Q1 Ethyne C2H2 is a linear molecule with a triple bond between the two carbon atoms.
Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of an ethyne molecule.
Q2 Ethene, C2H4, and hydrazine, N2H4, are hydrides of elements which are adjacent in
Periodic Table. Data about ethene and hydrazine are given in the table below.
C2H4 N2H4
melting
–169 +2
point/°C
boiling
–104 +114
point/°C
solubility in
insoluble high
water
solubility in
high high
ethanol
(a) Ethene and hydrazine have a similar arrangement of atoms but differently shaped
molecules.
(i)What is the H-C-H bond angle in ethene?
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(ii)Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for hydrazine.
(iii)What is the H-N-H bond angle in hydrazine?
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(b) The melting and boiling points of hydrazine are much higher than those of ethene.
Suggest reasons for these differences in terms of the intermolecular forces each
compound possesses.
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(c) Explain, with the aid of a diagram showing lone pairs of electrons and dipoles, why
hydrazine is very soluble in ethanol.
Q3 The structural formulae of water, methanol and methoxymethane, CH3OCH3, are
given below.
(a)(i)How many lone pairs of electrons are there around the oxygen atom in
methoxymethane?
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(ii) Suggest the size of the C–O–C bond angle in methoxymethane.
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Attractive forces between the molecules of compound differ in their strength and include the
following.
Ainteractions involving permanent dipoles
Binteractions involving temporary or induced dipoles
Chydrogen bonds
(b) By using the letters A, B, or C, state the strongest intermolecular force present in each
of the following compounds.
Ethanol CH3CHO ..............
Ethanol CH3CH2OH ..............
Methoxymethane CH3OCH3 ..............
2-Methylpropane (CH3)2CHCH3 ..............
(c) Methanol and water are completely soluble in each other.
(i)Which intermolecular force exists between methanol molecules and water molecules that
makes these two liquids soluble in each other?
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(ii)Draw a diagram that clearly shows this intermolecular force. Your diagram should show
any lone pairs or dipoles present on either molecule that you consider to be important.
Q4 At low temperatures, aluminium chloride vapour has the formula Al2Cl6.
Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in Al2Cl6.
Show outer electrons only.
Q5 Elements and compounds which have small molecules usually exist as gases or liquids.
(a) Chlorine, Cl 2, is a gas at room temperature whereas bromine, Br 2, is a liquid under the
same conditions. Explain these observations.
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(b) The gases nitrogen, N2, and carbon monoxide, CO, are isoelectronic, that is they have
the same number of electrons in their molecules.Suggest why N2 has a lower boiling point
than CO.
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(c)A ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a CO molecule is shown below. Only electrons from outer
shells are represented.
Q6 Copper, proton number 29, and argon, proton number 18, are elements which have
different physical and chemical properties. In the solid state, each element has the same
face-centred cubic crystal structure which is shown below.
The particles present in such a crystal may be atoms, molecules, anions or cations. In the
diagram above, the particles present are represented by .
(a) Which types of particle are present in the copper and argon crystals?
In each case, give their formula.
At room temperature, copper is a solid while argon is a gas.
(b) Explain these observations in terms of the forces present in each solid structure.
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Q7 The boiling points of these two compounds are given below.
compound BP / K
CH3CH3 184.5
CH3F 194.7
Suggest explanations for the following.
(i) the close similarity of the boiling points of the two compounds
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(ii) the slightly higher boiling point of CH3F
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Q8 Sulfur forms the compound S4N4 with nitrogen. The structure of S4N4 is shown
below.
Assume all bonds shown are single bonds.
(i) Determine the number of lone pairs of electrons around a nitrogen atom and a sulfur atom
in S4N4.
nitrogen atom .......................................... sulfur atom ..........................................
(ii) Which bond angle, a or b, in the S4N4 molecule will be smaller? Explain your answer.
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Q9 Carbon disulphide, CS2, is a volatile, stinking liquid which is used to manufacture
viscose rayon and cellophane.
(a) The carbon atom is in the centre of the CS2 molecule. Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram
of the carbon disulphide molecule. Show outer electrons only.
(b) Suggest the shape of the molecule and give its bond angle.
shape .........................................................
bond angle .................................................
