media should be self-regulating within the framework
of the laws of the land;
IV. The media must avoid whatever could lead to crime, violence or civil disorders or give offence to
minority groups;
V. That the media should be pluralistic and reflect the diversity of the society, giving access to minority
groups;
VI. Journalists and media professions should be accountable to the society as a whole.
In view of the various propositions and tenets of the social responsibility theory, it is the
responsibility of the media, in line with their traditional functions to keep surveillance of the society.
The coverage of burning and topical issues on good governance is the sole responsibility of the media.
Consequently, the Nigerian media, especially the broadcast media should engage in serious media
coverage to uncover burning and topical issues on good governance.
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1.8 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is on the impact of the media in promoting good governance. The focus
is on Enugu urban residents.
1.9 Limitations of the Study
The limitations of this study are majorly finance and time. Limited finance notwithstanding, the
researcher utilised every opportunity to ensure that it will not affect the fact findings of the study.
Moreover, the researcher used limited time wisely to meet up with the respondents and other materials
needed in the study
1.10 Definitions of Terms
The terms in this study were defined conceptually and operationally.
Conceptual Definitions
I. Impact: This is the significant or strong influence something or somebody has on something
or somebody.
II. Media: The media are means and institutions for publishing and broadcasting
information to a wide and diversified audience.
III. Promoting: This is the act of advocating, urging or attempting to popularise a course or
activity by means of publicity.
IV. Good Governance: This is the introduction of changes that will strengthen the
accountability of political leaders to the people, ensure respect for human rights, strengthen
the rule of law and decentralize political authority.

Operational Definitions
I. Impact: This is the significant influence that the media have in promoting good governance
in Nigeria.
II. Media: The media are means and institutions like FRCN, NTA, Daily Sun,
Newswatch – for publishing and broadcasting information on good governance to the
wide and diversified Nigerian audience.
III. Promoting: This is a situation whereby the media advocate, urge and/or attempt to
popularise issues of good governance in Nigeria, with the view to promote it for the
betterment of the society.
IV. Good Governance: This is the introduction of changes that will strengthen the
accountability of Nigerian political leaders to the people, ensure respect for human rights,
strengthen the rule of law and decentralize political authority.
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References
Agbo, B. Ojobor, I. Ezinwa, C. (2010). Issues in development communication. Enugu: John Jacobs.

Eze, M. A. (2011). Fundamentals of communication theories (2nd ed.). Enugu; De-verge Agencies.

IDPAA PRIA (2001). Democratic governance and poverty eradication in South Asia. Regional
Advocacy Training Program for Civil Society Members, Module 1.

Ndolo, I. S. (2006). Mass media systems and society. Enugu: Rhyce Kerex Publishers.

Okenwa, S. N. (2002). The mass media: Theories and realities. Enugu: Bismark.

Okoro, E. (2013). Mass communication and sustainable political development in Africa: A review of
the literature. Studies in Media and Communication, 1(1), 49-56.

Rodman, G. (2010). Mass media in a changing world: History, industry, controversy (3rded). New
York: McGraw Hill.

Smith, B. C. (2007). Good governance and development. Palgrave: Macmillan.

The World Bank (2009). The media and development: World Bank working paper number 158.
Washington, DC.: The World Bank.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature Review
The sources of literature review included the vast areas of academic and professional books,
journals, articles, newspapers and past projects carefully studied in the libraries within and around
Enugu.
2.2. Review of Relevant Literature
This section deals with the review of related literature to this study, and is done in subheadings.
The subheadings to be used are:
 The Concept of the Mass Media
 Treatise on Good Governance
 Measuring Good Governance
 Media’s Role in Good Governance
 How the Corrupted Media Undermines Democracy and Good Governance
2.2.1 The Concept of the Mass Media
Mass communication media refer to the channels or the means by which information or
messages are conveyed from source to receiver. They are also defined as the organized means for
communicating openly and at a distance to many receivers within a short space of time. According to
Daramola (2003, p. 53) mass media are organizations that distribute cultural products or messages that
affect or reflect the culture of society, and also provide information simultaneously to a large
heterogeneous audience. It may take the form of broadcast as in the case of radio and television, or
print media like newspaper and magazine. Usually, mass media aim to reach a very large market, such
as the entire population of a country. The phrase ‘the media’ began to be used in the 1920s, but referred
to something that had its origin much further in the past. The invention of the printing press in the late
15th century gave rise to some of the first forms of mass media communication, by enabling the
publication of books and newspapers on a scale much larger than was previously possible (Ramey,
2007, p. 58).
The mass media are sometimes used interchangeably with the press. The name ‘press’ was
adopted due to the fact that print journalism started the mass media industry. The press is a channel
which professional communicators use in disseminating messages widely, rapidly and continuously to
arouse intended meaning in large and diversified readers in an attempt to influence them in a variety of
ways. The press refers to all technologically mediated, institutionally organised and spontaneously
expressed form of social communication in both rural and urban areas, although more widely used
among literate group. Mass media are broadly classified into print and broadcast media. The print
 10

media include newspapers, magazines, books, journals etc. while the broadcast media include radio,
television and Cinema.
A newspaper can be defined as a printed product created on a regular (daily or weekly) basis and
distributed to large number of people. Newspaper in terms of format can be classified as tabloid and
blanket sheet or standard. On the other hand, a magazine is a bound publication issued more or less
regularly and containing a variety of reading matters. Magazine is of various types, they are general
interest magazine, specialized magazine, literate or class magazine, Junk or Soft magazine (Nwabueze,
2005, p. 32). However, radio is a broadcast medium that appeals to the sense of sound. It is one of the
most ubiquitous, the most effective and cheapest medium of communication available to man today. It
provides the opportunity for man to understand both his immediate and distant environment. Through
radio, messages or information are received by means of electromagnetic waves, hence, provides man
with the opportunity to send spoken words, music, codes and other communication signal through the
waves to any parts of the world. It is an important instrument of social change, agent of mobilisation
and socialisation. With the unique ability to inform, entertain and educate, radio has become the daily
comparison of millions of people at work, on the high way and a routes (Nwogbunyama, 2007, p. 37)
On the other hand, television is defined as an audio-visual broadcast medium which also sends
signal by means of electromagnetic waves to various receiving sets in different homes and places. It is
neither age specific nor gender discriminatory. It is one of the most powerful forces in the history of
civilisation that appeal to mass audience. Among other media, television has the greatest creative
impact. As a means of reaching mass audience no other medium has the unique creative ability of
television as it combines sight, sound, picture and movement in information dissemination.
Television has a sense of immediacy which enable the viewer participate in the television
programme. Television is of two kinds. They are broadcast television and non-broadcasting television.
A broadcast television otherwise known as open circuit television, transmit signals including pictures
and sound by radio waves or by cables to the receiving television sets without wire connection, while a
non-broadcast television system also known as close circuit television is mostly used in schools,
industries, banks, laboratories and big stores with the help of wire connection to a particular television
set (Daramola, 2003, p. 57).
The mass media, through good programmes and featurised development news reports, could
educate people on how certain developmental activities would be of benefit to them if executed in their
locality. The mass media, especially the broadcast media make use of the people’s language to bring
about desired change in the social system, and educate people on the essence and benefits of a campaign
being embarked upon (Nwabueze, 2005, p. 34). “The mass media are powerful tools for opinion
moulding, agenda setting, public debate, integration, entertainment, education, motivation and
mobilisation. They wield a lot of power” (Okenwa, Udeze & Ngwu, 2000, p. 26). In the words of Brain
 11

Wenham (a former BBC Director of Programmes) as saying that ‘Television is credited with almost
superhuman powers. It can – they say, start wars, and it can sap the will to continue those wars. It can
prevent the society talking sensibly to itself, and it can cause trouble to the streets.”
2.2.2 Treatise on Good Governance
The term governance is not new. It is as old as human civilization. In fact, this concept can be
traced as far as back to Aristotle (484-425 B.C.) in his seminal work “Polity” or even further back to
Confucius (511-479 B.C.), who considered good governance as a wise government that acted
meritoriously, satisfied the citizens’ public demands and responsibly promoted harmony in society
(Palmer, 1997). The notion of “governance” or “good governance” has been widely discussed in the
past decades by international development organizations, scholars, politicians and public administrators,
since good governance has remained a global challenge. Given the rising awareness about the
importance of governance at both the national and local level, it is necessary to trace the evolving
debates over the definition of governance.
With its intrinsic vagueness and inherent lack of specificity, research about governance
generates multiple efforts to define it and measure it in different ways and directions (Ahrens, 1999).
The term, governance, is like a flexible carrier, which can be employed to convey various meanings. In
this process, two paths of definitions have gradually been emerging. The first is a process and policy-
oriented discourse and second a power and development-oriented stream (Doornbos, 2001). It is worth
mentioning that academics and international agencies conceptualize governance within their interests
and specific contexts. Some scholars interpret governance as an outcome in itself, while others consider
governance as a theoretical construct, an analytical frame or a means to promote sustainable
development (Kjaer, 1996).
First of all, the concept of governance is not to be equated with government. Scholars define
governance by emphasizing the process of decision-making or the process by which decisions are
implemented. For instance, Plumptre and Graham (1999) define governance as a concept distinct from
government. They claim government is a set of institutions, while governance is about how
governments and other social organizations interact, how they relate to citizens, and how decisions get
made in an increasingly complex world (Plumptre & Graham, 1999). As for Stoker (1998), he asserts
that whereas government refers to the formal institutional structure and the location of authoritative
decision-making, the essence of governance is the “interactive relationship between and within
government and nongovernmental forces” (Stoker, 1998, p.38). Fukuyama (2013) refers to governance
as government’s ability to make and enforce rules and to deliver public services, regardless of whether
the government is authoritarian or democratic. Frischtak (1994, p.7) describes governance capacity “as
the ability to co-ordinate the aggregation of diverging interests and thus promote policy that can
credibly taken to represent the public interest.”
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Similarly, in Rhodes’ (2000) viewpoint, governance is a new process of governing as well as the
new method by which society is governed. As for Bovaird and Loffler (2003), they describe governance
within specific contexts in order to distinguish between countries and stakeholders, and they understand
governance to be the ways in which stakeholders interact with each other in order to influence the
outcomes of public policies. Kjaer (1996, p.6) states that governance signifies “the capacity to define
and implement policies.” As for Boeninger (1991, p.1), governance means “identifying economic and
social objectives … charting a course designed to move society in that direction.” Obviously, scholars
have not formulized a clear and operational definition of governance, and they describe governance in
terms of the government’s capacity to deliver public services and enhance the development of civil
society.
Secondly, although governance plays a key role in promoting sustainable economic, political
and social development, a vast body of literature examines governance from the viewpoint of power or
authority relations within various contexts (Doornbos, 2001). In this sense, the concept of governance
fosters a new understanding of the practice and exercise of political power. For instance, Hydén (1992,
p. 7) states, “governance … is the conscious management of regime structures with a view to enhancing
the legitimacy of the public realm.” Apart from increasing the legitimacy of the regime, Bratton and van
de Walle (1992, p. 30) define governance as “an interactive process by which state and social actors
reciprocally probe for a consensus on the rules of the political game.” In the same way, Chazan (1992)
holds the purpose of governance is to ensure the coordination between the state and the civil society. He
states that governance has the capacity to establish and maintain workable relations between individuals
and institutional actors in order to achieve collective goals.
Similarly, Hydén and Mease (2004) state governance is concerned with how political regimes
protest, amend or sustain rules for policy. They believe governance is “the formation and stewardship of
the rules that regulate the public realm---the space where state as well as economic and societal actors
interact to make decisions” (Hydén & Mease, 2004, p. 5). Swilling (1997) further simplifies the
meaning of governance and asserts governance is about how power structures and civil society
interrelate to produce a civic public realm. Thus, governance is carried out by the state, the private
sector and the civil society in both democratic and authoritarian regimes. There are differences between
the two discourses. For instance, the policy-oriented stream defines governance focusing on enhancing
policy effectiveness, while the power-oriented discourse emphasizes relations among the state, civil
society and development.
In fact, when conceptualizing governance, scholars differ by taking different issues, problems or
goals into account. Even though scholars highlight several substantive characteristics of a governance
concept, they describe governance without providing any universal conceptualization (Smith, 2007).
What makes such issue more problematic and complicated is the emerging use of the concept of good
 13

governance (Kareivaite, 2014). Many approaches seek to conceptualize the term good governance by
addressing several key attributes of governance, however, the underlying definitions and mechanisms
remain vague and minimally operational. Moreover, much scholarly attention to governance has
concentrated on the World Bank’s efforts to measure good governance around the world as well as on
the multifaceted responses to the World Bank’s use of the concept (McCarney, 2010).
For instance, the World Bank’s (1989) report claims that the crisis on African continent is one of
governance. More specifically, the World Bank refers to such phenomena as “the extensive
personalization of power, the denial of fundamental human rights, widespread corruption, and the
prevalence of unelected and unaccountable government” (Hydén, 1992, p.5). Implicitly, from this
perspective, the World Bank actually calls for liberalization and democratization. In other words, it
indicates that good governance and sustainable development will occur only when policy-makers
abandon their authoritarian practices (George & Sabelli, 1994).
As a matter of fact, the World Bank first utilizes the term governance with regards to Africa
(McCarney, 2010). In the World Bank’s document, Long Term Perspective Study – Sub-Saharan
Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth, it declares that good governance is “a public service that is
efficient, a judicial system that is reliable, and an administration that is accountable to its public (World
Bank, 1989, xii).” The World Bank (1989, p.60) defines governance as “the exercise of political power
to manage a nation’s affairs.” It is interesting to note that one element of this definition is power and
another is management, where the former is used to achieve the goal of the latter (McCarney, 2010).
Later in 1992, the World Bank (1992, p.1) published a booklet, Governance and Development,
which defines governance as “the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s
economic and social resources for development.” Viewed in this manner, the World Bank’s early
thinking about governance is primarily concerned with establishing political power by improving
institutional efficiency, accountability and sound development management. However, governance has
been viewed critically as an important factor in a global-hegemonic neo-liberal discourse (Rosenau &
Czempiel, 1992).
As Schmitz (1994) contends, good governance is like a global vehicle to deliver political
sustainability for neo-liberal policies. Thus, the World Bank employs governance to disseminate
Western liberal democracy in the Third World with the purpose of maintaining a free global market
(Leftwich, 1993). The World Bank takes this opportunity both to instill Western political values in the
developing countries and to sanction them if these countries did not meet the World Bank’s standards of
good governance (George & Sabelli, 1994).
In addition, in 1997 the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) put forward its
definition of governance, which is very similar to the World Bank. UNDP publishes a report,
Reconceptualising Governance, which defines governance as “the exercise of political, economic and
 14

administrative authority to manage a nation’s affairs (1997, p. 11)” In another key report, Governance
for Sustainable Human Development, UNDP (1997) contends that good governance is of great
significance not only to ensure the rule of law and protect against international organized crime, but also
to maintain and expand a nation’s social and economic infrastructure.
Meanwhile, the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (1996, p. 6) defines
governance as “the process whereby elements in society wield power and authority, and influence and
enact policies and decisions concerning public life, economic and social development.” All these
connotations from international agencies suggest that governance is involved with leadership toward
societal development, and the concept is indeed a product of the late twentieth century when
development becomes the priority of both states and international community.
Since the mid-1990s, there has been a broadening interest in governance from both international
agencies and scholars. Academic studies about governance outside the World Bank are many and
varied. More importantly, the meaning of governance which has tended to be broader in scope and
research about governance has expanded across a variety of issues, including the interface between civil
society and good governance (Roy, 2007), the relation between governance and development (Baland,
Moene, Robinson, 2009), public management (Huque, 2013), decentralization (Bardhan, 2002), and
democratic governance and policy reforms (Brinkehoff, 2000).
The theoretical roots about governance connect to institutional economics, international
relations, political science, public administration, organizational studies, development studies, public
administration and Foucauldian-inspired theorists (Jessop, 1995). However, only a few and limited
studies examine governance from the viewpoint of media and communication. For instance, Khazaeli
and Stockemer (2013) evaluate the impact of Internet use on governance quality through analysis of
Internet penetration rates in more than 170 countries and find that Internet penetration has a positive
influence on governance practices regardless of regime types. The authors suggest authoritarian
countries are likely to censor dissenting information online, but such practices will become increasingly
difficult to maintain over time due to the development of anti-filter tools (Khazaeli & Stockemer, 2013).
Hassid and Brass (2014) investigate the role of media in government responsiveness to scandal
as one aspect of governance in Kenya and China. Contrary to expectation, authoritarian China is more
responsive to public pressure addressing scandals than democratic Kenya, which indicates democracy
and free media are important for government responsiveness to scandal, but free usually is necessary
but not sufficient (Hassid & Brass, 2014). More studies are needed to explore governance from the field
of communication studies. Overall, as a complex concept, there is no consensus on the definition of
governance. Previous research about conceptualizing governance emphasizes the political nature of
governance (Baland, Moene, & Robinson, 2009).
 15

On the other hand, various conceptualizations of governance reveal the confusion among
academics, since the term “governance” is often defined and interpreted based on the interests and
prepositions of researchers, scholars, politicians and international agencies. This highlights governance
as a contested term, and research about governance is fragmented. It is necessary to develop a
“governance perspective” (Stoker, 1998) to address the confusion, complexity and uncertainty over the
changing world of government. Brattion and Rothchild (1992) consider governance, democracy,
accountability and legitimacy together as defining characteristics of governance, and they state
governance is broader than government. Before going further into the discussion, it is necessary to
review the relationships among good governance, democracy, corruption and the media as well as how
scholars, researchers or international agencies measure governance.
2.2.3 Measuring Good Governance
Good governance is believed to be beneficial to a state’s political development, while poor
governance is among the most important causes of state failure and underdevelopment. In terms of good
governance, Smith (2007) contends that it corresponds to four attributes of the polity: constitutional,
political, executive and the content of public policy. For instance, at the constitutional level, good
governance requires changes to the fundamental principles and rules on which government is based
(Smith, 2007). The political dimension of good governance includes pluralism, participation and control
of corruption (Smith, 2007).
The executive requisite of good governance includes the government’s capacity to establish an
accountable, transparent and effective public administration (Smith, 2007). The policy dimension of
good governance responds to governments’ efforts to promote economic growth, free markets, welfare
and human development (Smith, 2007). Good governance is also difficult to measure, since the quality
of government within each country varies tremendously. Fukuyama (2014) proposes three approaches
to measure the quality of government, namely procedure, capacity and outputs. However, the three
measures are unlikely to capture the real quality or strength of government across nations.
Recently, a number of international agencies have sought to measure some aspects of the quality
of governance. The most cited and employed is the World Bank Institute’s Worldwide Governance
Indicators (WGI). These indicators measure six dimensions of governance for a wide range of countries,
including voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government
effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption (Kaufmann, et al., 2010).
However, it is questionable about whether the WGI numbers actually capture the variance and strength
in the quality of government. Any proxy for governance is by definition an imperfect measure of
broader concepts of governance (Kaufmann & Kraay, 2007). For instance, the absence of violence in a
state might not mean that there is effective policy implementing such as North Korea.
 16

Frankly speaking, it would be very difficult to create a rational framework to measure

governance, since there is tremendous degree of variance in the quality of governments across the globe
(Fukuyama, 2014). It is easier to criticize the existing frameworks of evaluating governance than to
propose new solutions. For purposes of this dissertation, and in light of the literature of several fields,
the following definition of good governance will be used in this research. This definition does not favor
for a single type of government such as democracy, instead it suggests that regardless of regime types,
good governance is characterized by establishing an effective administration, promoting political
values, as well as encouraging political accountability, legitimacy, transparency and participation.
Indeed, from the perspective of communication studies, one possible way to measure and evaluate good
governance is to look at how media frame and describe governance issues and thereby influence
citizens’ perception of the performance of government officials. Thus, framing theory and the spiral of
silence theory will be examined.
2.2.4 Media’s Role in Good Governance
In order to strengthen governance in developing countries, effectiveness of the media has been
suggested. But, the extent to which media can contribute to governance rests on its ability to coordinate
and focus more on investigative journalism (The World Bank, 2009). It also needs to negotiate for
access to information and freedom of expression and dissemination through legislative processes.
Critical roles expected of the media in good governance drive include exposure of illegal, corrupt and
unethical activities of the government and its agencies. To this end, it is important for media agents to
engage professional and ethical cadre of investigative news sources (Okoro, 2013). It is expected that
such approach would engender publication of information that is well-articulated and thoroughly
investigated without any fear of harassment.
While media role in good governance is desired, it is essential to address possible militating
factors such as ownership of media outfit. Media agencies financed directly or indirectly by political
class might be grossly defective in playing role of disseminating useful information, exposure of corrupt
practices and provision of adequate and well investigative information for public consumption. In such
cases, good governance would be defined by the media subject to the interest of their sponsors. As
highlighted by World Bank (2009) the relevance of the mass media is the distinction between private
and public ownership of the media system, and the need for improved protection and security of media
staff (reporters and journalists) in their bid to investigate and expose corrupt practices and activities in
countries.
The role of an independent media does not only raise public awareness about corruption and
unethical behaviors, it also exposes their causes, consequences, and impact on democratic and political
process in a country. The role of the media is essential in promoting good governance and discouraging,
controlling, and curbing corruption in a political system. Historically, the root of corruption and
 17

unethical practices are grounded in the social and cultural history, political, and economic inheritance of
many developing nations. Consequently, the presence of investigative media structure is critical to
sustain political governance.
The important role of media in good governance could be demonstrated with an increase in
atmosphere of transparency. Thus, media agents are expected to liaise with governance agencies in a
mutually reinforcing manner. This, as noted by World Bank (2000) would ensure the achievement of
national objectives that serve the interest of disparate communities. Okoro (2013) substantiate that
citizens depend on the media for an understanding of issues, it would be appropriate that the mass
media, as watchdogs, are involved or have access to policy formation and implementation processes in
countries where leadership credibility is either questionable or nonexistent. It is noteworthy that some
sustainable development policies of governments are complex or even challenging to the citizenry;
therefore, it is important to allow the media to analyze program objectives. In the wake of democratic
reforms in the newly independent African nations towards sustainable political agenda, research on
democracy, development, and media demonstrated that all forms of media should embark on the
fundamental role of analyzing and evaluating political issues and needs in the region (Nwankwo, 2000).
Essential to this role is ensuring that political leaders are accountable and transparent in the
performance of their duties. Election processes should be refined and made more rigorous in order to
reduce the tendency to abuse the system by overzealous party members. Recent studies and debates on
media and development clearly indicate that post-independence initiatives in some African countries
point to an urgent need for effectiveness of the mass media to challenge any governance that would
support or establish a political environment against ethnic and social integration. With this objective,
sustainability of political development becomes a realistic goal in a developing continent. For example,
more recent events in many parts of Africa (Okoro, 2010) demonstrate that effective use of the media,
especially the news media, can improve the quality of governance and foster accountability at all levels.
Studies spanning over three decades have consistently argued for freedom of the press as a pre-
requisite for democratic governance. The media in developed nations are seen as watchdogs of the
public interest than as merely conduits of government agenda and information. The watchdog function
of the mass media is protective of stakeholders‟ interest and ensures that accountability and
transparency exist in a democracy. It, therefore, stands to reason that political development and press
freedom are intertwined in the effort to establish stability in a civil society.
In advanced democracies, private media stimulate national reforms by exposing mismanagement
and abuses at all levels of government, and reveals corrupt practices as well as questionable behaviors
and standards in public sectors of the economy. Graber (2010), Okigbo (2000), and The World Bank
(2009) strongly indicate that better governance and effective public policy are inseparable and are the
foundation of democracy. Olowu et al. (2002) emphasized that successful capacity building and
 18

democratic renewal in Africa is the function of an independent media. Therefore, the desire for a
sustainable political development is realistic as long as it includes the role of strong and vibrant mass
media.
2.2.5 How the Corrupted Media Undermines Democracy and Good Governance
News is to be obviously objective, fair and unbiased and it should be keep a clear distance from
advertisements. What happens when the difference between news and advertisements start blurring, or
when "news" is published in favor of a particular politician or corporate giants by selling editorial
spaces? In such situations, the reader or the viewer can hardly discriminate between news reports and
advertisements. As results the readers or viewers are being confusing by the media with their wrong and
misleading information (Yadav, 2001). Ultimately these practices are undermined the very essence of
democracy and the role of the people in decision making process.
The paid news is a serious threat to democracy and good governance. It affects the democratic
process in various ways. Firstly, with paid news, the media being compelled to surrender its
independence. A media without independence is nothing more than a palm let of the authorities or
interest groups. Secondly with paid news the media deceives the citizens. The reader of the press or the
viewer of the television is betrayed into believing that what is basically an advertisement is in fact,
independently produced news content. Ultimately this practice do harm to the decision making process
in a democratic society. The third important question is related to media’s role in protection of human
rights. No market regulated media can discharge their responsibility to the masses. Their every action
might be regulated by the strings of advertisement (Norris, 2006). When media is being compelled to
protect the corporate interests, naturally this will lead to right violation of the vulnerable sections in the
society.
Above all the paid news culture of media undermines the entire democratic process in the
country. The paid news practices are very active in election pried. Many candidates are not willing to
declare the expenditure incurred on planting “paid news” items. Through this process, the candidate
standing for election violates the Conduct of Election Rules. With the huge influence of paid news in
the Media organizations, more and more editors today have turned their attention away from readers'
interest in news and views to the promotion of their publishers' financial achievements. The sad effect is
to make press coverage of news and views insufficient and thin, to focus less on issues and more on
personalities, to concentrate on today's sensations but neglect follow-ups (D’Souza, 2000).
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
Many approaches seek to conceptualize the term good governance by addressing several key
attributes of governance, however, the underlying definitions and mechanisms remain vague and
minimally operational. Moreover, much scholarly attention to governance has concentrated on the
World Bank’s efforts to measure good governance around the world as well as on the multifaceted
 19

responses to the World Bank’s use of the concept. Good governance and sustainable development will
occur only when policy-makers abandon their authoritarian practices. Good governance is seen in a
public service that is efficient, a judicial system that is reliable, and an administration that is
accountable to its public.
While media role in good governance is desired, it is essential to address possible militating
factors such as ownership of media outfit. Media agencies financed directly or indirectly by political
class might be grossly defective in playing role of disseminating useful information, exposure of corrupt
practices and provision of adequate and well investigative information for public consumption. In such
cases, good governance would be defined by the media subject to the interest of their sponsors.
The role of the media is essential in promoting good governance and discouraging, controlling,
and curbing corruption in a political system. Historically, the root of corruption and unethical practices
are grounded in the social and cultural history, political, and economic inheritance of many developing
nations. Consequently, the presence of investigative media structure is critical to sustain political
governance. The important role of media in good governance could be demonstrated with an increase in
atmosphere of transparency. Thus, media agents are expected to liaise with governance agencies in a
mutually reinforcing manner.
 20

References

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Baland, J. M., Moene, K. O. & Robinson, J. A. (2009). Governance and development. In Rorik, D. &
Rosenzweig, M. (Ed.). Handbook of development economics. North Holland.

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Bratton, M., & van de Walle. (1992). Toward governance in Africa: Popular demands and state
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Brinkerhoff, D. W. (2000). Democratic governance and sectoral policy reform: Tracing linkages and
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Chazan, N. (1992). Liberalization, governance and political space in Ghana. In Hydén, G. & Bratton,
M. (Ed.). Governance and politics in Africa. Boulder: Rienner.

Daramola, I. (2003). Introduction to mass communication. Lagos: Rotham.

Doornbos, M. (2001). Good governance: The rise and decline of a policy metaphor? Journal of
Development Studies, 37(6): 93–108.

D'Souza, J. B. (2000). Journalism: Profit over people. Economic and Political Weekly, 35(19): 597-
1598.

Fukuyama, F. (2013). What is governance? Governance, 26(3): 347–368.

Fukuyama, F. (2014). Political order and political decay: From the industrial revolution to the
globalization of democracy. New York: Macmillan.

George, S. & Sabelli, F. (1994). Faith and credit: The World Bank's secular empire. Boulder: Westview
Press.

Graber, D. A. (2010) Mass Media and American Politics (8th edition). Washington, DC: Congressional
Quarterly, Inc.

Huque, A. S. (2013). Can public management contribute to governance in developing countries? Public
Organization Review, 13(4): 397–409.
 21

Hydén, G. & Mease, K. (2004). Making sense of governance: Empirical evidence from sixteen
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Hydén, G. (1992). Governance and the study of politics. In Hydén, G. & Bratton, M. (Ed.). Governance
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International Institute of Administrative Sciences. (1996). A draft composite definition by the IIAS
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Jessop, B. (1995). The regulation approach and governance theory: Alternative perspectives on
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Kareivaite, R. (2014). The significance of good governance for sustainable development: A theoretical
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 23

CHAPTER TH REE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
Research method has to do with a certain approach adopted by a researcher in tackling a
research topic. It is concerned with using a stated method to study a phenomenon as to solve a given
problem. In view of this, the researcher adopts the survey research design. According to Nwodu (2006,
p. 67) survey “is a research method, which focuses on a representative sample derived from the entire
population of study”. In survey method, a subset is chosen from a population and the subset is studied.
The result from the studied subset serves as the basis for generalization on the whole population. This
method is advantageous because it looks at all the elements in a population and provides for them in the
sampling. It also gives convenience of study. However, result gotten may not completely represent the
whole population, as only a fraction of the population is studied.
3.2 Research Design
The research design for this study is the qualitative research design. The qualitative design is
often used to study ideas, beliefs, human behaviors and other research questions that do not involve
studying the relationship between variables. The particular qualitative design that is used is the non-
experimental research design, which does not involve a manipulation of the situation, circumstances or
experience of the participants. This design was adapted because this study is looking at the relationship
between variables; rather, it studies beliefs and human behaviour.
In this study, this research design will involve structuring and administering questionnaires to
the representative sample of the study. The questionnaire was used to further the overall analysis of the
findings of this study for validity. The data will be analysed using the percentages, tables and
frequencies for the demography of respondents and research questions, while the hypotheses will be
tested using the Chi-square formula.
3.3 Area of Study
The area of study for this work is Enugu urban, with specific focus on FRCN, Enugu.
Considering the geographical make up of Enugu urban, the following places were carefully selected as
clusters to represent the chosen area and respondents were drawn from them: Ogui New Layout,
Abakpa, Agbani Road, Trans-Ekulu, Independence layout, New Haven etc.
3.4 Population of the Study
Ogili (2005, p.53) observes that population “involves a group of persons or aggregate items,
things the researcher is interested in getting information from for the study”. Therefore, the population
of this study was drawn from the residents of Enugu Urban. According to the 2006 National Census
Figure released by the Nigerian Population Commission (NPC), the population figure of Enugu Urban
is 722664. However, to get the current population of Enugu metropolis, there will need to use the
 24

annual population growth rate projection. According to Nigerian Population Worldmeters, the average
annual population growth rate of Nigeria is 2.59%. This will be used to determine the population Enugu
metropolis in 2021. 2.59% of 722664 = 18716.9
Annual growth is 18717. From 2006 to 2021 is a period of fifteen (15) years. 18717 x 15 =
280755. The population of Enugu metropolis in 2021 according to the projection is 280755 + 722664 =
1003419. The population of study therefore is 1003419.
3.5 Research Sample
The sample of this study was derived from the research population using the Taro Yamane
formula stated as
n = N
1 + N (e)2
Where n = sample size;
N = Population;
e = error margin
Therefore, the sample is;
n = 1003419
1 + 1003419 (0.05)2
n = 1003419
1 + 1003419 (0.0025)
n. = 1003419
1 + 2508.5475
n = 1003419
2509.5475
n = 399.8
n = 400
Therefore the sample for the study is 400.
3.6 Sampling Technique
The researcher adopted the simple random sampling technique to administer the questionnaire to
the respondents. According to Uwakwe (2006, p.18) in simple random sampling, “each element in the
sample has equal and independent chance of being selected in the sample.” This technique was chosen
to enable the categories of the respondents, which form the representative sample.
3.7 Instrument of Data Collection
The instrument of data collection in this study is the questionnaire. The questionnaire is a
structured one and is designed with close-ended and open-ended questions. The questionnaire is also
structured into two parts. The first part deals with the demographic details of respondents, while the
 25

second part contains the question of the research. The questionnaire above all provided for the
confidentiality of the respondents.
3.8 Method of Data Collection
Data for this study was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data
was through the administration of questionnaire. Copies of the questionnaire were randomly
administered to each of the four hundred respondents in the sample. The questions contained in the
questionnaire were clearly structure to avoid ambiguity. The secondary data was gotten from works of
other researchers published and unpublished works, lecture notes and internet sources.
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
The analysis of data in this study will be done using the Chi-square goodness of fit and
percentages. The Chi-square goodness of fit will be used to test the hypotheses, while simple
percentages and tables will be used to analyse the demography of respondents and research questions.
The Chi-square formula is stated as
X2 = (fo – fe)2
∑ Fe
 = Summation.
fo = Observed frequency.
fe = Expected frequency.
3.10 Expected Results
It is expected in this study that residents of Enugu urban are exposed to broadcast media
messages on the national interest and good governance as to be able to ascertain how broadcast
regulation is influencing the media in that direction.
 26

References

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Uwakwe, O. (2006). Manual for writers and researchers. Enugu: Cecta Nigeria.
 27

CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data Analysis
Data analysis is an explanation of factual information generated in the course of a study
(Nwodu, 2006, p. 172). Also, according to Ikeagwu (1998, p.220) data can be analyzed to “further the
overall goal of understanding social phenomena achieved through the processes of description,
explanation and prediction”. In the course of this study, the researcher administered four hundred (400)
questionnaires, presentation of the demographic analysis of the respondents. Below is the analysis of the
study.
Table 1: Sex Distribution of Respondents
Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 250 62.5%
Female 150 37.5%
Total 400 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021
The table indicates that 250 of the respondents, representing 62.5% are males, while 150 of the
respondents, representing 37.5% are females. This means that the male respondents are in the majority.
Table 2: Age Distribution of Respondents
Age Brackets Frequency Percentage
20 – 25 years 124 31%
26 – 30 years 152 38%
31 years and Above 124 31%
Total 400 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021
The above table indicates that 124 of the respondents, representing 31% are between 20 and 25
years, 152 of the respondents, representing 38% of the respondents are between 26 and 30 years of age,
while 124 of the respondents representing 31% of the respondents are from 31 years and above.
Table 3: Marital Status of Respondents
Marital Status Frequency Percentage
Single 280 70%
Married 120 30%
Total 400 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021
The table indicates that 280 of the respondents, representing 70% are single, while 100 of the
respondents representing 30% are married.
 28

Table 4: Occupational Distribution of Respondents

Occupation Frequency Percentage
Students 120 30%
Teachers/Lecturers 170 42.5%
Civil Servants 60 15%
Businessmen 50 12.5%
Total 400 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021
The table above indicates that 120 of the respondents representing 30% are students; 170 of the
respondents representing 42.5% are either teachers or lecturers; 60 of the respondents representing 15%
are civil servants, while 50 of the respondents representing 12.5% are business persons.
Table 5: Educational Qualification of Respondents
Highest Educational Qualification Frequency Percentage
O’ level 50 12.5%
ND/NCE 80 20%
HND/Degree 170 42.5%
Masters 60 15%
Ph.D/D.Sc 40 10%
Total 400 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2021
The table above indicates that 50 of the respondents representing 12.5% are WAEC or NECO
holders; 80 of the respondents representing 20% are ND/NCE holders; 170 of the respondents,
representing 42.5% are either HND/B.Sc/B.A/B.Ed holders; 60 of the respondents representing 15% are
Master’s degree holders, while 40 of the respondents representing 10% are Ph.D/D.Sc holders.
Table 6: Do the media give significant level of prominence to issues of good governance in their
programme content?
Variables Frequency Percentage
Yes 110 27.5%
No 220 55%
Can’t Say 70 17.5%
Total 400 100%
Source: Field Survey 2021
The table indicates that 110 of the respondents representing 27.5% said that the media give
significant level of prominence to issues of good governance in their programme content; 220 of the
respondents representing 55% said it does not, while 70 of the respondents representing 17.5% don’t
know.
 29

Table 7: To what extent is the media viable in influencing government policies towards
implementing policies of good governance?
Variables Frequency Percentage
High 198 49.5%
Low 202 50.5%
Total 400 100%
Source: Field Survey 2021
The table indicates that 198 of the respondents representing 49.5% agreed that the extent the
media is viable in influencing government policies towards implementing policies of good governance
is high, while 202 of the respondents representing 50.5% said it is low.
Table 8: To what extent do the media play their watchdog role in ensuring that governance
structures and activities are upheld by the government?
Variables Frequency Percentage
High 100 25%
Very high 120 30%
Low 90 22.5%
Very low 90 22.5%
Total 400 100%
Source: Field Survey 2021
The table indicates that 100 of the total respondents, representing 25% said that the extent the
media play their watchdog role in ensuring that governance structures and activities are upheld by the
government is high; 120 of the respondents representing 30% said it is very high; 90 of the respondents
representing 22.5% said it is low, while 90 of the respondents representing 22.5% said it is very low.
Table 9: Are the media in Nigeria independent and free enough to strengthen and promote good
governance?
Variables Frequency Percentage
Yes 198 49.5%
No 202 50.5%
Total 400 100%
Source: Field Survey 2021
The table indicates that 198 of the respondents representing 49.5% are of the opinion that the
media in Nigeria are independent and free enough to strengthen and promote good governance, while
202 of the respondents representing 50.5% are of different opinion that they are not.
4.2 Test of Hypotheses
Hypothesis One
H1 The media give significant level of prominence to issues of good governance in their programme
contents.
Ho The media do not give significant level of prominence to issues of good governance in their
programme contents.
 30

Table 10: Test of Hypothesis One

Variables 0 E 0–E (0 – E)2 (0 – E)2
E
High 110 133 -23 529 3.98
Low 220 133 87 7569 56.91
Can’t Say 70 133 -63 3969 29.84
Total 400 90.73
Source: Field Survey 2021
Df = K–1
Df = 3–1
Df = 2
Level of significance at 0.05 = 5.991
The table indicates that the calculated Chi-square value (90.73) is greater than the table value
(5.991). The alternative hypothesis (H I) is therefore accepted, proving that the media give significant
level of prominence to issues of good governance in their programme contents.
Hypothesis Two
H2 The media are highly viable in influencing government towards implementing policies of good
governance.
Ho The media are not highly viable in influencing government towards implementing policies of good
governance.
Table 11: Test of Hypothesis One
Variables 0 E 0–E (0 – E)2 (0 – E)2
E
Yes 198 200 -2 4 0.02
No 202 200 2 4 0.02
Total 400 0.04
Source: Field Survey 2021
Df = K–1
Df = 2–1
Df = 1
Level of significance at 0.05 = 3.841
Decision: Since the calculated Chi-square value (0.04) is less than the table value (3.841), the null
hypothesis (H0) is not rejected. It therefore holds that the media are not highly viable in influencing
government towards implementing policies of good governance.
Hypothesis Three
H3 To a large extent the media play their watchdog role in ensuring that governance structures and
activities are upheld by the government.
 31

Ho To a minimal extent the media play their watchdog role in ensuring that governance structures and
activities are upheld by the government.
Table 12: Test of hypothesis Three
Variables 0 E 0– E (0 – E)2 (0 – E)2
E
Agree 100 100 0 0 0
Strongly Agree 120 100 20 400 4
Disagree 90 100 10 100 1
Strongly Disagree 90 100 10 100 1
Total 400 6
Source: Field Survey 2021
Df = K–1
Df = 4–1
Df = 3
Level of Significance at 0.05 = 7.815
Decision: Since the calculated Chi-square value (6) is less than the table value (7.815), the null
hypothesis (H0) is not rejected. It therefore holds that to a minimal extent the media play their watchdog
role in ensuring that governance structures and activities are upheld by the government.
Hypothesis Four
H4 The media in Nigeria are independent and free enough to strengthen and promote good governance
in Nigeria.
Ho The media in Nigeria are not independent and free enough to strengthen and promote good
governance in Nigeria.
Table 13: Test of Hypothesis Four
Variables 0 E 0–E (0 – E)2 (0 – E)2
E
Yes 198 200 -2 4 0.02
No 202 200 2 4 0.02
Total 400 0.04
Source: Field Survey 2021
Df = K–1
Df = 2–1
Df = 1
Level of significance at 0.05 = 3.841
Decision: Since the calculated Chi-square value (0.04) is greater than the table value (3.841) the null
hypothesis (H0) is not rejected. It therefore holds that the media in Nigeria are not independent and free
enough to strengthen and promote good governance in Nigeria.
 32

4.3 Discussion of Results

In all, four hypotheses were tested for statistical support. Hypothesis one dwelled on the issue
whether the media give significant level of prominence to issues of good governance in their
programme contents. In the analysis, the calculated Chi-square value (90.73) was seen to be greater than
the table value (5.991) at 0.05 level of significance and 3 degree of freedom proving the alternative
hypothesis. This goes to authenticate the assumption that the media give significant level of
prominence to issues of good governance in their programme contents.
In hypothesis two, the analysis indicated that the calculated Chi-square value (0.04) is less than
the table value (3.841) at 0.05 level of significance and 1 degree of freedom giving credence to the null
hypothesis. This goes to support the proposition of the null hypothesis that the media are highly viable
in influencing government towards implementing policies of good governance.
The focus of hypothesis three is on the extent the media play their watchdog role in ensuring that
governance structures and activities are upheld by the government. In the analysis, the calculated Chi-
square value (6) is less than the table value (7.815) at 0.05 level of significance and 3 degree of
freedom, proving the null hypothesis. This shows that the extent the media play their watchdog role in
ensuring that governance structures and activities are upheld by the government is minimal.
The last hypothesis four centered on the assumption whether the media in Nigeria are
independent and free enough to strengthen and promote good governance in Nigeria. In the analysis, it
was seen that the calculated Chi-square value (0.04) is less than the table value (3.841) at 0.05 level of
significance and 1 degree of freedom, given authenticity to the null hypothesis. This goes to prove the
fact that the media in Nigeria are independent and free enough to strengthen and promote good
governance in Nigeria.
 33

References

Nwodu, L. C. (2006). Research in communication and other behavioural sciences - Principles, methods
and issues. Enugu: Rhyce Kerex
 34

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings
This study was undertaken to explore the role of the media in promoting good governance in
Nigeria, using FRCN, Enugu as the study focus. Survey method was used to conduct this study.
Questionnaire was designed and distributed to the respondents, drawn from Enugu urban area, to
determine how the media has fared in in supporting and canvassing for good governance in Nigeria. The
responses gotten were well analyzed, interpreted and descriptively presented using the Chi-square
goodness of fit.
The mass media is seen to be very vibrant in mobilising for good governance. The outcome of
this study is significant, insightful and elucidating as it confirmed earlier held notions about the strength
and weaknesses of the Nigerian media.
The study can be summarised thus:
 The media give significant level of prominence to issues of good governance in their
programme contents.
 The media are highly viable in influencing government towards implementing policies of good
governance.
 The extent the media play their watchdog role in ensuring that governance structures and
activities are upheld by the government is minimal.
 The media in Nigeria are independent and free enough to strengthen and promote good
governance in Nigeria.
5.2 Conclusion
The findings of this study have necessitated some conclusions to be drawn from it. Having
explored messages from the media on good governance, it is seen that enough and adequate strategic
contents have been disseminated to mobilise support for the pursuance of good governance. The media
is very effective in promoting good governance. It has the capability of appealing even to all sector and
segment of the society. The media communicates in dialects and uses the local language to reach the
target audience. Mass media is generally a powerful means of mobilizing the public towards supporting
policies and programmes of good governance. However, the barrage of well packaged and designed
messages on national interest and good governance has not affected the some areas.
 35

5.3 Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations have been made:
 The mass media should adopt a more strategic approach towards mobilising the public for good
governance.
 Media messages should be designed to change the orientation and mindset of Nigerians on good
governance.
 Media organisations, particularly broadcast stations, should be adequately funded, and be allowed
by the owners, public or private, to explore possible and feasible means of generating revenue
through diverse programme contents and creative use of their programming.
 Broadcast stations should, as far as practically, dissociate themselves from biased programming, but
should rather emphasize fair and balanced programming through granting access to all shades of
opinions, views, comments etc., irrespective of political, economic or social leanings.
 The regulatory bodies of the journalism profession should endeavour to see that the fundamental
objectives and philosophies of the profession are clearly adhered to so as to avert non-professional
conducts. This will aid the proper implementation of ethical principles to boost and maintain
integrity of the profession.
 The Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ) should establish an institution or degree programmes
which should engage the service of experts in the evaluation and curriculum studies to constantly
review the curriculum content of their programmes to ensure true and sound professionals that will
contribute greatly toward economic development.
 36

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 41

APPENDIX I
LETTER OF INTRODUCTION
Department of Mass Communication
School of Communication Arts
Institute of Management and Technology
Enugu

5 December 2021
Dear Respondent,
Request for Filling of Questionnaire
The researcher is a final year students of Mass Communication at the Institute of Management
and Technology (IMT) Enugu. The researcher is conducting a study on ‘The Role of the Media in
Promoting Good Governance in Nigeria”, using FRCN, Enugu as the case study. This study is a partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in Mass
Communication.
The researcher is thereby soliciting your support towards this study by completing this
questionnaire with the promise that your responses will be used only for the purpose of this study and
will be treated confidentially.
Thanks for your co-operation
Yours faithfully,

Ikejiofor Ifechukwu S.
IMT/MC/H2019/3/037
(Researcher)
 42

APPENDIX II

QUESTIONNAIRE

INSTRUCTION: Tick (√) the boxes close to your appropriate response and write on the dotted lines
where applicable.

Section One: Personal Data

1. Gender: Male [ ] Female [ ]
2. Age: 18-25 [ ] 26-30 [ ] 31 and above [ ]
3. Marital Status: Single [ ] Married [ ]
4. Occupation: Student [ ] Civil Servant [ ]
Business Person [ ] Media practitioner [ ]
5. Educational Qualification: O’ level [ ] ND [ ] HND/Degree [ ]
Masters [ ] Others (specify)………………………………
Section Two: Research Question
6. Do you watch television or listen to radio? Yes [ ] No [ ]
7. Which of the medium do you expose yourself most? Radio [ ] Television [ ]
9. Do you think the media can contribute to drive good governance? Yes [ ] No [ ]
10. Do you agree that media regulation support their roles in good governance?
Agree [ ] Disagree [ ] Undecided [ ]
11. Do you think the broadcast media are viable in inducing government policies geared towards
implementing policies of good governance? Yes [ ] No [ ]
12. How can you rate media in terms of playing their watchdog roles in ensuring that governance
structures and activities fall in line with good governance? High [ ] Low [ ] Can’t say [ ]
14. Do you think the media in Nigeria are independent and free enough to strengthen good governance?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
15. How can you rate broadcast media level of independent and freedom in Nigeria?
High [ ] Very high [ ] Low [ ] Very low [ ]
 43

ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA

(A STUDY OF FRCN ENUGU)

BY

IKEJIOFOR IFECHUKWU S.
IMT/MC/H2019/3/037

DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION

SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION ARTS
INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, ENUGU

JANUARY, 2022.
 44

TITLE PAGE

ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA

(A STUDY OF FRCN ENUGU)

BY

IKEJIOFOR IFECHUKWU S.
IMT/MC/H2019/3/037

A PROJECT SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD
OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN MASS COMMUNICATION
INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, ENUGU

JANUARY, 2022.
 45

APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the project titled: “ Role of the Media in Promoting Good
Governance in Nigeria: A Study of FRCN Enugu”, has been read and approved as original

work submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Higher National
Diploma (HND) in Mass Communication, Institute of Management and Technology
(IMT), Enugu.

Anigbo Rose Sign/Date: -----------------------

Project Supervisor

Dr. (Mrs.) Onyiaji Judith C. Sign/Date: -----------------------

Head of Department

External Examiner Sign/Date: -----------------------

 46

DEDICATION
 47

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 48

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page - - - - - - - - - - i
Approval page - - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgement s - - - - - - - - iv
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - v
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vii
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem - - - - - 3
1.3 Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - 4
1.4 Significance of the Study - - - - - - - 4
1.5 Research Questions - - - - - - - 5
1.6 Research Hypotheses - - - - - - - 5
1.7 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - - 6
1.8 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - 9
1.9 Limitations of the Study - - - - - - 10
1.10 Definition of Terms (Conceptual and Operational) - - 10
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Sources of Literature - - - - - - - 13
2.2 Review of Relevant Literature - - - - - - 13
2.3 Summary of Literature Review - - - - - - 28
Chapter Three: Methodology
3.1 Research Design - - - - - - - - 31
3.2 Area of Study - - - - - - - - 31
3.3 Population of the Study - - - - - - - 31
3.4 Research Sample - - - - - - - - 32
3.5 Sampling Technique - - - - - - - 32
3.6 Instrument of Data Collection - - - - - - 33
 49

3.7 Method of Data Collection - - - - - - - 34

3.8 Method of Data Analysis - - - - - - 34
3.9 Expected Results - - - - - - - - - 34
Chapter Four: Presentation and Interpretation of Findings
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis - - - - - - 35
4.2 Test of Hypotheses - - - - - - - 38
4.3 Discussion of Results - - - - - - - 41
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - 43
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 44
5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - - 44
5.4 Suggestions for Further Study - - - - - - 45
References - - - - - - - - - 46
Appendices - - - - - - - - - 49-51
 50

ABSTRACT
The focus of this study is the role of the media in promoting good governance in Nigeria, using FRCN
Enugu as the case study. In a developing country like Nigeria, it has been observed and discovered that,
most government owned media of mass communication are extensively used as instrument of
propaganda to foster the political ideals of the government in power. This has been made possible
because these media outfits lack financial autonomy and are heavily reliant on government for revenue
to run their businesses. This is also the same with private media. So, the researcher in this study set to
appraise the impact of the media in promoting good governance in Nigeria. The researcher adopted
survey research method in the execution of the study. The population of study as drawn from the
population of Enugu urban is 10035419. From this population, a sample of 400 was derived using the
Taro Yamane formula. Copies of questionnaire were distributed to the respondents for generating data
for the study. Findings from the study show that the media are very vibrant and potent in mobilising for
good governance. Among others, it was recommended that the mass media should adopt a more
strategic approach towards mobilising the public for good governance. Also, the media should, as far as
practically, dissociate themselves from biased programming, but should rather emphasize fair and
balanced programming through granting access to all shades of opinions, views, and comments,
irrespective of political, economic or social leanings.