Course Pack

in
BASIC CALCULUS

Compiled by:

Carla Fe J. Masibay

January 2023
 Table of Contents

Title Page i

Table of Contents ii

Course Overview iii

1 Limits of Algebraic Expressions using Tables and Graphs 1

1.1 Introduction to the Limits of Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 How to Illustrate the Limit of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 How to Solve the Limit of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 How to Graph the Limit of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Existence of Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 Ways to Evaluate Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.7 Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2 Limits Laws 14
2.1 Constant Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Identity Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Constant Multiple Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4 Sum Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 Difference Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6 Product Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.7 Quotient Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.8 Power Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.9 Radical or Root Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.10 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.11 Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
 Course Overview

This comprehensive Basic Calculus course for Senior High School students is designed

to establish a robust foundation in key mathematical concepts essential for grasping calcu-

lus and its practical applications. The structured modules cover fundamental pre-calculus

concepts, limits and continuity, differentiation, integration, applications of calculus in var-

ious fields such as optimization and modeling, and a concluding segment on differential

equations. Emphasizing problem-solving, critical thinking, and a thorough understanding

of mathematical principles, the course aims to equip students with the skills needed to con-

fidently navigate advanced mathematical topics in their academic journey, fostering a solid

grasp of basic calculus concepts with real-world relevance.

- Miss Carla Fe J. Masibay

 CHAPTER 1

Limits of Algebraic Expressions using Tables and Graphs

1.1 Introduction to the Limits of Function

Definition 1.1.1. Let x be a function defined at every number in some open interval con-
taining c except possibly at the number c itself. If the value of f is arbitrarily close to the
number L for all the value of x sufficiently close to c, then the limit of f (x) as x approaches
c is L. This is written as
lim f (x) = L
x→c

One sided limit is the value (L) as the x value gets closer and closer to a certain value
c from one side only (either from the left or from the right side).
In symbols,

limx→c− f (x) = L From the left side

limx→c+ f (x) = L From the right side

The limit of a function limx→c− f (x) = L is not the same as evaluating a function
f (c) because they are different in terms of concept. The limit of a function gets its value by
providing inputs that approaches the particular number while evaluating a function is more
like direct substitution process.

1.2 How to Illustrate the Limit of a Function

Example 1.2.1. Express in mathematical symbol the limit of the function (x + 3) as x ap-
proaches 2 is equivalent to 5.

1
 2

Solution:
Write down your given f (x) equivalent to (x + 3). Your c is equal to 2 and your limit L is
5. Then substitute into the limit expression

lim f (x) = L
x→c

Answer:

lim (x + 3) = 5
x→2

1.3 How to Solve the Limit of a Function

Example 1.3.1.
lim (x + 3) = ?
x→2

Solution:

Step 1: Choose x-values that approach 2 from the left side and from the right side.
Remember that we cannot choose 2 because we are dealing with limits. (See the number
line figure below).

x-values or (inputs) that approaches 2 from the left side

−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
x-values or (inputs) that approaches 2 from the right side

Step 2: Create table of values, for the inputs that approaches 2 from the left and for
the inputs that approaches 2 from the right side. (See figure below).

x 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 2 2.0001 2.001 2.01 2.1

f(x)
 3

After choosing x-values that approach 2 from the left and from the right side, evaluate
each input to its corresponding function and solve for its corresponding output.
Solution:

1.9 1.99
f (x) = x + 3 f (x) = x + 3
f (1.9) = 1.9 + 3 f (1.99) = 1.99 + 3
f (1.9) = 4.9 f (1.99) = 4.99

1.999 1.9999
f (x) = x + 3 f (x) = x + 3
f (1.999) = 1.999 + 3 f (1.9999) = 1.9999 + 3
f (1.999) = 4.999 f (1.9999) = 4.9999

2.0001 2.001
f (x) = x + 3 f (x) = x + 3
f (2.0001) = 2.0001 + 3 f (2.001) = 2.001 + 3
f (2.0001) = 5.0001 f (2.001) = 5.001

2.01 2.1
f (x) = x + 3 f (x) = x + 3
f (2.01) = 2.01 + 3 f (2.1) = 2.1 + 3
f (2.01) = 5.01 f (2.1) = 5.1

Step 3:

x 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 2 2.0001 2.001 2.01 2.1

f(x) 4.9 4.99 4.999 4.9999 5 5.0001 5.001 5.01 5.1

f(x) approaches 5 from the left side f(x) approaches 5 from the right side

Now that the output values on both tables are solved, notice that it approaches 5 as the
inputs gets closer and closer to 2. We can illustrate both tables as one sided limits from the
left
lim (x + 3) = 5
x→2−
 4

and
lim (x + 3) = 5
x→2+

from the right.

Step 4: Since both one sided limits from the left and from the right side is equivalent
to 5, therefore the limit of the function x + 3 as x gets closer and closer to 2 is 5. In symbols,
we have,
lim (x + 3) = 5
x→2

1.4 How to Graph the Limit of a Function

Use the coordinates from the table of values and plot them into a Cartesian plane. The
graph below shows the graph of Example 1.3.1, limx→2 (x + 3) = 5.
 5

Example 1.4.1. Calculate

 
x−4
lim
x→0 x2 − 16

and graph the function.

Solution:

Step 1: Choose x-values that approach 0 from the left side and from the right side.
Remember that we cannot choose 0 because we are dealing with limits. (See the number
line figure below).

x-values or (inputs) that approaches 0 from the left side

−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
x-values or (inputs) that approaches 0 from the right side

Step 2: Create table of values, for the inputs that approaches 0 from the left and for
the inputs that approaches 0 from the right side. (See figure below).

x -0.1 -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f(x)

After choosing x-values that approach 0 from the left and from the right side, evaluate
each input to its corresponding function and solve for its corresponding output.
 6

Solution:

-0.1 -0.01

f (x) = xx−4
2 −16 f (x) = xx−4
2 −16
(−0.1)−4 (−0.01)−4
f (−0.1) = (−0.1)2 −16 f (−0.01) = (−0.01)2 −16
−4.1 −4.01
f (−0.1) = 0.01−16 f (−0.01) = 0.0001−16
−4.1 −4.01
f (−0.1) = −15.99 f (−0.01) = −15.9999

f (−0.1) = 0.2564102564 f (−0.01) = 0.2506265664

-0.001 -0.0001

f (x) = xx−4
2 −16 f (x) = xx−4
2 −16
(−0.001)−4 (−0.0001)−4
f (−0.001) = (−0.001) 2 −16 f (−0.0001) = (−0.0001) 2 −16
−4.001 −4.0001
f (−0.001) = 0.000001−16 f (−0.0001) = 0.00000001−16
−4.001 −4.0001
f (−0.001) = −15.999999 f (−0.0001) = −15.99999999

f (−0.001) = 0.2500625156 f (−0.0001) = 0.2500062502

0.0001 0.001

f (x) = xx−4
2 −16 f (x) = xx−4
2 −16
0.0001−4 0.001−4
f (0.0001) = (0.0001) 2 −16 f (0.001) = (0.001) 2 −16
−3.9999 −3.999
f (0.0001) = 0.00000001−16 f (0.001) = 0.000001−16
−3.9999 −3.999
f (0.0001) = −15.99999999 f (0.001) = −15.999999

f (0.0001) = 0.2499937502 f (0.001) = 0.2499375156

0.01 0.1

f (x) = xx−4
2 −16 f (x) = xx−4
2 −16
0.01−4 0.1−4
f (0.01) = (0.01)2 −16 f (0.1) = (0.1) 2 −16
−3.99 −3.9
f (0.01) = 0.0001−16 f (0.1) = 0.01−16
−3.99 −3.9
f (0.01) = −15.9999 f (0.1) = −15.99

f (−0.01) = 0.2493765586 f (−0.1) = 0.243902439

 7

Step 3:

x −0.1 −0.01 −0.001 −0.0001 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 0.2564103 0.250627 0.250063 0.250006 0.25 0.24999 0.249938 0.249377 0.243902
f(x) approaches 0.25 from the left side f(x) approaches 0.25 from the right side

Now that the output values on both tables are solved, notice that it approaches 0.25 as the
inputs gets closer and closer to 0. We can illustrate both tables as one sided limits from the
left
 
x−4
lim = 0.25
x→0− x2 − 16

and
 
x−4
lim = 0.25
x→0+ x2 − 16

from the right.

Step 4: Since both one sided limits from the left and from the right side is equivalent
x−4
to 0.25, therefore the limit of the function x2 −16
as x gets closer and closer to 0 is 0.25. In
symbols, we have,
 
x−4
lim = 0.25
x→0 x2 − 16

Step 5: Use the coordinates from the table of values in Step 3 and plot them into a
Cartesian plane.
 8

0.258

0.256

0.254

0.252
f(x)

0.25
(0, 0.25)
0.248

0.246

0.244

0.242
-0.1 -0.010 0.01 0.1
x

Example 1.4.2. Calculate

 
x−4
lim
x→4 x2 − 16

and graph the function.

Solution:

Step 1: Choose x-values that approach 4 from the left side and from the right side.
Remember that we cannot choose 4 because we are dealing with limits. (See the number
line figure below).

x-values or (inputs) that approaches 4 from the left side

−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x-values or (inputs) that approaches 4 from the right side

Step 2: Create table of values, for the inputs that approaches 4 from the left and for
 9

the inputs that approaches 4 from the right side. (See figure below).

x 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999 4 4.0001 4.001 4.01 4.1

f(x)

After choosing x-values that approach 4 from the left and from the right side, evaluate
each input to its corresponding function and solve for its corresponding output.
Solution:

3.9 3.99

f (x) = xx−4
2 −16 f (x) = xx−4
2 −16
3.9−4 3.99−4
f (3.9) = (3.9) 2 −16 f (3.99) = (3.99)2 −16
−0.1 −0.01
f (3.9) = 15.21−16 f (3.99) = 15.9201−16
−0.1 −0.01
f (3.9) = −0.79 f (3.99) = −0.0799

f (3.9) = 0.1265822785 f (3.99) = 0.1251564456

3.999 3.9999

f (x) = xx−4
2 −16 f (x) = xx−4
2 −16
3.999−4 3.9999−4
f (3.999) = (3.999) 2 −16 f (3.9999) = (3.9999) 2 −16
−0.001 −0.0001
f (3.999) = 15.992001−16 f (3.9999) = 15.99920001−16
−0.001 −0.0001
f (3.999) = −0.007999 f (3.9999) = −0.00079999

f (3.999) = 0.125015627 f (3.9999) = 0.1250015625

4.0001 4.001

f (x) = xx−4
2 −16 f (x) = xx−4
2 −16
4.0001−4 4.001−4
f (4.0001) = (4.0001) 2 −16 f (4.001) = (4.001) 2 −16
0.0001 0.001
f (4.0001) = 16.00080001−16 f (4.001) = 16.008001−16
0.0001 0.001
f (4.0001) = 0.00080001 f (4.001) = 0.008001

f (4.0001) = 0.1249984375 f (4.001) = 0.124984377

 10

4.01 4.1

f (x) = xx−4
2 −16 f (x) = xx−4
2 −16
4.01−4 4.1−4
f (4.01) = (4.01) 2 −16 f (4.1) = (4.1) 2 −16
0.01 0.1
f (4.01) = 16.0801−16 f (4.1) = 16.81−16
0.01 0.1
f (4.01) = 0.0801 f (4.1) = 0.81

f (−0.01) = 0.1248439451 f (4.1) = 0.1234567901

Step 3:

x 3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999 4 4.0001 4.001 4.01 4.1

f (x) 0.126582 0.125156 0.125016 0.125002 0.125 0.124998 0.124984 0.124844 0.123457
f(x) approaches 0.125 from the left side f(x) approaches 0.125 from the right side

Now that the output values on both tables are solved, notice that it approaches 0.125
as the inputs gets closer and closer to 4. This case is different from Example 1.4.1 because
when x = 4, by substitution, f (4) does not exist, because the denominator is 0. However,
when the values of x come close to 4, the values of f (x) come close to 1/8 (or 0.125), as
evident in the table. We can illustrate both tables as one sided limits from the left

 
x−4
lim = 0.125
x→4− x2 − 16

and
 
x−4
lim = 0.125
x→4+ x2 − 16

from the right.

Step 4: Since both one sided limits from the left and from the right side is equivalent
x−4
to 0.125, therefore the limit of the function x2 −16
as x gets closer and closer to 4 is 0.125. In
symbols, we have,
 
x−4
lim = 0.125
x→4 x2 − 16
 11

Step 5: Use the coordinates from the table of values in Step 3 and plot them into a
Cartesian plane.

0.129

0.128

0.127

0.126
f (x)

0.125
(4, 0.125)

0.124

0.123

0.122
3.9 3.99 4 4.01 4.1
x

1.5 Existence of Limit

Theorem 1.5.1. A limit exists if and only if both corresponding one-sided limit exist and
are equal. That is,
lim f (x) = L ,
x→a

for some number L, if and only if

lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = L

x→c− x→c

Always remember that if the limit value from the left side is not equal to the limit value
from the right, then the limit Does Not Exist or DNE.
 12

In symbols,

lim f (x) = L 6= lim f (x) = L, then lim f (x) DN E

x→c− x→c+ x→c

1.6 Ways to Evaluate Limits

1 Graphically - show graph and arrows travelling from each side of the x-value to find
limit

2 Numerically - show table values from both the right and left of the x-value to discover
limit

3 Analytically - algebraically
 13

1.7 Practice Test

Test I. For each item, complete the table values, and use the results to estimate the value
of the limit. Show your complete solution and show the graph.

1. lim (x2 + 2x − 3)
x→3

x 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999 3 3.0001 3.001 3.01 3.1

f (x)

 
x+1
2. lim 2
x→−1 x −x−2

x -1
f (x)

√
3. lim ( x4 + x + 11)
x→−2

x -2.1 -2.01 -2.001 -2.0001 -2 -1.9999 -1.999 -1.99 -1.9

f (x)

Test II. Calculate the limits of the following functions numerically and graphically.

1. lim (x − 10)
x→6

2. lim (x2 + 5x − 7)
x→2

x2 − 36
3. lim ( )
x→6 x−6

4. lim (3x − 10)

x→4

5. lim (x2 + 4x − 5)
x→1
 CHAPTER 2

Limits Laws

Previously, you have learned that the limit of a function can be determined in two ways:

1. Construct a table of values and study the behavior of the function value as x approaches
its indicated value,

2. Sketch the graph of the function and study the behavior of the function as it goes
closer to the given value of x from both directions. But these methods can be time
consuming and tedious.

Nonetheless, following certain rules on limits can help simplify this process.

2.1 Constant Rule

Theorem 2.1.1. The limit of a constant is itself. If k is any constant, then,

lim k = k
x→c

Example 2.1.2.
lim 5 = 5 (2.1)
x→2

Example 2.1.3.
lim −4.25 = -4.25
x→0

Example 2.1.4.
lim 896 = 896
x→−1

14
 15

2.2 Identity Rule

Theorem 2.2.1. The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c. This may be thought of as

the substitution law, because x is simply substituted by c.

lim x = c
x→c

Example 2.2.2.
lim x = -1
x→−1

Example 2.2.3.
lim x = 0.12
x→0.12

Example 2.2.4.
lim x = 250
x→250

2.3 Constant Multiple Rule

Theorem 2.3.1. The says that the limit of a multiple of a function is simply that multiple
of the limit of the function.
lim[k · f (x)] = k · lim f (x)
x→c x→c

Example 2.3.2. Calculate

lim 4x
x→1

Solution:

 
lim 4x = 4 lim x (Constant Multiple Rule)
x→1 x→1
 16

= 4(1) (Identity Rule)

=4

Therefore,
lim 4x = 4.
x→1

Example 2.3.3. Calculate

1
lim x
x→−2 2

Solution:
 
1 1
lim x = lim x (Constant Multiple Rule)
x→−2 2 2 x→−2

1
= (−2) (Identity Rule)
2

= -1

Therefore,
1
lim x = −1.
x→−2 2

2.4 Sum Rule

Theorem 2.4.1. The says that the limit of a sum of functions is the sum of the limits of
the individual functions.

lim[f (x) + g(x)] = lim f (x) + lim g(x)

x→c x→c x→c

Example 2.4.2. Calculate

lim (4x + 2)
x→−3
 17

Solution:
lim (4x + 2) = lim 4x + lim 2 (Sum Rule)
x→−3 x→−3 x→−3
 
=4 lim x + 2 (Constant Multiple Rule and Constant Rule)
x→−3

= 4(−3) + 2 (Identity Rule)

= −12 + 2

= −10

Therefore,
lim (4x + 2) = −10.
x→−3

Example 2.4.3. Calculate

lim (−2x + 3)
x→−2

Solution:
lim (−2x + 3) = lim −2x + lim 3 (Sum Rule )
x→−2 x→−2 x→−2
 
= −2 lim x + 3 (Constant Multiple Rule and Constant Rule)
x→−2

= −2(−2) + 3 (Identity Rule)

=4+3

=7

Therefore,
lim (−2x + 3) = 7.
x→−2
 18

2.5 Difference Rule

Theorem 2.5.1. The limit of a difference of functions is the difference of their limits.

lim[f (x) − g(x)] = lim f (x) − lim g(x)

x→c x→c x→c

Example 2.5.2. Calculate

lim (5x − 6)
x→3

Solution:
lim (5x − 6) = lim 5x − lim 6 (Difference Rule)
x→3 x→3 x→3
 
= 5 lim x − 6 (Constant Multiple Rule and Constant Rule)
x→3

= 5(3) − 6 (Identity Rule)

= 15 − 6

=9

Therefore,
lim (5x − 6) = 9.
x→3

2.6 Product Rule

Theorem 2.6.1. This is similar to the Addition Theorem, with multiplication replacing
addition as the operation involved. Thus, the limit of a product of functions is equal to the
product of their limits.
lim[f (x) · g(x)] = lim f (x) · lim g(x)
x→c x→c x→c

.
 19

Example 2.6.2. Calculate

lim (x2 )(x − 1)
x→3

Solution:
lim (x2 )(x − 1) = lim x2 · lim (x − 1) (Product Rule)


x→3 x→3 x→3
 2  
= lim x · lim x − lim 1 (Power Rule and Difference Rule)
x→3 x→3 x→3

= 32 (3 − 1) (Identity Rule and Constant Rule)

= 9(2)

= 18

Therefore,
lim (x2 )(x − 1) = 18.
x→3

2.7 Quotient Rule

Theorem 2.7.1. This says that the limit of a quotient of functions is equal to the quotient
of the limits of the individual functions, provided the denominator limits is not equal to 0.

f (x) limx→c f (x)

lim = , where lim g(x) 6= 0
x→c g(x) limx→c g(x) x→c

Example 2.7.2. Calculate

 
3
lim
x→2 −4

Solution:
 
3 limx→2 (3)
lim = (Quotient Rule)
x→2 −4 limx→2 (−4)
3
= (Constant Rule)
−4
 20

3
=−
4

Therefore,
 
3 3
lim =− .
x→2 −4 4

Example 2.7.3. Calculate

 
2x
lim
x→0 3

Solution:
 
2x limx→0 2x
lim = (Quotient Rule)
x→0 3 limx→0 3

2 · (limx→0 x)
= (Constant Multiple Rule)
limx→0 3

2·0
= (Identity Rule and Constant Rule)
3

0
=
3

=0

Therefore,
 
2x
lim = 0.
x→0 3

Example 2.7.4. Calculate

 
2x
lim
x→0 3

Solution:
 
2x limx→0 2x
lim = (Quotient Rule)
x→0 3 limx→0 3
 21

2 · (limx→0 x)
= (Constant Multiple Rule)
limx→0 3

2·0
= (Identity Rule and Constant Rule)
3

0
=
3

=0

Therefore,
 
2x
lim = 0.
x→0 3

2.8 Power Rule

Theorem 2.8.1. This theorem states that the limit of an integer power p of a function is
just that power of the limit of the function.

lim[f (x)]n = [lim f (x)]n

x→c x→c

Example 2.8.2. Calculate

lim x2
x→2

Solution:
 2
lim x2 = lim x (Power Rule)
x→2 x→2

= (2)2 (Identity Rule)

=4
 22

Therefore,
lim x2 = 4.
x→2

Example 2.8.3. Calculate

lim x−3
x→−3

Solution:
 −3
−3
lim x = lim x (Power Rule)
x→−3 x→−3

= (−3)−3 (Identity Rule)

1
=
(−3)3
1
=
−27
1
=−
27

Therefore,
1
lim x−3 = − .
x→−3 27

2.9 Radical or Root Rule

Theorem 2.9.1. This theorem states that if n is a positive integer, the limit of the nth root
of a function is just the nth root of the limit of the function, provided the nth root of the
limit is a real number. Thus, it is important to keep in mind that if n is even, the limit of
the function must be positive.

p q
n
lim f (x) = n lim f (x)
x→c x→c

.
 23

Example 2.9.2. Calculate

√
3
lim 64
x→0

Solution:
√
3
q
lim 64 = 3 lim 64 (Radical Rule)
x→0 x→0

√
3
= 64 (Constant Rule)

=4

Therefore,
√
3
lim 64 = 4.
x→0

2.10 Examples

Example 2.10.1. Evaluate

lim 4x2 + 5x − 4
x→−2

and indicate the limit laws.

Solution:

lim 4x2 + 5x − 4 = lim 4x2 + lim 5x − lim 4 (Sum and Difference Rule)
x→−2 x→−2 x→−2 x→−2

= 4 · lim x2 + 5 · lim x − lim 4 (Constant Multiple Rule)

x→−2 x→−2 x→−2

 2
=4· lim x + 5 · lim x − lim 4 (Power Rule)
x→−2 x→−2 x→−2

= 4(−2)2 + 5(−2) − 4 (Identity Rule and Constant Rule)

= 4(4) − 10 − 4

= 16 − 10 − 4
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=2

Therefore,
lim 4x2 + 5x − 4 = 2.
x→−2

Example 2.10.2. Find

x
lim
x→3 x2 +5

Solution:
x limx→3 x
lim = (Quotient Rule)
x→3 x2 + 5 limx→3 x2 + 5
limx→3 x
= (Sum Rule and Power Rule)
(limx→3 x)2 + limx→3 5
3
= (Identity Rule and Constant Rule)
(3)2+5
3
=
9+5
3
=
14

Therefore,
x 3
lim = .
x→3 x2 + 5 14
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2.11 Practice Test

Test I. Evaluate the given limits and indicate the limit laws used.
1.
lim 2x2 − 3x + 4


x→5

2.

2
lim x4 − 2x + 1
x→3

3.
lim (x4 − 3x)(x2 + 5x + 3)
x→−1

4.
x4 − 1
lim
x→2 x3 − 2x + 1

5.
x3 + 2x2 − 1
lim
x→−2 5 − 3x

6.
x3 − 2
lim
x→2 2x2 − 3x + 2

7.
2
(x2 + x) − 4
lim
x→−1 x2 + x − 2

8.
√
lim x4 + 3x + 6
x→−2

9. √
x2 + 40 − 7
lim
x→−3 x−3

10.
√
3+x−2
lim
x→6 x