RPE MODULE 5 AS PER VTU

Database:
Database - An organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically
in a computer system
Scholarly Information Database - A type of database used to find academic publications on topics
across academic disciplines

Literature Search:
• Starts with searching of Bibliographic / Metadata sources
• Bibliographic Data: the information needed to identify and retrieve publications such as Journal
articles, books, Conf. items, etc.
• Metadata : data about data which is used to describe digital objects
• Examples Bibliographic data (fields):
• Title of the book or article
• Author / Creator
• Journal Name
• Year of publication
• Key words
• Abstract
• The Resources which contain Bibliographic data are called Bibliographic sources. Ex: Search
Engines, Directories, databases,

Tools for Web Information Retrieval:

• Search Engines (Generic Information)
– Meta Search Engines
– Specialty Search Engines
– Web Directories
– Portals & Gateways
• Scholarly Databases
– Bibliographic databases
– Citation Databases
– Patent Databases
– Digital Library Platforms
– Open Access Literature Platforms

Search Engines: It is a program that searches for keywords specified by the user, in the databases
of websites on the World Wide Web
Examples: Google, Bing, Ask, Yahoo, Lycos, DuckduckGo, Yandex, Entireweb, Gigablast

Meta search Engines: It takes input from a user and simultaneously send out queries to third party
search engines for results
Examples: WebCrawler, Dogpile, Info.com, Startpage, eXicte, zoo, Search.com, Yippy, Mamma,
Infospace

Specialty search engines: It takes input from a user and simultaneously send out queries to public
search engines for results and organises search results into clusters, offers better visualisations
Examples: Carrot, Millie

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Surface Web: Google, Bing, Wikipedia
Deep Web: Academic information, Medical records, Legal documents, Scientific reports,
Subscription information, Multilingual databases, Conference proceedings, Government resources,
Competitor websites, Organisation specific, Repositories
Dark Web: Illegal information, TOR Encrypted sites, Drug Trafficking sites, Private
Communications

Literature (Information) Band:

Scholarly Information:
• Information created in the course of research activities
• Information published by scholars to inform their learning/ research findings
• Information which is undergone a rigorous review process by peers in their discipline
• Published in regular publishing framework – Commercial, societies, Open access, so on

Scholarly Information: Document types:

• Journal articles
• Review articles
• Original Research articles
• Case study
• Rapid communications
• Conference papers
• Books / Book chapters
• Government reports
• Case Studies reports

Scholarly Information growth:

• Global scientific output doubles every nine years (Nature News Blog dated 07 May 2014 by
Richard Van Noorden)
• 36000+ English Language and 10000+ non English Language Peer reviewed journals adding over
3 million articles every year (STM Report 2022)
• ScholarlyLiterature (Source:Web of Knowledge platform)

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How do I Trust Web Information (Research)
Follow CRAAP Model
Evaluation Criteria:
1. Currency: The timeliness of the information.
• When was the information published or posted?
• Has the information been revised or updated?
• Does your topic require current information, or will older sources work as well?
• Are the links functional?
2. Relevance: The importance of the information for your needs.
• Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question?
• Who is the intended audience?
• Is the information at an appropriate level (i.e. not too elementary or advanced for your
needs)?
• Have you looked at a variety of sources before determining this is one you will use?
• Would you be comfortable citing this source in your research paper?
3. Authority: The source of the information.
• Who is the author/publisher/ source/sponsor?
• What are the author's credentials or organizational affiliations?
• Is the author qualified to write on the topic?
• Is there contact information, such as a publisher or email address?
Does the URL reveal anything about the author or source? examples:.com.edu.gov .org .net
4. Accuracy: The reliability, truthfulness and correctness of the content.
• Where does the information come from?
• Is the information supported by evidence?
• Has the information been reviewed or refereed?
• Can you verify any of the information in another source or from personal knowledge?
• Does the language or tone seem unbiased and free of emotion?
• Are there spelling, grammar or typographical errors?
5. Purpose: The reason the information exists.
• What is the purpose of the information? Is it to inform, teach, sell, entertain or persuade?
• Do the authors/ sponsors make their intentions or purpose clear?
• Is the information fact, opinion or propaganda?
• Does the point of view appear objective and impartial?
• Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional or personal biases?

Scholarly Information: Access Modes

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Scholarly Information Discovery Platforms:
• Scholarly Search Engines
• Library OPACs
• Data Repositories
• Grey literature
• Bib. Databases
• E-Books
• Report servers
• Digital Libraries
• Publisher platforms
• Datasets
• Manuals
• Open Access content
• Patent Resources
• Reference Management platforms
• E-print servers
• Aggregators
• Thesis & Dissertations Servers

Scholarly Search Engines:

• Specialty Search Engine
Academic Search Engines
• Restricted to Scholarly Content
• Add on functionalities
• Powerful search functionalities
• Google Scholar
• Microsoft Academic Search
• Semantic Scholar – AI Powered
• Gettheresearch
• BASE (Open Access articles)

Google Scholar: Tips:

Cited by: links to all articles list who has cited
Related articles: Brings you related articles
All Versions: links all available places where details of the article present
Cite: Exports Citation of the article (MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard) (Bibtext, Refman, Endnote,
RefWorks)
Save: will save to your Google scholar library

CrossRef :
Not-for-profit membership organization for scholarly publishing to make content easy to find, cite,
link, and assess

BASE:
• 100 Million documents from 5000 sources, 60% is open access content
• Contain Metadata of academically relevant resources - journals, institutional repositories, digital
collections etc
• Indexed only document servers which matches the quality criteria of BASE
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• Discloses web resources of the "Deep Web" which commercial search engine fails
• Excellent Refining filters (browse by Library Classification Number)
• BASE is an OAl Service provider, it can be integrated to local collection - Federated search,
Discovery

Semantic Scholar:
• 20+ Million digital items across all disciplines
• Profile based functionalities
• Citation tracking
• Citation / reference export functionalities
• Setup library (Personal collection)
• AutomaticAlerts
• Advance Search, Filtering Options, OA articles, References Export, Altmetrics

Bibliographic Databases:
Database of bibliographic records, an organized digital collection of references to published
literature which includes journal articles, conference proceedings, reports, patents, books, etc.
• Subject Specific
• Platform for comprehensive literature search
• Wider Coverage
• CDs / DVDs / Web Version
• Powerful search interface

Bibliographic Databases: Engineering

Engineering Village
• Provides access to 12 engineering document databases
• Published by Elsevier (Commercial)
• 190 engineering disciplines & 73 countries
• 3,800+ journals from 1,988 publishers
• 117 trade magazines
• 80,000+ conference proceedings & 83 book series
• Link to Full text Articles

Unique Features:
• Quick discovery of engineering literature: Thesaurus & Controlled Vocabulary
• Analyze and landscaping of engineering research Literature
• Alert features automatically push the latest updates to end users
• PlumX metrics helps users evaluate the impact and relevancy of articles

INSPEC:
• Created by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
• Service Provided by EBSCO (Commercial)
• Subject Coverage: physics, electrical engineering, electronics, communications, control
engineering, computing, information technology, manufacturing, production and mechanical
engineering
• Coverage: 30+ Million articles from 4500 Journals published by 500+ Publishers
• Inspec : also indexes more than 6 million conference items, plus preprints, books, dissertations,
patents, reports and videos
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 • Inspec Analytics: helps to know the research trend
• Inspec Archive: Science abstracts from 1898-1968

SciFinder (CAS):
• Published CAS a division of American Chemical Society (ACS)
• Access to the world’s most reliable and comprehensive chemical and scientific information
- Rigorous quality check
• Powerful Smartsearch technology
– SubstanceSearch
– StructureSearch
– ChemicalProperties&reactionSearch
• Technology Trends

Aggregators:
Databases of full-text articles, defined by subject area and sold as a single product, rather than as
individual subscriptions.
• Ingenta connect:
• 10000 publications from 290+ publishers
• 630 Engineering titles
• ProQuest:
• 9000 publishers
• ProjectMUSE:
• 240 Publishers in Humanities and social sciences
• JSTOR:
• 214 titles from 48 publishers + Ebooks
• HighwirePress:
• 3000 scholarly journals and thousands of scholarly books

Publisher Platforms:
• Sciencedirect
• Springerlink
• Wiley
• Emerald
• IEEE Digital Library
• ASME/ACS/

How do I Find books published in my field ??

Library OPACs – Free to access
• Library of Congress
– 17 million book titles
• Indcat – Inflibnet
– 8.19 Million books from 176 Indian universities (Indian books)
• College OPAC

Full text E-Books- Digital Libraries

• Internet Archive Books
– 1 million full-text books
• National Digital Library
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 – 3.9 Million books (World e-book library)
• Google Books (Project Ocean)
– 30 + Million books
– Free full text Access to part of the collection

Grey Literature Servers

“Grey literature are materials produced by organizations outside of the traditional (commercial or
academic) publishing and distribution channels”
• HAL Repositories
– 1.7 Million records
• Open GreyNet

Patent Information
• Information found in patent applications and granted patents.
• Patent information includes
– Bibliographic data
– Abstract
– Description
– Claims
– Drawings
• Patent information is publicly discloses the newly developed technologies
• Patent information helps to develop new technical solutions by other inventors

Patent Databases:
Free Databases
•PATENTSCOPE
•Google Patents
•Lens.org
•USPTO
•Espacenet
•Country Specific
•Japan – PAJ
•Germany- DPMA Register
• India - inPASS
•Freepatentonline

Commercial Databases
•Thomson Innovations
•Questel Orbit
•XLPAT
•IEEE Innovation Q Plus
•PATSNAP
•Patbase

Prior Art Search

• All public information available prior to the date of filing of the relevant patent application against
which the patentability of the invention will be determined.

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 – Journal Articles, Conference Papers, etc
– Report literature
– Patents (Filed & Granted)
• Existing relevant technology
• Traditional Knowledge / Oral disclosures
• Novelty/Non-obviousness
• First to File/First to Invent

Information not considered in prior art

• Non-public Information
• Trade Secrete
• Documents in internal use / circulation

Types of Prior Art Search

1. Novelty Search: to find novelty / non-obvious.
2. Patentability Search: ascertain the chance or likelihood of an invention getting a patent.
3. Infringement search: make sure that nobody without your consent makes, uses, or sells your
patented invention.
4. Validity / Invalidity Search: conducted after the issuance of patent to validate the enforceability
of a patent’s claims.
5. Patent Landscape: To know business, scientific and technological trends in the area / domain
6. Whitespace analysis: To know the little or no patenting activity.

Why Novelty Search

• Large Investment
• High cost in maintaining patents
• Helps to find out novelty of research by comparing prior inventions
• Helps to identify White spaces
• Helps in future R & D Strategy and Decision making
• To avoid Future litigation

White Space Analysis based on Patent Landscape Search

• White-spaces are gaps in a technology landscape.
• “White Space” is the area with little or no patenting activity.
• White-space analysis is used as methods for strategic product innovation

Patent Information (Structure)

• Each Information field is denoted by Numerical code
• First Page Information (Descriptive information)
• Patented country
• Patent Number
• Bibliographic Details
• Title
• Inventors
• Assignee
• Application Number
• Cited references
• Abstract
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• Drawings
– Parts named with numbers which are cross referred in detailed description
• Field of Invention
• Background of Invention (Prior art data)
• Summary of Invention
– The objects
– Problems solved
• Detailed description of specification
• Claims
– Independent claims
– Dependent claims

Standards Database
• Standard- is an agreed way of doing something
– Making a product
– Managing a process
– Delivering a service
– Supplying materials
• Standards- provide a reliable basis for people to share the same expectations about a product or
service
– facilitate trade
– provide a framework for achieving economies & efficiencies
– enhance consumer protection and confidence

AI Platforms for Literature Search

Literature Discovery: Web search vs AI based search
Web / Database Search
• Familiarity of Query Language
• Search operators
– Boolean
– Proximity
– Truncation
• Manual Evaluation of search results
• Manual Prioritising of Results
• Key word based search

AI Search
• Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• AI based evaluation & Summarization
• AI based priority display
• Contextual search (Facet analysis)

Dr. SR Ranganathan’s PMEST approach

(Facet analysis)

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AI based Search Platform: Semantic Scholar
• Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-driven search and discovery platform
• 200 million papers from 50 + reputed sources
• Uses NLP techniques
• Generate Super short summaries of an article – TLDR (Too Long; Didn’t Read) summaries
• Checks highly influential citations
• Cite option in various styles
• Online Library – AI based feeds for paper recommendations & Alerts

AI based Search Platform: Research Rabbit

• Build online collection – Library
• Automated summaries
• Interactive visualization
– Network of papers
– Network of authors
• Personalised Recommendations & Digests (Email)
• Zotero Integration
• Collaborations

AI based Search Platform: Elicit

• Find relevant papers even if they don't match keywords (Synonyms)
• Read summaries of abstracts specific to query
• Automatically search forwards and backwards in the citation graph to find more relevant papers
• Filter based on study type
• Save & Export search results

AI Synthesizer & Summariser: System Pro

• Cloud based platform
• Currently limited to PubMed Data (Scholarly articles)
• Helps find, synthesize, and contextualize scientific literature
• Synthesized text are clearly cited with all sources used
• Keywords Relationship Maps
• Summary for each articles
• Content addition – Daily basis

AI Synthesizer & Summariser: textero.ai

• Used to write essays and research papers
• Generate unique content
• Text Summariser
• Finding References

Citation Databases:
Kind of bibliographic database, an index of citations between publications, allowing the user to
establish which later documents cite which earlier documents. Can generate citation profiles for
authors, organizations.

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Bibliographic/ Citation Databases

Web of Knowledge (WoS)

• Oldest Citation Database – covers 115 years of the highest-quality research data
• Publisher-neutral : A robust evaluation and Curation process by a team of experts
– 28 Quality Criteria for Journals
- 24 Editorial Criteria
- 4 Impact Criteria
• Discipline wise
– Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) – Web of Science -
– Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI)
– Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI)
– Book Citation Index (BKCI)
– Conference Proceedings Citation Index (CPCI)
• Source for Journal Impact Factor

Web of Knowledge (WoS)

Web of Science journal evaluation process

1. Initial triage 2. Editorial triage 3. Editorial evaluation

Quality criteria Impact criteria
• ISSN • Scholarly content • Editorial board • Comparative citation
• Journal title • Article titles and article composition analysis
• Journal publisher abstracts in English • Validity of • Author citation
• URL (online • Bibliographic information in statements analysis
journals) Roman script • Peer review • Editorial Board
• Content access • Clarity of language • Content relevance Citation Analysis
• Presence of peer • Timeliness and / or publication • Grant support details • Content significance
review policy volume • Adherence to
• Contact details • Website functionality / Journal community standards
format • Author distribution
• Presence of ethics statements • Appropriate citations
• Editorial affiliation details to the literature
• Author affiliation details
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WoS - Bundle
Web of Science Core Collection Web of Science platform

No. of journals 21,981 journals + books and conference 34,522 journals + books, proceedings,
proceedings patents, and data sets
Coverage • Over 89 million records • Over 211 million records
• More than 143,000 books (journals, books, and
• Over 304,000 conferences covered proceedings)

• 59 million patent families (> 115

million patents)
Time period 1900-present 1800-present
Cited references 2.1 billion (1900 to present) 2.4 billion (1864 to present)
Each cited reference is indexed and Each cited reference is indexed and
searchable searchable
Updating frequency Daily Daily
Reference Export Yes Yes
Alerts Yes Yes

SCOPUS
• Launched in 2004 by Elsevier
• Citation database of peer-reviewed literature
• Helps to track, analyze and visualize research
• Content sources : Journals, Books, Conference Proceedings
- 39,743 Serial titles
- Over 25000 active
- 14,558 – Inactive
- 210000+ book titles
- 5000+ Publishers
• Integrated with ORCID
• SciVal – Advanced analytics solution for Research Evaluation

SCOPUS: Content Selection Process

• Content Recommended by Content Selection and Advisory Board (CSAB)
• Review new titles using both quantitative and qualitative measures

Journal Policy Convincing editorial policy; Type of peer review; Diversity in

geographical distribution of editors ; Diversity in geographical distribution
of authors
Content Academic contribution to the field; Clarity of abstracts; Quality of and
conformity to the stated aims and scope of the journal; Readability of
articles
Journal Standing Citedness of journal articles in Scopus; Editor standing
Publishing Regularity No delays or interruptions in the publication schedule
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SCOPUS
• Search by document, author or affiliation, or use Advanced Search
• Track citations over time for a set of authors or Institutions or documents
• Assess research trends with Analyze Module
• View h-index for specific authors / institution
• Analyze an author’s publishing output and research impact with Author Evaluator
• Gain insight into journal performance with Compare Journals- multiple metrics, including
CiteScore, SNIP and SJR

Analysing title
Statement of problem: Optimisation of Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Electric Aircraft

Search Operators

Search Operator Operator Function

Boolean operator
Simple operator
AND Combine Keywords - Narrow down the Search (Limit results)
Eg: Batteries AND Aircraft
OR Either Keywords - Expanding the search (Retrieves more results)
Eg: Aircraft OR Airplane OR Aeroplane
NOT Excludes Keywords - Selective Exclusion (Limit Results)
Eg: Civilian Aircraft NOT Combat Aircraft
Advanced Operators
NEAR Search near by contextual or Related words
Eg: (Aircraft NEAR/4 Civilian)
() Used to group together words or phrases or Boolean operators
Eg: (Dogs AND ((rabies OR rabid) NOT (domestic OR Pet) ))
Phrase search
“” Combining keywords - Narrow down search
Eg: “Hydrogen Fuel Cell”

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 Truncated search
Wild Characters Truncate keyword
*? Eg: Network* includes Network, Networking, Networks, Networked
Field based search
Searching Restrict search for relevant results
Metadata Fields Eg: Title, Abstract, Keywords, Journal Name, etc
Proximity search
NEAR, WITHIN, Two or more separate keywords occurrences are within a specified
PRE distance
Advanced search
Combination of TITLE - ABS (“FUEL CELL”) AND (aircraft OR aeroplane) AND
all search NOT (“Combat aircraft”)
operators

Generic Topic Specific Topic

Broader to Narrower Narrower to Broader
Electric Mobility Fuel Cells Electric Aircraft Hydrogen Fuel Cells

SCOPUS : Search operations

Simple Search Field based Search Advanced based Search

• Document • Field based search • Constructing advanced Query
• Author • Filters
• Researcher Discovery
• Affiliation

Search Operators : Boolean Operators , Phrase Search , Truncation

BASE

Simple Search Field based Search Advanced based Search

• Keyword search • Field based search • Constructing advanced Query
• Browse • Filters

Search Operators : Boolean Operators , Phrase Search , Truncation

Scholarly Information Retrieval : VTU Researcher

Local Library
Open Access Content Google Scholar/Base search engine
Publisher / Consortium
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How do I store these .pdf’s? Possible threats ????
• Common Mistakes
– Lack of Organization
– Download & Forget
– Improper file naming
– No classification
– Downloading same item multiple times

• Hardware Issues
– Failures / system crash – HW Obsolescence
– Changing Devices

Terminologies
• Citation
– A specific source mentioned in the body of article / thesis
• In-textcitations(Partoftext)
• In-linecitations:(Partofsentence)
• References
– The list of sources cited in the paper / thesis
• Bibliography
– List of sources consulted but not cited in the paper /thesis
• Further Reading
– List of sources author wants readers to consult

Why Citations / References ?

• Established academic/ research practice
• To give credit to others for their work
• Show depth, breadth & quality of your reading!
• To add credibility to your work by showing that you have used valid information sources
• To show how your work is related to previous work
• To avoid plagiarism
• To help readers to understand the context & find further information

When to Cite??
• Direct quotes
• Statistics/Studies
• Theories
• Facts
• Interpretations
• Paraphrases

What can be excluded from citing - Common Knowledge

Reference/ Citation Styles :

Author name. (Year of Publication). Title of the article. Title of the Journal. Volume # (Issue #),
Page # range

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Reference Management Tools
• Organize, annotate and manage your references.
• Import references from online databases, library catalogs, websites and PDFs.
• Create in-text citations and formatted bibliographies.
• Share references with other researchers.
• Work on your references anytime, anywhere.
• Available web/local versions

Mendeley
• Free Reference management Software (Desktop version)
• Cross-Platform (Win/Mac/Linux)
• Available in various version – Desktop, Web, Mobile
• Plug-Ins for word processor (MS Word)
• Create Groups and share your personal library
• Automatically exports in popular citation format

Why Publication Metrics ??

• To measure research productivity
• To assess the impact of research
• To know the quality of Publication / Source • A tool for funding agency
• Ranking of academic institutions
• To assess individual researcher / Author

Are Publication Metrics Important????

Societal Impact
Research Assessment
Research Funding
Institution Ranking
QS
NIRF
Times
InstitutionAccredition
NAAC
NBA

Academic Researchers
Researcher Carrier
Promotion / Increments
Domain Expertise

Note: All Publication Metrics are calculated by Citation Analysis

Citation analysis is a way of measuring the relative importance or impact of an author, an article or
a publication by counting the number of times that author, article, or publication has been cited by
other works
Bibliometrics Scientometrics Informetrics

Citation based metrics

Ranking Journals Ranking researchers Ranking articles Ranking universities and countries

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Publication / Author Metrics
Journal / Article Metrics
• Impact Factor
• Immediacy Index
• Eigen factor Score
• CiteScore
• SNIP
• SJR
• Altmetrics

Author / Researchers Metrics

• Citations Profile
• H-Index
• G-Index
• I10 index
• I20 index

Publication Metrics Sources

Citation data

Web of Knowledge SCOPUS Google Scholar

Clarivate Analytics Elsevier Google

Web of Knowledge
• Oldest Citation Database – covers 115 years of the highest-quality research data
• Publisher-neutral : A robust evaluation and curation process by a team of expert in-house
editors
• Discipline wise
– ScienceCitationIndexExpanded(SCIE)–WebofScience – SocialSciencesCitationIndex(SSCI)
– Arts&HumanitiesCitationIndex(AHCI)
– BookCitationIndex(BKCI)
– ConferenceProceedingsCitationIndex(CPCI)
• 1.7 billion cited references from over 159 million records
• Source for Journal Impact Factor

Google Scholar
• Free Search Platform for Scholarly Content by Google
• Enables researchers to Create Profile and Map Publications • Generate Citation Profile
• Google Scholar ID
• Citations, h-index, i-10 index
• E-Mail Alerts

SCOPUS
• Launched in 2004 by Elsevier
• citation database of peer-reviewed literature

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• Helps to track, analyze and visualize research
• Content from 25,000+ titles from more than 5,000 international publishers
– Journals, Books, Conference Proceedings
• Integrated with ORCID
• Discovery Platform for Literature Search – advanced search functionalities
• SciVal – Advanced analytics solution for Research Evaluation

SCOPUS - Analyze
• Track citations over time for a set of authors or Institutions or documents using Citation
Overview
• Assess research trends with Analyze Module
• View h-index for specific authors/institution
• Analyze an author’s publishing output and research impact withAuthor Evaluator
• Gain insight into journal performance with Compare Journals- multiple metrics, including
CiteScore, SNIP and SJR

Indian Citation Index

• Published by M/s. DIVA ENTERPRISES Pvt. Ltd. (Make in India Product)
• Indexed around 1000 peer reviewed Indian Journals
• Focuses on access to articles published in local Indian R&D literature at national & global level
• Publishes Sub-Databases:
– Indian Science Citation Index(ISCI),
– Indian Social Science and Humanities Citation Index(ISSHCI),
– Indian Journals Citation Reports (IJCR),
– Indian Science and Technology Abstracts (ISTA)
– Directory of Indian Journals (DOIJ)
• Covers 10 years of data (back files)

Journal Impact Factor

• Originally conceived by Garfield in 1972, to help libraries to build their journal collection
• Measure the quality of Journal/Serial publication
• A measure of the average citation rate of the journal
• Guide for researchers to publish their work in core quality journals
• Published annually by Clarivate Analytics (Thomson Reuters)
• Dynamic List
• Followed by 80% of decision makers of the world

How to calculate JIF

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Limitations of JCR -IF
• Not for Individual researchers – it is for Journals
• Two year span for citations analysis
• Field / Subject – Biased
• Only citable items included
• Only few articles in journal get higher citations
• Sometimes artificially inflated by self citations
• Limited subset of journals covered
• SCI databases are used as Source – largely cover only English language publications

Immediacy index
• Average number of times article is cited in the year it is published
• Published along with Impact Factor report (JCR)
• Highlight the urgent research work in the field

Eigen factor score

• Similar to Impact Factor Score
• Considers 5 years data
• Excludes self citations of the Journal
• Eigen factor score is calculated by creating A citation matrix that records citations from each
journal to each journal (dropping self-citations). The citing year = JCR year. The cited period is
the 5-year window prior to the JCR y
• Intended to reflect the influence and prestige of journals
• Eliminates editorial malpractices of Journal self citations

Other Metrics:
• Article influence: Average influence, per article of the papers in the journal
• 5 year average IF: Similar to IF but takes data for 5 year window
• Cited half line: The cited half line is the median age of journal’s articles that were cited in the JCR
year

Citescore:
• New Metric System – 2016
• Score is based on SCOPUS data
• Free to access
• 3 year citation window
• Includes letters, notes, editorials, conference papers and other types indexed by Scopus
• CiteScore is calculated once a year

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Citescore Basket:
• CiteScore: of Publication
• Citation Count: Number of citation received
• Document Count: Number of Documents Published in 3 year window
• CiteScore Tracker : calculated monthly, it also forecasts a source’s performance for the upcoming
year
• CiteScore Percentile: indicates the relative standing of a journal in its subject field. A CiteScore
Percentile of 98% means the journal is in the top 2% of its subject field.
• CiteScore Quartiles: Quartiles are bands of Journal titles
• Quartile 1: Journal titles in 99-75th percentiles
• Quartile 2: Journal titles in 74-50th percentiles
• Quartile 3: Journal titles in 49-25th percentiles
• Quartile 4: Journal titles in 24-0th percentiles
• CiteScore Rank: indicates the absolute standing of a serial in its field; for example, 14th out of 63
journals in the category.

SNIP- Source Normalized Impact per Paper

• SNIP was created by Professor Henk Moed , University of Leiden
• To know journals contextual citation impact by weighing citations based on the total number of
citations in a subject field
• 3 years Citation window
• Two Step Calculation
– Calculation of Raw Impact for Journal
– Calculation of Citation Potential
• SNIP Score: J. Raw Impact (RIP) / Citation Potential
• Normalize citation behaviour between subjects

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Pros:
• Better consideration of multi-disciplinary journals
• 3 years citation window is defensible
• Ranking a much larger number of journals than JCR
• Article type consistency (only peer-reviewed papers) makes indicator less sensitive to
manipulation by journal editors
• Enables cross-subject comparability

Cons:
• More complex methodology
• Does not correct for journal self citations
• Does not differentiate between prestige of citations

SNIP Explained: Journal Raw Impact for year 2018

SNIP Explained : Citation Potential

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SCIMAGO Journal Ranking (SJR)
• Initiative by University of Granada, Spain
• Based on SCOPUS Data
• Draws Citation data from 34000 + journals from 5000 publishers
• Considers 3 year window of citations
• Attaches prestige score to each journal – Similar to Google page rank
• Citations are weighted depending on the source they come from

SJR – adding Prestige to Citations

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SJR
Pros:
• Freely available via web site (open access)
• More transparent than IF
• Includes a much larger number of journals than JCR (twice as many)
• 3 years citation window is defensible
Considers only peer reviewed articles (A, R, CP)

Cons
• More complex methodology (More difficult to explain/understand than IF)

Altmetrics
One of the fundamental problem of Citation based metrics in Time Gap
• Altmetrics is a new metrics based on the Social Web for analyzing, and informing scholarship
(Wiki, Twitter, Facebook, Blogs, etc.)
• Article-Level Metrics (ALM) are a comprehensive and multidimensional metrics
• Automatically extracted from Social web through APIs

Author Metrics
• Researcher -level metrics are citation metrics that measure the Publication impact of individual
researchers
– Citation Profile
– H-Index
– G-Index
– 110 Index
– Altmetrics

Citation Profile
• Number of Paper Published
• Number of Citations Received – work referred by Others
• Collaborative work indicators
– National
– International
• Sub Domain wise contribution
• DocumentTypes
• FundingSponsors
Citation Profile

H-Index:
• Introduced in 2005 by American physicist, Professor Jorge Hirsch
• Seen as a fairer alternative than simply counting total papers or times cited
• Dis-proportionate weight of highly cited papers
• It is easy to compute
• It reflects both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication
• The index works properly only for comparing scientists working in the same field

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H-Index calculation:
A h-index of 38 tells us that the author has written 202 papers from which 38 have received at least
38 citations or more than that.

G-Index:
• G-index: Gives more weightage to highest cited papers
• A set of papers has g-index, if g is the highest rank such that the top g papers have together at
least g2 citations.
• Eg: If an author is having g-index of 20 means that author has published at least 20 articles that
combined have received at least 400 citations

I-10 Index:
I10- index introduced by Google scholar
i10-index = The number of publications with at least 10 citations

Researcher IDs:
Google Scholar ID
• Service by Google – login with Google credentials
• Can create Profile & integrate all publications
• Automatically tracks citations from all sources
• Google Scholar ID reflects in URL of the profile

Researcher ID
• Service Provided by Publon of Web of Science Group
• Publon platform helps researchers to track their publications, citation metrics, peer review history
and journal affiliations in one place.
• Publon allows Authors to create Profile and list all publications

SCOPUS ID
• SCOPUS Author ID is Automatically generated one Publication is indexed at SCOPUS
database
• In case of Multiple SCOPUS IDs, Author needs to edit and merge

ORCID Integration
• Research Funders
– Request ORCID ID’s which granting projects
– Cross check with ORCID Profile
• Universities and Research Organizations
– Researcher Information system
– Institutional repositories & ETD’s
– Campus directories
• Publishers
– IdentifyAuthors,Reviewers,Editor’s
• Professional Associations

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