Physical Pharmaceutics-I (13PH0403) AIM: To determine the viscosity of given sample liquid(s) using Ostwald’s viscometer at room temperature. REQUIREMENTS: 1) Apparatus: stop watch, Ostwald’s viscometer, balance, specific Gravity bottle, stand calibrated weight box 2) Chemical: Distill water, test liquid THEORY: The viscosity of a fluid may be described simply as its resistance to flow or movement. Thus water, which is easier to stir than syrup, is said to have the lower viscosity. Historically the importance of rheology (a term invented by Bingham and formally adopted in 1929), which may be defined as the study of the flow and deformation properties of matter, in pharmacy was merely as a means of characterizing and classifying fluids and semisolids. For example, in the British Pharmacopoeia a viscosity standard has for many years been used to control substances such as liquid paraffin. However, the increased reliance on the dissolution testing of dosage forms and the use of polymers has given added importance to a knowledge of flow properties. Furthermore, advances in the methods of evaluation of the viscoelastic properties of semisolids and biological materials have produced useful correlations with bioavailability and function. Viscosity is the internal frictional resistance to the relative motion of adjacent layer of fluid. Viscosity of liquid is expressed by ‘Coefficient of viscosity (n). It is defined as “the force per unit area required to maintain a unit velocity difference between two parallel layers of liquids separated by unit distance from each other”. PRINCIPLE: Ostwald viscometer works on the principle of flow of liquid through an orifice. The Wight of liquid is this driving force that causes the help of Poiseuille’s equation as given below. Water is generally used as reference standard. n= mPrit/alv ‘olume of the liquid flowing through the capillary in time. P= Pressure head adius of the tube Length of tube t= time to pass the liquid between two mark. The experimental measurement of P, r, 1, and V offers considerable difficulty. Therefore, it is possible to find the absolute coefficient of viscosity directly from above equation. Hence ordinarily, viscosity of a liquid is determined with respect to water. This is called relative viscosity. FoP, Marwadi University, Rajkot |B. Pharm. Sem-IV (2023-2024) Page | 30Physical Pharmaceutics-II (13PH0403} The expression for relative viscosity (n:/1z) is given by equation, ne= pate/prts (m1) Where, pi =Density of distilled water p2= Density of teat liquid tu= Time taken for distilled water to flow between the point A and B ‘t2= Time taken for teat liquid to flow between the point A and B 11 =Viscosity of distilled water nz=Viscosity of test liquid Substituting the value of viscosity of coefficient of water (11) in above equation, ‘we can find the absolute viscosity of the liquid under study (n2) > PROCEDURI A. Determination of density of given sample of liquid: 1. Take specific gravity bottle, clean it with water and then with acetone and allow ito dry. 2. Determine the specific gravity of the distilled water and liquid under study using the procedure mentioned. B. Determination of time of flow: 1, Thoroughly clean the viscometer using water and then with organic solvent such as acetone and allow it to dry. 2, Mount the viscometer in vertical position on a suitable sand, 3. Transfers distilled water with the help of pipette through the wide lime up to mark C. 4. Now suck the liquid from one arm to another arm containing the capillary and allow the liquid to climb to a mark A. 5. Note the time required for distilled water to flow form mark A to B 6. Repeat step 4 and 5 three times to obtain accurate reading and calculate an average time of flow. 7. Remove the liquid form Ostwald’s viscometer rinse it with acetone, dry it. 8. Similarly fill viscometer with test liquid up to mark C and find out the time taken, for the liquid to flow from A to B. 9. Again repeat step 8 three times for getting accurate reading and calculate the average time of flow. FoP, Marwadi University, Rajkot |B. Pharm. Sem-IV (2023-2024) Page| 31Physical Pharmaceutics-II (13PH0403) Observation Table: AU-tube viscometer sr. No. Liquid Time taken to For flow of liquid i Mean between two points (sec) M Viscosity time (toon) u te b FoP, Marwadi University, Rajkot |B. Pharm. Sem-IV (2023-2024) Page | 32Physical Pharmaceutics-II (13PH0403} RESULT: Viscosity of given unknown test liquid 1 2 Study questior 1. Define viscosity and give its unit? 2, State the poiseulli’s equation and explain the terms involved in it? 3. What is Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow of liquid? 4, Whatis thixotropy? 5. Define rheology and give its application, Reference: 1. Shaikh T, Jain BV, Bendegumble B. A Practical boom of physical Pharmaceutics - Il, 1* edition; Nirali Prakashan; Pune; 2018; 1-58. 2. Gangadi JR; Physical Pharmaceutics-II: experimental lab manual; 1st edition; S Vikas and company; Jalandhar; 2019; 1-56. 3. Lachman L, Lieberman HA, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy; Indian edition; CBS publishers; New Delhi; 2009; 564-576. 4. Martin's Physical Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences Physical Chemical And Biopharmaceutical Principles In The Pharmaceutical Sciences; 6" Edition; Philadelphia; 2018;1-1231 FoP, Marwadi University, Rajkot |B. Pharm. Sem-IV (2023-2024) Page | 33