Unit #1 Notes

Subject :- Strength of Materials (SOM)
S.Y. B.Tech. Mechatronics

Introduction
1
UNIT STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
Stresses and Strains
2
CHAPTER STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
Introduction –
Concept of Stress
3
UNIT
1 Unit Content
Deformation in solids- Hooke’s law,

stress and strain- tension,
compression and shear stresses- elastic constants and their
relations- volumetric, linear and shear strains
Unit Outcome
to calculate problems based on stresses and strains for engineering
materials [BT3]
Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 4

UNIT
1 Session Content
Fundamentals of Mechanics-
Basic concepts of Mechanics
Session Outcome
Able to understand and apply basic concept o mechanics

in real life application

UNIT
1 References
• Text Books:
• R K Bansal, “A Textbook of Strength of Materials”, 6th Edition, Laxmi Publications, 2010
• S.S. Rattan “ Strength of Materials” Tata McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Edition (Sixth reprint 2013)
• Ramamurtham - Strength of material - Dhanpat Rai Publication.
• S.S. Bhavikatti, Mechanics of Solids, The New Age International Publishers, 2010
• B.K. Sarkar - Strength of material - Tata McGraw-Hill Education Publication.
• Reference Books:
• Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston and Jr.John T. DeWolf, “Mechanics of Materials”, Tata McGraw-Hill, Sixth
Edition, 2012
• G. H. Ryder- Strength of Materials- 3rd Edition, Macmillan Pub, India
• E.P. Popov - Engineering Mechanics of Solids - Prentice Hall Publication.
• Singer and Pytel - Strength of materials - Harper and row Publication.
• Andrew Pytel & Jaan Kiusalaas, Mechanics of Materials, Second Edition, Publisher, Global Engineering, 2012
• R. C. Hibbeler - Mechanics of Materials - Prentice Hall Publication.

UNIT
1 INTRODUCTION
• The field of strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials, typically refers to
various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as
beams, columns, and shafts.
• The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its
susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the
materials such as its yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's
ratio.
• In addition, the mechanical element's macroscopic properties (geometric properties)
such as its length, width, thickness, boundary constraints and abrupt changes in
geometry such as holes are considered.
• The theory began with the consideration of the behavior of one and two dimensional
members of structures, whose states of stress can be approximated as two
dimensional, and was then generalized to three dimensions to develop a more
complete theory of the elastic and plastic behavior of materials.
• An important founding pioneer in mechanics of materials was Stephen Timoshenko.

UNIT
1 Course Content
Unit Contents Hrs. COs
1 Stresses and strains

Deformation in solids- Hooke’s law, stress and strain- tension, compression and shear stresses- elastic constants and their 6 Hrs. CO1
2 Analysis of Beam
Beams and type’s transverse loading on beams- shear force and bend moment diagrams- Types of beam supports, simply 6 Hrs. C02
supported and over-hanging beams, cantilevers. Theory of bending of beams, bending stress distribution and neutral axis,
shear stress distribution, point and distributed loads.
3 Slope and deflection of beams
Moment of inertia about an axis and polar moment of inertia, deflection of a beam using double integration method, 6 Hrs. C03
computation of slopes and deflection in beams, Maxwell’s reciprocal theorems.
4 Torsion
Torsion, stresses and deformation in circular and hollow shafts, stepped shafts, deflection of shafts fixed at both ends, 6 Hrs. CO4
stresses and deflection of helical springs.
5 Principal stresses and strains
Principal stresses and strains: Normal and shear stresses on any oblique plane. Derivation of expression for principal 6 Hrs. C05
stresses and maximum shear stress. Graphical solution using Mohr’s circle of stresses.
Theories of elastic failure: Maximum principal stress theory, maximum shear stress theory, maximum distortion energy
theory.
6 Stresses in Cylinders and Shells
Axial and hoop stresses in cylinders subjected to internal pressure, deformation of thick and thin cylinders, deformation in 6 Hrs. C06
spherical shells subjected to internal pressure.

UNIT
1 Course Outcomes
Course
Statements Blooms Taxonomy
Outcome
CO1 3 Apply
materials [BT3]
to calculate shear force and bending moment diagrams for determinate
CO2 3 Apply
beams due to external loads [BT3]
to calculate slope and deflection due to external loads in determinate
CO3 3 Apply
beams. [BT3]
to calculate Torsion, stresses and deformation in circular, hollow and
CO4 3 Apply
stepped shafts [BT3]
to calculate the principal stresses and strains developed in different
CO5 3 Apply
mechanical structures based on different theories of failures [BT3]
CO6 to calculate stresses and deformation in cylinders and shells [BT3] 3 Apply

Strength of materials
SUGGESTED SPECIFICATION TABLE FOR QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
Unit No. Unit Title Teaching Distribution of Theory Marks

Hours R/U Apply Analysis Total
Level Level Level Marks
I Stresses and strains 06 02 04 06 12
II Analysis of Beam 06 02 04 06 12
III Slope and deflection of beams 06 02 04 06 12
IV Torsion 06 02 02 06 10
V Principal stresses and strains 06 02 04 06 12
VI Stresses in Cylinders and Shells 06 02 04 06 12
Total 36 12 22 36 70
10
SOFTWARE/LEARNING WEBSITES
 Strength of Materials: Mechanical Engineering By Dr. Satish C Sharma (IIT Roorkee)

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/107/112107146/
 Video content: Strength of Materials: Prof. S.K. Bhattacharyya (IIT Kharagpur)
 Coursera: Course offered by Georgia Institute of Technology Mechanics of Materials I: Fundamentals of Stress, Strain
and Axial Loading
 https://www.coursera.org/learn/mechanics-1
 Georgia Institute of Technology-Online Course_
https: //www.coursera.org/lecture/materials-structures/module21-solve-a-combined static-loading-problem-9bvsj
 http://solidmechanics.org/index.html
 https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-11-mechanics-of-materials-fall-1999/modules/#java
11
SOFTWARE/LEARNING WEBSITES
Sr. No. Title CO PO PSO

Tension test on a ductile and brittle material 1 1,2, 1
Compression test on any material (Virtual Lab) 1 4,5, 1
Shear test (single and double) on a ductile material 1 6,9, 1
Bending test on ductile material for simply supported beam. 1 1
10,12
Plotting of shear force and bending moment diagrams for different boundary 2 1
conditions and loading conditions of beam (using software)
Comparison of numerical and analytical analysis on Slope and deflection (by 3 1
using software)
Torsion Test on Solid Circular Mild Steel Shaft (Virtual Lab) 1
Determination of Principal stresses by graphical method and verification through 3 1
analytical method
Calculate Axial and hoop stresses in cylinders subjected to internal pressure by 4 1
Python programming
12
13
14
UNIT
UNIT
11 Course Outcomes
• To study deformation of a member under axial loading.

• To solve deformations in statically indeterminate structures

UNIT
1 Unit Content

Unit Outcome
materials [BT3]
1
UNIT STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
1. Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
17
UNIT
1 Session Content
Session Outcome
Able to understand and apply basic concept of mechanics

1
UNIT
1 References
• Text Books:
Edition, 2012
1
UNIT
1 Course Content

2 Analysis of Beam
4 Torsion
theory.

UNIT
1 Course Outcomes
Course
Statements Blooms Taxonomy
Outcome
CO1 3 Apply
materials [BT3]
to calculate shear force and bending moment diagrams for determinate
CO2 3 Apply
beams due to external loads [BT3]
to calculate slope and deflection due to external loads in determinate
CO3 3 Apply
beams. [BT3]
to calculate Torsion, stresses and deformation in circular, hollow and
CO4 3 Apply
stepped shafts [BT3]
to calculate the principal stresses and strains developed in different
CO5 3 Apply
mechanical structures based on different theories of failures [BT3]
CO6 to calculate stresses and deformation in cylinders and shells [BT3] 3 Apply

UNIT
1 INTRODUCTION
ratio.

UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
 Strength-
• The ability of a structure to resist loads is called as
“Strength”
• It enables material to resist fracture under load.
• The load required to cause fracture divided by the cross
sectional area of the test specimen is termed as ultimate
strength OR tenacity of the material.
• Note- Expressed in the unit of stress.

UNIT
1 Mechanics OR Strength Of Materials-
Mechanics is the the branch of physical science which deals

with the state of rest or motion of bodies that are subjected
to the action of forces.

UNIT
UNIT
Mechanics
Study of Force & Motion
Gross/Overall Motion (Dynamics) Localized Motion (Deformation) (STATICS)
KINETICS KINEMATICS Rigid Bodies Deformable bodies
25
UNIT
UNIT
 Force
 Moment
 Types of loading
 Types of Support & related Reactions
 Free Body Diagrams
 Equilibrium Conditions
 Trusses & Frames
 Friction
UNIT
UNIT
Analysis of Engineering systems
 Study of forces
(Tensile, Compressive, Shear, Torque, Moments)
 Study of motion
(Straight, curvilinear, displacement, velocity, acceleration.)
 Study of deformation
(Elongation, compression, twisting)
 Application of laws relating the forces to the deformation
In some special cases one or more above mentioned steps may become trivial
e.g. For rigid bodies deformation will be negligible.
If system is at rest, position of system will be independent of time.

UNIT
UNIT
Step-By-Step procedure to solve problems in mechanics of solids

 Select actual/real system of interest.
 Make assumptions regarding desired characteristics of the system
 Develop idealized model of the system (Structural and Machine
elements)
 Apply principles of mechanics to the idealized model to compare these calculated
results with the behaviour of the actual system
 If the results (calculated and actual) differ widely repeat above steps till satisfactory
idealized model is obtained.

UNIT
UNIT
Definitions
 Body: A collection of particles is called a 'body'. It may be a rigid body or an elastic or
deformable body.
 Rigid Body: The particles in a rigid body are so firmly connected together that their relative
positions do not change irrespective of the forces acting on it. Thus the size and shape of a
rigid body are always maintained constant
 Elastic Body: A body whose size and shape can change under forces is a deformable body.
When the size and shape can be regained on removal of forces, the body is called an elastic
body.

UNIT
UNIT
Definitions
 Scalar Quantity: A quantity which is fully described by its magnitude only is a scalar.
Arithmetical operations apply to scalars. Examples are: Time, mass, area and speed.
 Vector Quantity: A quantity which is described by its magnitude and also its direction is a
vector. Operations of vector algebra are applicable to vectors. Examples are: Force, velocity,
moment of a force and displacement .
 Force: In physics, a net force acting on a body causes that body to accelerate; that is, to
change its velocity. The concept appeared first in the second law of motion of classical
mechanics.

UNIT
UNIT
Force
There are three basic kinds of forces as mentioned below
 Tensile force or pull

 Compressive force or push
 Shear force

UNIT
UNIT
Tensile Force or Pull

When equal and opposite forces are applied at the ends of
a rod or a bar away from the ends, along its axis, they tend
to pull the rod or bar. This kind of a force is called a tensile
force or tension.

UNIT
UNIT
Compressive Force or Push

When equal and opposite forces act at the ends of a rod or
a bar towards the ends along its axis, they tend to push
the rod or the bar. This kind of force is called a
compressive force or compression.

UNIT
UNIT
Shear Force
When equal and opposite forces act on the parallel faces
of a body, shear occurs on these planes. This tends to
cause an angular deformation as shown.

UNIT
UNIT
Shear Force
Single Shear Double Shear
ave  P  F P F
 ave  
A A A 2A

UNIT
UNIT
System of Forces
 Coplanar
Collinear, Concurrent, Parallel, Non-concurrent & Non-Parallel
 Non-Coplanar
Concurrent, Parallel, Non-concurrent & Non- Parallel

UNIT
UNIT
System of Forces
Terms to be familiar with
Concurrent Forces (a)
Parallel Forces (b)
Line of Action (c)
Coplanar Forces

UNIT
UNIT
Resultant Force
If a force system acting on a body can be replaced by a
single force, with exactly the same effect on the body, this
single force is said to be the 'resultant' of the force system.
F1 F2 F3 R

UNIT
UNIT
The moment of force

 The moment itself is a vector quantity.
 Its direction is perpendicular to the plane
determined by OP and F.
 The sense is fixed by the right hand rule
 From calculus the magnitude of the cross
product rF = F r sin, Where r sin is the
perpendicular distance between point O and
vector F.

UNIT
UNIT
Moment, M = F X x
x
40
UNIT
UNIT
Example 1: Moment
15 kN
30o
4m

UNIT
Solution of Example 1
Mo = 15sin30 kN X 4 m = 30 kN-m (CCW)
15 sin 30
15 kN
kN
30o
4m

UNIT
Example 2: Moment
Mo = 10 kN X 2 m = 20 kN-m (CW)
10 kN
4m

UNIT
CALCULATE THE MOMENT 400 N FORCE ABOUT THE

POINT O
40
mm 400 cos 60
400 sin 60
Let, CCW moments are +ve and CW –ve

MO = 400 cos 60 (40)x10-3 – 400 sin 60 (120)x10-3
MO = - 33.6 Nm  MO = 33.6 Nm (CW)
44
UNIT
Couple
• A special case of moments is a couple. A couple consists of two parallel forces that are
equal in magnitude, opposite in direction.
• It does not produce any translation, only rotation.
• The resultant force of a couple is zero. BUT, the resultant of a couple is not zero; it is a pure
moment.
d a
A B
F F MB = F * (a+d) - (F) * a = Fd (CCW)

45
UNIT
About couple
 This result is independent of the location of B.
 Moment of a couple is the same about all points in space.
 A couple may be characterized by a moment vector without specification of
the moment center B, with magnitude Fd.
 Encircling arrow indicates moment of a couple.
46
UNIT
Couple: Example

UNIT
Types of Loading
1. Concentrated Load / Point Load
W W

UNIT
Types of Loading
2. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL)
49
UNIT
Types of Loading
3. Uniformly Varying Load (UVL)

UNIT
Types of Loading
4. Moment (Pure Bending Moment)
MB
51
UNIT
Types of Loading
5. Moment (Twisting Moment)

y
x z
MT
z
UNIT
Support & Reaction at the Support

1. Simple Support W
A B
RA RB
53
UNIT

2. Simple Support with hinge or pin at A & B
54
UNIT

3. Roller Support W
A B
RA RB
55
UNIT

4. Fixed support & roller support W
A B
(RA)H
(RA)V (RB)V
MA
UNIT

5. Smooth/Frictionless Support
57
UNIT

6. Friction Support
FS = μN
58
UNIT
• Equilibrium Conditions
• If the resultant force acting on a particle is zero then that can be called as
equilibrium
• Dynamic Equilibrium
• The body is said to be in equilibrium condition when the acceleration is
zero
• Static Equilibrium
• The static body is in equilibrium condition if the resultant force acting on it
is zero
59
UNIT
Necessary and sufficient condition for body to be in Equilibrium

 Summation of all the FORCES should be zero
ΣF=0
 Summation of all the MOMENTS of all the forces about any
arbitrary point should be zero
ΣM=0
60
UNIT STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
2. Stresses
61
UNIT
1 Unit Content

Unit Outcome
materials [BT3]
6
UNIT
1 Session Content
Session Outcome
Able to understand and apply basic concept o mechanics

6
UNIT
1 References
• Text Books:
Edition, 2012
6
UNIT
1 Course Content

2 Analysis of Beam
4 Torsion
theory.

UNIT
1 INTRODUCTION
ratio.

UNIT
1 Session Outcomes
• The main objective of the study of Strength of materials is to

provide the future engineer with the means of analyzing and
designing various machines and load bearing structures.
• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the

determination of stresses and deformations. This chapter is
devoted to the concept of stress

UNIT
1 Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially loaded
member is normal to a section cut perpendicular to the
member axis.
• The force intensity on that section is defined as the normal
stress. he force intensity on that section is defined as the
normal stress.
• The normal stress at a particular point may not be equal to the

average stress but the resultant of the stress distribution must
satisfy
•
• The detailed distribution of stress is statically indeterminate,
i.e., can not be found from statics alone.

UNIT
1 Centric and Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section implies that the line

of action of the resultant of the internal forces passes through
the centroid of the section.
• A uniform distribution of stress is only possible if the
concentrated loads on the end sections of two-force members
are applied at the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.
• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded, then the
resultant of the stress distribution in a section must yield an
axial force and a moment.

UNIT
1 Shear Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the member AB

• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of section C and
are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force distribution is defined
as the shear of the section and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the member

surfaces to maximum values that may be much larger than the
average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be uniform.

UNIT
1 Shear Stress-Examples

UNIT
1 Bearing Stress
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses on the

points of contact or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
• The resultant of the force distribution on the
surface is equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
• Corresponding average force intensity is called
the bearing stress,

UNIT
1 Analysis of System
• The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a boom and
rod joined by pins (zero moment
connections) at the junctions and
supports
• Perform a static analysis to determine
the internal force in each structural
member and the reaction forces at the
supports

UNIT
• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN
 Fx  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN
 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0
Ay  C y  30 kN
• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

UNIT
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m
Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN
• Results:
A  40 kN C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 
Reaction forces are directed along boom and
rod

UNIT
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to to
an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:
 FB  0
𝐹
=
4
,

UNIT
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
• At any section through member BC, the internal
force is 50 kN with a force intensity or stress of
×
×
• From the material properties for steel, the allowable
stress is
σall  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is adequate

UNIT
1 Design of System

UNIT
UNIT
11 Design of System

UNIT
1 Design of System

UNIT STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
3. STRESS AND STRAIN
81
UNIT
1 Session Content
Session Outcome

8
UNIT
1 References
• Text Books:
Edition, 2012
8
UNIT
1 Course Outcomes
• The main objective of the study of Strength of materials is to

provide the future engineer with the means of analyzing and
designing various machines and load bearing structures.
• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the

determination of stresses and deformations. This chapter is
devoted to the concept of stress

UNIT
1 Stress ( )
Types of Stress:-
Direct Stress Indirect Stress

Direct Stress:- 1.Normal Stress 1. Bending Stress
1. Normal Stress 2.Shear Stress 2. Torsional stress
Normal stress acts in direction perpendicular to the area.

 Tensile stress
Condition:- when body is subjected to two equal and opposite pulls (tensile forces)
 Compressive Stress
Condition:- when body is subjected to two equal and opposite pushes (compressive forces)
85
UNIT
1 Axial Loading- Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially loaded

member is normal to a section cut perpendicular to the
member axis.
• The force intensity on that section is defined as the normal
stress.
• Axial forces on a two force member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut perpendicular to the member axis.
• Transverse forces on bolts and pins result in only shear
stresses on the plane perpendicular to bolt or pin axis
Beer et al. 2012

UNIT
1 Stress
• When some external forces acts on a body, the internal forces which
are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, are setup at various
sections of the body, which resist the external forces.
• This internal force per unit area at any section of the body is known
as stress.
• It is denoted by the Greek letter  (sigma).
Pytel and Kiusalaas, 2012

UNIT
1 Compressive Stress and Strain
• When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial Pushes, then
the stress induced at any section of the body is known as compressive
stress.
• There will be increase in the cross sectional area of the body and
decrease in the length of the body.
• The ratio of decrease in the length to the original length is known as
compressive strain.
P P
P P
L L’ δL

UNIT
1 Units
• We have
• 1 kPa = 103 Pa = 103 N/m2 (kPa = Kilo Pascal)
• 1 MPa = 106 Pa = 106 N/m2 (MPa = Mega Pascal)
• 1 GPa = 109 Pa = 109 N/m2 (GPa = Giga Pascal)
•1 MPa =1 N/mm2
89
UNIT
1 Sign Conventions
• A positive sign (+ve) will be used to indicate a tensile stress (member

in tension) and
• a negative sign (-ve) to indicate a compressive stress (member in
compression).

UNIT
1 Types of Strain
1. Linear Strain
Stain (e) :- 2. Lateral strain
3. Shear strain
4. Volumetric strain
 Linear Strain:-
Strain occurs in direction of applied force e =ΔL/L
 Lateral strain:-
Strain occurs opposite to the direction of applies force el =ΔD/D
Diameter(D) ev =Δv/v
Length(L)

UNIT
1 Stain ( ) Body
e.
Deformed Body
 Deformation :-
Change of shape of body under external forc
 When a body is subjected to an external force, change occurs in dimension of the body known as
deformation.
 Strain :-
The ratio of change of dimension of the body to its original dimension is known as strain.
load load
Original dimension change
Unit ?
F
92
UNIT
1 Strain
• When a system of forces or loads act on a body, it undergoes some

deformation.
• This deformation per unit dimension is known strain
( )
•
( )
• There is no unit for strain.
93
UNIT
1 Numerical
Q.1.) A circular hollow tube made of steel is used to support a

compressive load of 500kN. The inner and outer diameters of the tube are
90mm and 130mm respectively and its length is 1000mm. Due to
compressive load, the contraction of the rod is 0.5mm. Determine the
compressive stress and strain in the post.
• Solution
• Force, P= - 500×103N(compressive)
• Area of the tube, =6.912×103 mm2
×
• Stress, = 72.3N/mm2 (compressive)
. ×
• Strain, =-5×10-4 (compressive)
94
UNIT
1 Elongation of prismatic bar in tension

UNIT
1 Numerical
1. A circular rod of 20 mm diameter and 500mm long is subjected to tensile force of 45 KN. The
Problem
modulus of elasticity for steel is 200 𝐾𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .Find stress , strain and elongation of bar.
 Given
45KN 45KN Solution:-
20mm
𝑃 𝟒𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟑
 𝐴 = 𝝅×𝟐𝟎𝟐 = 143.24 𝑵/𝒎𝒎
𝟐
500 mm 𝟒
E = 200 K𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑃𝐿 (𝟒𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟑)(500)
 =
𝝅 = 0.358 mm
𝐴𝐸
𝟒
×𝟐𝟎𝟐 (𝟐𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑)
1 KN = 1000N or 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵
Unit Conversion:-
45 KN =𝟒𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵  =∆𝑙 = 𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝟖 = 0.0007162
𝑵 𝑙 𝟓𝟎𝟎
E = 200 = = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝟐
𝒎𝒎𝟐
96
UNIT
1 Numerical
2. A circular rod of 30 mm diameter and 1000 mm long is subjected to tensile
force of 50 KN. The modulus of elasticity for steel is 200 K𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 .Determine elongation of bar.
 Given
50KN 50KN Solution:-
30mm
𝑃 𝟓𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑
 𝐴 = 𝝅×𝟑𝟎𝟐 = 70.73 𝑵/𝒎𝒎
𝟐
1000 mm 𝟒
E = 200 K𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝑃𝐿 (𝟓𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑)(1000)
 = = 0.353 mm
1 KN = 1000N or 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵 𝐴𝐸 𝝅
×𝟑𝟎𝟐 (𝟐𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑)
𝟒
Unit Conversion:-
50 KN =𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵
𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
 𝜖 = ∆𝑙 = 𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝟑
= 0.000353
E = 200 𝑙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
97
UNIT
1 Numerical
A square rod of 20×20 and 1000 mm long is subjected to tensile force of 50 KN. The modulus
of elasticity for steel is 200 K𝑵/𝒎𝒎^𝟐.Determine elongation of bar.
 Given
50KN 50KN
Solution:-
𝑃 𝟓𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑
1000 mm
 = = 125 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴 20×20
E = 200 K𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝑃𝐿 (𝟓𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑)(1000)

 = = 0.625 mm
1 KN = 1000N or 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵 𝐴𝐸 𝟐𝟎×𝟐𝟎 (𝟐𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑)
Unit Conversion:-
50 KN =𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵 𝟎.𝟔𝟐𝟓
 𝜖 =∆𝑙 = = 0.000625
E = 200 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
98
99
UNIT
1 Numerical
UNIT
UNIT STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
4. Mechanical Properties of Material
102
UNIT
1 Session Content
Session Outcome

1
3
UNIT
1
Chapter Description
• Expected Outcomes
 Understand the concept of tension and compression test.
 Explain the relationship between stress – strain diagram under
tensile test.
 Identify the mechanical properties of materials by using the concept of stress – strain
diagram.
 Explain the stress – strain behaviour of ductile and brittle
materials.
 Explain the concept of Hooke’s law concept and apply to calculate MOE.
 Apply the Poisson’s ratio formula to calculate Poisson’s ratio.
 Explain the relationship between shear stress – shear strain diagram concept and apply
to calculate MOR.
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 References
• Text Books:
Edition, 2012
1
5
UNIT
1 Mechanical Properties / Behavior of Materials
• Mechanical Properties / Behavior of Materials
• Usual procedure to determine how materials behave
when they are subjected to loads is to conduct tensile or
compressive testing
• Tensile Testing of metals:
Circular specimen with enlarged ends where they fit in the
grips so that failure doesn’t happen near the grips
• -A gage length is fixed as per the IS standards.
• -Extensometer arms are attached to the specimen at gage
marks
Load is slowly increased and the elongation is measured.
Displacement controlled test
Universal Tensile Testing machine
UNIT
1 Stress-Strain Diagram for Structural Steel (Mild Steel):
Convert load-elongation curve to stress-strain curve to avoid dimension problem
Mild Steel
(ductile material)
Nominal Stress (aka conventional / engineering stress) – initial area of the

specimen is used
True Stress – actual area of specimen used at the cross-section where failure
occurs
Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON

UNIT
1 Stress-Strain Diagram for Aluminum Alloy
-No obvious yield point.
-Yield stress may be determined by offset
method
Offset method:
At 0.2% strain (0.002) draw line parallel to linear part.
It cuts stress- strain diagram at A, which is defined as
yield stress
-Note Aluminum alloy is also ductile because it exhibits
plasticity (large permanent deformation) before failure
-Other ductile materials include copper, nickel, bronze, etc.

UNIT
1 Stress-Strain Relationship: Hooke’s Law
The linear relationship between stress and
strain for a bar in simple tension or
compression is expressed by the equation
Modulus of Elasticity (E) (aka Young’s Modulus). It is the ratio of normal stress to normal strain (i.e.,
measure of resistance to elastic deformation), evaluated below the proportional limit, i.e., slope of the
straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve.
Structural Steel E=210 GPa (30, 000 ksi)
Aluminum E=73 GPa (10,600 ksi)

UNIT
1 Introduction
• The ability of a material to sustain a load depends on its strength and can be
determine by experiment.
• The most important tests to perform in this regard are the tension and
compression test.
• Example of the materials are:
- Steel
- Aluminium
- Wood
- Plastic
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 Tension and Compression Test
Tension and Compression Test
• The tests objective is to determine the strength and

characteristics of materials
TENSILE COMPRESSION
TEST TEST
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 Tension Test
• A tensile test, also known as tension test, is probably the most

fundamental type of mechanical test that can be performed on
material
• Tensile testing – to pull apart a material until it breaks
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 Compression Test
• A compression test determines behavior of materials

under crushing loads (being pushed together)
• The specimen is compressed and deformation at various
loads
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 The Stress-Strain Diagram
Conventional Stress–Strain Diagram

• Nominal or engineering stress is obtained by dividing the applied load P by the
specimen’s original cross-sectional area.
 P
A0
• Nominal or engineering strain is obtained by dividing the change in the

specimen’s gauge length by the specimen’s original gauge length.
 
L0
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1
Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
Strain Hardening
Ultimate Strength
• As the materials stretches, it can
• Based on the engineering definition of stress, the ultimate strength is the largest stress
withstand increasing amounts of
that the material can withstand
stress
Yield Ultimate
• A slight increase in stress strength
causes a marked increase in σ
strain Necking
Fracture
• Beginning at yield, the material Upper yield • The cross-sectional area begins to
Yield stress
is permanently altered. Only a decrease markedly in a localized
portion of the strain will be region of the specimen
• The tension force required to
recovered after the stress has Lower yield
produce additional stretch in the
been removed specimen decrease as the area is
• Strains are termed inelastic reduced
since only a portion of the strain • Necking occurs in ductile but not in
will be covered upon removal of brittle materials
the stress Strain
• The yield strength is an Elastic Necking
behavior hardening
important design parameter for
the material

Elastic Behavior
Fracture Stress
• In general, the initial relationship between stress and strain is linear
• The fracture stress is the engineering
• Elastic strain is temporary, meaning that all strain is fully recovered upon removal of the
stress at which the specimen breaks
stress
into two pieces
• The slope of this line is called the elastic modulus or the modulus of elasticity
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 Stress–Strain Behavior of Materials
Ductile Materials
• Material that can subjected to large strains before it ruptures is called a
ductile material
• Engineer choose ductile materials for design because these materials are
capable of absorbing shock and if overloaded it will exhibit large deformation
before failed
• Ductility defined as the material’s capacity for plastic
deformation
• Example: Copper, aluminium, and steel
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 Stress–Strain Behavior of Materials
• The ductility of material can be report its percent elongation

or reduction in area at the time of fracture
L final Loriginal ( gauge length )

Percentage Elongation  100%
Loriginal ( gauge length )
A original  A final
Percentage Reduction of Area  1 00 %
A original
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 Brittle Materials
• Materials that exhibit little or no yielding before failure are referred to as

brittle materials
• An example : gray cast iron, concrete
• Therefore, concrete beams, slabs, columns etc. are reinforced with steel as
they can bear those tensile forces easily and hence prevent the section from
cracks.
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 Comparison between Stress – Strain
Behavior of Materials
Brittle Material Ductile Material

Stress, σ
Strain, Є
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 Hooke’s Law
• Hooke’s Law defines the linear relationship between stress

and strain within the elastic region.
  E
σ = stress
E = modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus
ε = strain
• E can be used only if a material has linear–elastic

behaviour.
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 Poisson’s Ratio
• Poisson’s ratio v, is a measure of the lateral strain of a homogeneous and

isotropic material versus its longitudinal strain.
• These strain are generally of opposite signs, that is , if one is an
elongation, the other will be contraction
Lateral Strain
Longitudinal Strain Longitudinal Strain
Lateral Strain
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 Poisson’s Ratio
• For slender bar subjected to axial loading:

σ
εx  x σy  σz  0
E
• Elongation in x- (i.e., longitudinal/axial) direction is
accompanied by contraction in the other (i.e., lateral)
directions.
εy  εz  0
• Poisson’s ratio defined as
lateral strain εy ε
v  longitudinal strain 
εx  z
εx
• For common materials (metals) Poisson’s ratio is positive, in the
range 0.25-0.35. Positive for polymer foams.
.
2 - 122
Only two properties (eg., E and v )needed to characterize an isotropic material
UNIT
1 Poisson’s Ratio
• Poisson’s ratio, v states that in the elastic range, the ratio

of these strains is a constant since the deformations are
proportional
 la tera l 
d
v y d
v 
 lo n g itu d ina l x L
L
• Poisson’ ratio is dimensionless and most metal has a
value of v between 1/3 and 1/4, the largest possible value
of v is 1/2
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT
1 Hookes Law
Mr. K N Wakchaure
UNIT STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
6. Modulus of Elasticity, Rigidity and Bulk
Modulus
125
UNIT
An elastic modulus (also known as modulus of elasticity) is a quantity that measures an object or substance's
resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a stress is applied to it. The elastic modulus of
an object is defined as the slope of its stress–strain curve in the elastic deformation region:[1] A stiffer material will
have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic modulus has the form:
where stress is the force causing the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied and strain is the
ratio of the change in some parameter caused by the deformation to the original value of the parameter. Since strain
is a dimensionless quantity, the units of will be the same as the units of stress.[2]
Specifying how stress and strain are to be measured, including directions, allows for many types of elastic moduli to
be defined. The three primary ones are:
1.Young's modulus (E) describes tensile elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform along an axis when
opposing forces are applied along that axis; it is defined as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain. It is often
referred to simply as the elastic modulus.
2.The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G or Lamé second parameter) describes an object's tendency to
shear (the deformation of shape at constant volume) when acted upon by opposing forces; it is defined as shear
stress over shear strain. The shear modulus is part of the derivation of viscosity.
3.The bulk modulus (K) describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform in all directions when
uniformly loaded in all directions; it is defined as volumetric stress over volumetric strain, and is the inverse
of compressibility. The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions.
UNIT
1 Shear Strain
UNIT
A solid material will undergo elastic deformation when a small load is applied to it
in compression or extension. Elastic deformation is reversible, meaning that the
material returns to its original shape after the load is removed.
At near-zero stress and strain, the stress–strain curve is linear, and the relationship
between stress and strain is described by Hooke's law that states stress is
proportional to strain. The coefficient of proportionality is Young's modulus.
The higher the modulus, the more stress is needed to create the same amount of
strain; an idealized rigid body would have an infinite Young's modulus.
Conversely, a very soft material such as a fluid, would deform without force, and
would have zero Young's modulus.
UNIT
1 Shear Modulus
In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a
measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear
strain:
Where
𝜏 𝐹/𝐴 𝐹𝑙
𝐺= = =
𝛾 Δ𝑥/𝑙 𝐴Δ𝑥
𝜏 = 𝐹/𝐴= shear stress
𝐹 is the force which acts
𝐴 is the area on which the force acts
𝛾 = shear strain.
𝛾 = = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜙 = 𝜙
Δ𝑥 is the transverse displacement
𝑙 is the initial length of the area.
The derived SI unit of shear modulus is the pascal (Pa),

although it is usually expressed in gigapascals (GPa) or in thousand pounds per square inch (ksi).
Its dimensional form is M1L−1T−2, replacing force by mass times acceleration.
UNIT
1 Bulk Modulus
UNIT
1 Bulk Modulus
The bulk modulus 𝐾 of a substance is a measure of how resistant to compression that substance is. It is defined as
the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume.
Other moduli describe the material's response (strain) to other kinds of stress: the shear modulus describes the
response to shear stress, and Young's modulus describes the response to normal stress.
For a fluid, only the bulk modulus is meaningful.
For a complex anisotropic solid such as wood or paper, these three moduli do not contain enough information to
describe its behaviour, and one must use the full generalized Hooke's law. The reciprocal of the bulk modulus at
fixed temperature is called the isothermal compressibility.
 Poisson's Ratio-
• Within the elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain to the linear strain is
constant for a material.
• It is denoted by 'μ' (mu).
Lateral Strain
Poisson' s Ratio  
Linear Strain
Material Poisson's Value
Rubber 0.499≈0.5
Mild Steel 0.27 to 0.34
Aluminium 0.33
Concrete 0.1 to 0.2
Glass 0.18 to 0.3
Clay 0.3 to 0.45
Cork 0
Note- According to Poisson's ratio lateral strain decreases as longitudinal strain increases i.e.
if the longitudinal strain is tensile, lateral strains are compressive and vice versa.
UNIT
UNIT
1 Deformation of a body due to forces acting on it-
By Hooke's Law, we have

  E.ε
P δL
but, σ  and ε 
A L
P δL
  E.
A L
PL
δL 
AE
Where,
• P = Force acting on the body
• L = Length of the body
• A = Cross sectional area of the body
• E = Young's Modulus
• ẟL
Mr. Kiran Wakchaure = Deformation
Strength ofof the body
Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 134
UNIT
1 Shear Modulus OR Modulus of
Rigidity (G)-
• Within elastic limit shear stress is directly proportional to shear strain.
Mathematically
τ α γ
τ  G. γ
 G  γτ N/mm2
Bulk Modulus (K)- The ratio of direct stress (volumetric stress) to

the corresponding volumetric strain of the body is constant known as
bulk modulus.
Direct stress (Volumetric stress) σ σv
K   v  N/mm2
Volumetric strain εv ε L (1  2  )
UNIT
1 Relation between E and G-
Consider a square block ABCD of side 'a' fixed at base
CD. A1B1CD be the deformed shape of element to simple
shear (ꞇ).
As angle ACA2 is very small, AC ≈ A2C
Now, strain of diagonal AC is
change in diagonal

original diagonal
A 1C - A 2C

A 2C
A 1 C - AC

AC
A 1A 2

AC
A 1A 2
 .........................Diagonal AC = √2
2. a .........................1
UNIT
Shear Strain(Φ) = AA1/AD

= AA1/a
‫؞‬AA1 = a.Φ
Since Δ AA1A2 is right angle triangle, angle AA1A2 =45o
∴ A1A2 = AA1.cos45
a𝜑
=
2
from equation 1 strain in diagonal AC is
a𝜑 1
= ×
𝜑2 2. 𝑎
=
2
................................2
Therefore it shows that diagonal strain is half of
the shear strain
1 τ
ε_diagonal = ×
2 G
...............................3
UNIT
Now, using generalized Hook's law we have
........................4
UNIT
1 Relation between E and K-
• Let us consider a cube of side 'L' which is subjected to
direct stresses 'σ' on the faces of the cube.
∴ σx = σy = σz = σ
Therefore by using generalized Hooke′s law we have
δL 1
εx = = (σx − μσy − μσz)
L E
1
= (σ − μσ − μσ)
E
σ
= (1 − 2μ).............1
E
Volumetric strain
δL δb δt
εv = + +
L b t
δL δL δL
= + +
L L L
δL
=3
L
Therefore, from equation 1, we have
σ
εv = 3 (1 − 2𝜇)
E
σv σ
= 3 (1 − 2𝜇)
K E
E = 3K(1 − 2𝜇)
UNIT
1 Relation between E, G and K-
We have, E = 3K(1-2μ) and E = 2G(1+μ)
Therefore from above relation we have,
1 E E
μ= 1− .....1 and μ = − 1..........2
2 3K 2G
from equation 1 and 2, we have
1 E E
1− = −1
2 3K 2G
1 E E
+1= +
2 2G 6K
3 1 E E
= +
2 2 G 3K
E E
3= +
G 3K
9KG
E=
3K + G
UNIT
1 Constitutive Relationships Between Stress and Strain
(Generalized Hooke's Law)-
For 3 dimensional body-
Strain along x direction due to σx = σx/E
Strain along x direction due to σy = -μσy/E
Strain along x direction due to σz = -μσz/E
Total strain in x direction Єx= σx/E - μ(σy/E + σz/E )
Similarly,
Total strain in y direction, Єy= σy/E - μ(σx/E + σz/E )
Total strain in z direction, Єz= σ z/E - μ(σx/E + σy/E )
UNIT
1 Constitutive Relationships Between Stress and Strain
(Generalized Hooke's Law)-
For 2 dimensional body-
Strain along x direction due to σx = σx/E
Strain along x direction due to σy = -μσy/E
Total strain in x direction Єx= σx/E - μσy/E
Similarly,
Total strain in y direction, Єy= σy/E - μσx/E
Total strain in z direction, Єz= - μ(σx/E + σy/E )
UNIT
1 Numerical
 Problem1 - A Standard steel specimen of 12 mm diameter
elongated 0.22mm in a 200mm gauge length when it is subjected to
a tensile force of 30 kN. Determine three elastic constants if the
poison’s ratio is 0.25.
Soln- 1) Using one dimensional Hooke's law, we have
  E.
3
 P.L 200
 E=   30x10 2 x
 A. L π x
12
4
 
0.22
3
E=241.143x10 MPa
2) Using relation
3
E 241.143x10 3
G=   96.457x10 MPa
2 1    2 1  0.25 
3
E 241.143x10 3
K=   160.762x10 MPa
3 1  2   3 1  2x0.25 
UNIT
 Problem 2 - A cylindrical piece of steel 80 mm diameter and 120mm long
subjected to an axial compressive force 70 kN. Calculate the change in volume of
the piece, if the bulk modulus is 1.7 x 105 MPa and Poisson’s ratio µ = 0.3.
1 ) W e h a v e , v o lu m e o f c y lin d e r = a re a x le n g th
π
 
2
 x 80 x120
4
3 3
 V = 6 0 3 .5 0 x 1 0 mm
3
P 70 x 10
 D ire c t S tre s s ,  = =  1 3 .9 2 6 M P a
π
 
2
A x 80
4
2 ) U s in g re la tio n
E
 E = 3 K 1  2    3 x 1 .7 x 1 0 1  2 x 0 .3 
5
K=
3 1  2  
3
 2 0 4 x1 0 M P a
W e have
K=
D ire c t S t re s s  
V o lu m e tric S tra in   v
 1 3 .9 2 6

5
B u t , V o lu m e tric S tr a in = v
  5
 8 .1 9 1 7 x 1 0
K 1 .7 x 1 0
 C h a n g e in V o lu m e  v =  v
x V
5 3 3
= 8 .1 9 1 7 x 1 0 x 6 0 3 .5 0 x 1 0  4 9 .4 3 7 m m
UNIT
 Problem 3 - A 50mm square steel bar is subjected to an axial tensile load of 250
kN. Determine the decrease in the lateral dimensions, if E = 200 GPa and µ = 0.3.
1 ) U s in g o n e d im en sio n al H o o k e's law , w e h av e

  E . L
3
P
 E .  2 5 0 x 1 0  2 0 0 x 1 0 .
3
L L
A 50 x50

6
L
 5 0 0 x1 0 m m
2 ) U sin g re latio n
=  Lt
 L
0 .3   Lt
6
5 0 0 x1 0

6
Lt
 1 5 0 x1 0 m m
b d
B u t,  Lt

b

d
6 3
  b   d  1 5 0 x 1 0 x 5 0 = 7 .5 x 1 0 m m
UNIT
 Problem 4 - A steel bar 90mm x 90mm in section 3.0m long is
subjected to pull of 400 kN.Taking E = 200GPa and µ = 0.3. Calculate
alternations in length, side and volume of the bar.
1) Using one dimensional Hooke's law, we have

  E. L
3
 P 400x10
 L
  
E AE 8100x200x10 3
  L  246.91x10
6
2) Using relation
 =  Lt   Lt    L  0.3x246.91x10  74x10
6 6
 L
b
But,  Lt

b
  b  bx
6 3
Lt
 90x74x10 = 6.66x10 mm
UNIT
 Contd..
Problem 4 - A steel bar 90mm x 90mm in section 3.0m long is
subjected to pull of 400 kN.Taking E = 200GPa and µ = 0.3. Calculate
alternations in length, side and volume of the bar.
Also, we have
Volumetric Strain
 v   L 1  2   246.91x10 1  2x0.3
6
6
 98.76x10
v
v   v   vxV=98.76x10 x  90x90x3000 
6
V
3
 2400 mm
UNIT
 Problem 5 - Two wires one of steel and other of copper are of the same length and are
subjected to the same tension. If diameter of copper is 2mm. Find the diameter of steel
wire if they are elongated by same amount. Take Es=200GPa and Ec=100GPa.
Soln- We have,
 2 2
Area of copper wire, Ac  4
(2)  3.142mm
 2 2 2
Area of steel wire, A s
 ( )  0.785(d s ) mm
4 ds
PL PL
  l c    3
A c E c 3.142x100x10
 l s   PL  PL
2 3
A s E s 0.785(d s) x200x10
But ,  l c    l s 
PL PL
3
 2 3
3.142x100x10 0.785(d s ) x200x10
Mr. Kiran Wakchaure d s of
Strength 1.41mm
Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 148
UNIT
 Problem 6 - A bar 30mm diameter was subjected to tensile load of 54 kN. Measured
extension on 300mm gauge length was 0.112mm and change in diameter was 0.00366
mm. Calculate Poisson’s ratio and values of three elastic moduli.
We have
Soln-  L  0.112  0.000373
Linear strain, L 
L 300
Lateral strain, Lt 
 d  0.00366  0.000122
d 30
Using relation
 =  Lt 
0.000122
 0.327
 L
0.000373
Now we have,
3
PL 54x10 x300
l   0.112 
AE  2
(30 )xE
4
E  204627.78 MPa
E 204627.78
E  2G 1     G    77510.52 MPa
2 1    2 1  0.327 
E 204627.78
E  3 K 1  2    K    189470.17 MPa
3 1  2   3 1  2x0.327 
UNIT
 Problem 7 - A plate of (2 x 2 x 0.02)m is subjected to stresses σx = 100 MPa tensile and
σy = 50 MPa compressive in the plane of the plate. Modulus of elasticity of the plate is
200 GPa and Poisson’s ratio µ = 0.25. Calculate the volume of the plate.
Soln-
 v   x   y   z
Generalized Hook ' s law 112.5  75   12.5 
1    
 x   x   y   z  E  E   E 
E 25 25 4
1 112 .5    1.25x10
 100  0 .25 x   50   0  
3
E 200x10
E E
Change in volume  v   v x V  1.25x10 x  2x2x0.02
4
1
 y   y   x   z 
E 4 3
 10 mm ( Increase )
1  75
   50  0 .25 x 100   0  
E E
1
 z   z   x   y 
E
1  12 .5
  0  0 . 25 x100  0 . 25 x   50   
E E
UNIT
1 Compound Section OR Member in Series-
• If two OR more members of same
material are connected together and
are subjected to the loads then the
combination is called compound
member.
• Therefore, the total elongation of the
bar under action of external forces is
𝑃1𝐿1 𝑃2𝐿2 𝑃3𝐿3

𝛿𝐿 = + +
𝐴1𝐸 𝐴2𝐸 𝐴3𝐸
1 𝑃1𝐿1 𝑃2𝐿2 𝑃3𝐿3
= + +
𝐸 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝑃1, 𝑃2, 𝑃3
= 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 acting on individual member
L1,L2,L3 = Length of individual member
A1,A2,A3 = Area of individual member
UNIT
 Problem 1 - Determine the total elongation of the component, if its
modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa.
Soln-
160 kN 160 kN 160 kN 160 kN

90mm
120mm
By principle of superposition
 L = L 1   L 2
 P 1L 1  P 2 L 2
AE AE
3 3
160 x10 x90 160x10 x120
 3
 3
50x200x10 100 x200x10
 2.4 mm
UNIT
UNIT
Young's modulus , the Young modulus, or the modulus of elasticity in

tension or compression (i.e., negative tension), is a mechanical property that
measures the tensile or compressive stiffness of a solid material when the force is
applied lengthwise. It quantifies the relationship between
tensile/compressive stress (force per unit area) and
axial strain (proportional deformation) in the linear elastic region of a material
and is determined using the formula:[1]
Young's moduli are typically so large that they are expressed not in pascals but in
gigapascals (GPa).
Although Young's modulus is named after the 19th-century British scientist Thomas
Young, the concept was developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler.
UNIT
1 Allowable Stress
• Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in a member.

• A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load.
• The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load divided by
the allowable load
F fail
F .S 
F allow
 fail
F .S 
 allow
 fail
F .S 
 allow
UNIT
1 Young’s Modulus
• Hooke’s law states that, within the elastic limit stress is

directly proportional to strain.
•αe
• =Ee
• = Stress, N/mm2
• E= Young’s Modulus, N/mm2
• e=Strain
Pytel and kiusalaas, 2012

156
UNIT
A circular hollow tube made of steel is used to support a compressive load of
500kN. The inner and outer diameters of the tube are 90mm and 130mm
respectively and its length is 1000mm. Due to compressive load, the contraction
of the rod is 0.5mm. Determine the compressive stress and strain in the post.
UNIT
Q)A rod 100 mm in original length. When we apply an axial

tensile load 10 kN the final length of the rod after application
of the load is 100.1 mm.
• So in this rod tensile strain is developed and is given by:
.
•
UNIT
Q) A circular rod of diameter 16 mm and 500 mm long is subjected to a tensile force 40 kN. The modulus
of elasticity for steel may be taken as 200 kN/mm2. Find stress, strain and elongation of the bar due to
applied load.
• Ans: Load P = 40 kN = 40 × 1000 N

• E = 200 kN/mm2 = 200 × 103 N/mm2
• L = 500 mm
• Diameter of the rod d = 16 mm
• Therefore, sectional area = 201.06 mm2
• Stress  = = 198.94 N/mm2
.
.
• Strain e = = 0.0009947
• Elongation =0.497 mm
UNIT
• A circular bar 20 mm in diameter and 200 mm long is subjected to a

force of 20 kN. Find the stress, strain, and elongation in the bar if the
value of E = 80 GPa.
• Solution: Area of the bar = n x 202/4 = 314.16 mm2
• Stress o= P/A = 20 x lo3/ 314.16 = 63.66 N/ mm2
• E = 80 GPa = 80,000 MPa = 80,000 N/ mm2
• Strain = o / E = 63.66 /80,000 = 7.9 x lo4
• Elongation = Strain x length = 7.9 x lo4 x 200 = 0.16 mm
160
UNIT
• A bar of cross-sectional area 314 mm2 elongates by 0.8 mm over a

length of 600 mm when subjected to a tensile force of 12000 N. Find
the Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of the bar.
• Solution Stress o= 12,000/314 = 38.22 N/mm2
• Strain E = o/E = 38.22/E. Elongation = E L = 38.22 L/E
• Elongation = 0.8 mm
• Therefore, 38.22 x 600/E = 0.8 mm
• E = 38.22 x 600/0.8 = 28665 N/mm2 = 28.67 GPa
161
UNIT
A circular pipe of internal diameter 30 mm and thickness 4 mm is subjected to a
force 30 kN and the elongation was measured as 1 mm. If the length of the pipe
is 2 m, find the value of Young's modulus of elasticity and the stress in the pipe.
• Solution:
• Internal diameter of the pipe = 30 mm; thickness = 4 mm; external
diameter =38 mm; area of the pipe =ℿ ( 382 -302) /4 = 427.26 mm2
• Stress in the pipe material = P/A = 30,000/427.26 = 70.2 N/ mm2
• Elongation = 1 mm; Length of pipe = 2 m = 2000 mm
• Strain E= 1/2000 = 5 x 10-4
• E = stress/strain = 70.2/(5 x 10-4) = 140,400 N/ mm2 = 140.4 GPa
162
UNIT
Shear Stress ( ):
• When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite forces acting
tangentially across the resisting section as a result of which the body
tends to shear off the section, then the stress induced is called as
shear stress.
Beer et al. 2012

163
UNIT
Hibbler, 2011
164
UNIT
UNIT
Deformations Of Members Under Axial
Loading
• Consider a homogeneous rod BC of length L and uniform cross section
of area A subjected to a centric axial load P.
• If the resulting axial stress = P/A does not exceed the proportional
limit of the material, we may apply Hooke’s law and write =Ee from
which it follows that
•
•
•
166
UNIT
1 Principle of Superposition
• Principle of superposition is to simplify stress and displacement

problems by subdividing the loading into components and adding the
results.
Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Member
• A member is statically indeterminate when equations of equilibrium are
not sufficient to determine the reactions on a member.
.
167
UNIT
BARS WITH CROSS-SECTIONS VARYING IN STEPS
Hence total change in length of the bar

𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
168
UNIT
The stepped bar shown in Fig. is made up of two different materials.
The material 1 has Young’s modulus = 2 × 105 N/mm2, while that of
material 2 is 1 × 105 N/ mm2. Find the extension of the bar under a pull
of 30 kN if both the portions are 20 mm in thickness
• Solution: A1 = 40 × 20 = 800 mm2
• A2 = 30 × 20 = 600 mm2
× ×
• Extension of portion 1, = 0.1125 mm.
× ×
× ×
• Extension of portion 2, = 0.4000 mm
× ×
• Total extension of the bar = 0.1125 + 0.4000 = 0.5125 mm.
Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Bhavikatti, 2010 SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 169
Strength of Materials
UNIT
The bar shown in Fig. is tested in universal testing machine. It is
observed that at a load of 40 kN the total extension of the bar is 0.280
mm. Determine the Young’s modulus of the material.
× ×
• Extension of portion 1,=
× ×
× ×
× ×
× ×
× ×
× × × × × ×
• However, total extension =0.280 mm= +
× × × × × ×
• E=200990 N/mm2
Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials Bhavikatti, 2010

SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 170
PL
With variations in loading, cross-   i i
section or material properties i Ai Ei
171
The composite steel bar (Est = 210 GPa) shown in the
figure is made from two segments,
AB and BD, having cross-sectional areas of
AAB = 600 mm2 and ABD = 1200 mm2.
Determine the vertical displacement of end A and the
displacement of B relative to C.
15kN
172
UNIT
Example: Multiple sections. Find total deformation of end A with respect to D. Area = 20 mm2.
Material is steel w/ E = 200 GPa = 200 x 109 Pa: [Beer et. 2010]
= 100 mm = 150 mm = 200 mm
PL
 A/ D 
AE
PAB LAB PBC LBC PCD LCD
 A/ D   
AE AE AE
173
UNIT
First, solve for internal loads:
174
UNIT
PAB LAB PBC LBC PCD LCD
 A/ D   
AE AE AE
(5,000 N )(.1m) (3,000 N )(.15m) (7,000 N )(.2m)

 A/ D   
AE AE AE
 1,350  1,350
 A/ D   9
 3.38 x10 4
m  0.338mm
AE (.00002)(200 x10 )
How would this answer change if aluminum instead of steel????

175
UNIT
A steel bar of 25 mm is acted upon by forces as shown. What is the total elongation of
bar? Take E=190 GPa.
Area of the section= 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 =490.88 mm2

𝑃 𝐿 𝑃 𝐿 𝑃 𝐿
𝛿 / = + +
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
(60,000𝑁)(2𝑚) (80,000𝑁)(1𝑚) (50,000𝑁)(3𝑚)
𝛿 / = + +
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
𝛿 / =3.75mm
176
UNIT
1 Relationship Between Modulus Of
Elasticity And Modulus Of Rigidity
• E = 2G(1 + µ)
• E = 3K(1 – µ )
177
UNIT
1 Numerical
A bar of 25 mm diameter is tested in tension. It is observed that when a load of

60 kN is applied, the extension measured over a guage length of 200 mm is
0.12 mm and contraction in diameter is 0.0045 mm.
Find Poisson’s ratio and elastic constants E, G, K.
• Solution: Now, P = 60 kN = 60000 N
• Area A = =156.25ℿ mm2
• Guage length L = 200 mm
• Δ = 0.12 mm
• Δd = 0.0045 mm
• Linear strain = = 0.0006
• Lateral strain = = 0.00018
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
• Poisson’s ratio= µ = = 0.3
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
178
UNIT
1 NUMERICALS
•
×
•
. × ×
• E = 203718.3 N/mm2
• Using the relation E = 2G(1 + µ)
• We get G = 78353.2 N/mm2
• From the relation, E = 3K(1 – 2μ), we get
• K =169765.25 N/mm2
179
UNIT
A 400 mm long bar has rectangular cross-section 10 mm × 30 mm. This bar is subjected to
(i) 15 kN tensile force on 10 mm × 30 mm faces,
(ii) 80 kN compressive force on 10 mm × 400 mm faces, and
(iii) 180 kN tensile force on 30 mm × 400 mm faces.
Find the change in volume if E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and µ = 0.3.
The forces on the bar are as shown in Fig. Let the x, y, z be the
mutually perpendicular directions as shown in the figure.
𝟏𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟑
Now, 𝝈𝒙 = = 𝟓𝟎𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 (Tensile)
𝟏𝟎×𝟑𝟎
𝟖𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝝈𝒚 = = 𝟐𝟎𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 (Comp.)
𝟏𝟎×𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟖𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝝈𝒛 = = 𝟏𝟓𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 (Tensile)
𝟑𝟎×𝟒𝟎𝟎
Bhavikatti, 2010
Noting that a stress produces a strain of /E in its own direction, the nature being same as that of stress and µ/E in lateral
direction of opposite nature, and taking tensile stress as +ve, we can write expression for strains ex, ey, ez as
180
UNIT
•
•
•
• Volumetric strain: ev = ex + ey + ez=
• But,
• Volumetric strain,
•  Change in volume = ev × Volume= 10.8 mm3
181
UNIT STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
Thermal Stresses
182
References
• Text Books:
• Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston and Jr.John T. DeWolf “Mechanics of Materials”, Tata McGraw-Hill, Sixth Edition,
2012
183
UNIT
1 Thermal Stresses
Bridge are designed with expansion

joints to accommodate the thermal
movement of the deck and thus avoid
thermal stress
184
UNIT
1 Thermal Stresses
Horizontal movement occurs in brick masonry

Railroad tracks distorted because of walls due to thermal expansion, producing step
thermal expansion on a very hot cracking and potentially also vertical cracks
day. through structural brick or brick veneer walls.
185
UNIT
1
ThermalThermal Stresses
Stresses
• A temperature change results in a change in length or thermal strain.
There is no stress associated with the thermal strain unless the
elongation is restrained by the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply the

principle of superposition.
PL
 T   T L P 
AE
  thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from the redundant
support must be compatible.
  T   P  0
  T   P  0
P   AE T 
PL P
 T L  0    E T 
AE A
Beer et al. 2012
186
UNIT
187
UNIT
1 Thermal Stresses
• All of the members and structures that we have considered so far were
assumed to remain at the same temperature while they were being loaded.
• We are now going to consider various situations involving changes in
temperature.
• Let us first consider a homogeneous rod AB of uniform cross section, which
rests freely on a smooth horizontal surface.
• If the temperature of the rod is raised by ΔT, we observe that the rod
elongates by an amount δ which is proportional to both the temperature
change ΔT and the length L of the rod. We have
•
188
UNIT
1 Thermal Stresses
• where α is a constant characteristic of the material, called the

coefficient of thermal expansion.
• Since ΔT and L are both expressed in units of length,
• α represents a quantity per degree C, or per degree F, depending
whether the temperature change is expressed in degrees Celsius or in
degrees Fahrenheit.
189
UNIT
1 Thermal Stresses
• A steel rail is 12 m long and is laid at a temperature of 18°C. The

maximum temperature expected is 40°C.
• (i) Estimate the minimum gap between two rails to be left so that the
temperature stresses do
• not develop.
• (ii) Calculate the temperature stresses developed in the rails, if:
• (a) No expansion joint is provided.
• (b) If a 1.5 mm gap is provided for expansion.
• (iii) If the stress developed is 20 N/mm2, what is the gap provided
between the rails?
• Take E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and α = 12 × 10–6/°C.
190
UNIT
• Solution:
• (i) The free expansion of the rails = α tL = 12 × 10–6 × (40 – 18) × 12.0 ×
1000= 3.168 mm
• Provide a minimum gap of 3.168 mm between the rails, so that
temperature stresses do not develop.
• (ii) (a) If no expansion joint is provided, free expansion prevented is
equal to 3.168 mm.
• i.e. Δ = 3.168 mm
• = 3.168mm
. × ×
• =52.8 N/mm2
×
191
UNIT
• Solution:
• (b) If a gap of 1.5 mm is provided, free expansion prevented Δ = α tL
• δ = 3.168 – 1.5 =1.668 mm.
. × ×
• The compressive stress developed is given by =27.8
×
N/mm2
• (iii) If the stress developed is 20 N/mm2, then =20 N/mm2
• If δ is the gap, Δ = α tL – δ
• = 3.168 – δ
• δ = 3.168 – 1.20 = 1.968 mm
192

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Subject :- Strength of Materials (SOM)

S.Y. B.Tech. Mechatronics

Stresses and Strains

Deformation in solids- Hooke’s law,

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 4

Able to understand and apply basic concept o mechanics

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 5

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 6

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 7

1 Stresses and strains

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 8

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 9

Unit No. Unit Title Teaching Distribution of Theory Marks

 Strength of Materials: Mechanical Engineering By Dr. Satish C Sharma (IIT Roorkee)

Sr. No. Title CO PO PSO

• To study deformation of a member under axial loading.

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 15

Deformation in solids- Hooke’s law,

Able to understand and apply basic concept of mechanics

1 Stresses and strains

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 20

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 21

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 22

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 23

Mechanics is the the branch of physical science which deals

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 24

Study of Force & Motion

Gross/Overall Motion (Dynamics) Localized Motion (Deformation) (STATICS)

KINETICS KINEMATICS Rigid Bodies Deformable bodies

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 27

Step-By-Step procedure to solve problems in mechanics of solids

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 28

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 29

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 30

 Tensile force or pull

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 31

Tensile Force or Pull

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 32

Compressive Force or Push

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 33

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 34

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 35

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 36

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 37

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 38

The moment of force

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 39

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 41

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 42

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 43

CALCULATE THE MOMENT 400 N FORCE ABOUT THE

Let, CCW moments are +ve and CW –ve

MO = - 33.6 Nm  MO = 33.6 Nm (CW)

F F MB = F * (a+d) - (F) * a = Fd (CCW)

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 47

1. Concentrated Load / Point Load

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 48

2. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL)

3. Uniformly Varying Load (UVL)

Mr. Kiran Wakchaure Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 50