Histogram

Definition: A histogram is a type of bar chart used to display the variation in continuous data that is grouped into intervals or 'bins'.
The X-axis (horizontal axis) is continuous (variable) data that is broken down into equal sized groups or ranges of data (also called intervals or bins) that are set out in order along the axis.

The Y-axis (vertical axis) is the frequency of cases i.e. the number or count of cases.
To interpret a histogram, start by looking at the Title, then the horizontal axis, called the X-axis, to see how the continuous data is grouped. Then, look at the vertical axis, called the Y-axis, t
frequently the data occurs in each interval (group).
The X-axis continuous data is set out in mutually exclusive intervals / bins where a case can only fall into one interval / bin.
Examples of variable data displayed in Histograms that are commonly used in healthcare are: time of day incidents / adverse events (or near misses) occur; length of stay in days; wait time o
around-time for diagnostic tests, medication or treatment; age groups; weight; size or temperature etc
The data can be collected and initially placed into a Tally Sheet (table) and then displayed (charted/graphed) in a Histogram. The Histogram will effectively highlight the interval/s (bin) that is
frequently occurring and the variation in the data.
A Histogram is used to understand the variability in your data i.e. location, spread, shape and patterns of data
The bars in a histogram must touch each other.
There is no rule for deciding the number of intervals, however the table below the Frequency Table & template chart gives a rough guide.
Minimum dataset: It is best to have at least 30 cases (observations) in your Histogram for it to give enough degree of belief to extrapolate to the larger population.
Chart labels: Make sure you clearly state in your chart the a)Title (what is being measured),b) name of chart ie Histogram, c)Operational Definition, d) Sample Size, e) Data Collection Date
label the f) X-axis and g) Y-axis.
See next worksheet tab (right) for examples of many Histograms
Template developed by Wendy Jamieson, CEC Senior Manager QI Academy - April, 2001, updated July 2020.

How to build a Histogram

Simple Histogram: A graph/chart will automatically build as you enter your information into the Frequency Table below.
Stratified Histogram (see relevant worksheet to the right): You can stratify your data further to compare groups i.e. Male vs. Female; Year 1 vs. Year 2; Pass vs. Fail; Major vs. Minor etc
Large Data Sets - if you have a very large dataset and it is not possible to create the histogram manually, please see instructions in the relevant worksheet to the right.

Steps to follow to create a Histogram

Step 1: Down load this spread sheet template onto your computer and re-name the file. Click on ENABLE EDITING.
Step 2: Enter the intervals (bins) into the table below (X-axis). The intervals need to be of equal range size and mutually exclusive so that cases can only fall into one interval / bin.
Step 3: Enter the frequency for each x-axis entry i.e. the number of cases from your audit that fall into the interval/bin.
Step 4: Delete rows of unused intervals by highlighting the rows (from the left had side of the Excel screen in the row # column) and right clicking on the mouse and selecting 'delete'.
Step 5: Label the chart by entering the Title etc. Click on the graph/chart, click on the Title, then enter the information you want displayed. Also consider stating the Definition, Sample Size an
data collected to/from.
Step 6: To print graph/chart: Click on graph to highlight it, then click on print button.
Step 7: To place graph/chart in another document 'snip' out using the Snipping tool or highlight, 'copy' and 'paste'.
Frequency Table: Simple Histogram
X-axis Frequency (#)
(Y-axis)
Title of Chart:
Interval / Bin 1 Histogram
Interval / Bin 2 Operational Definition:
Interval / Bin 3 Sample Size:
12

Frequency (#)
Interval / Bin 4 Data Collection Date/s:
Interval / Bin 5
Interval / Bin 6
10
Interval / Bin 7
Interval / Bin 8
Interval / Bin 9 8
Interval / Bin 10
Interval / Bin 11
Interval / Bin 12 6
Interval / Bin 13
Interval / Bin 14
Interval / Bin 15 4
Interval / Bin 16
Interval / Bin 17
Interval / Bin 18 2
Interval / Bin 19
Interval / Bin 20
Interval / Bin 21 0
Interval / Bin 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
B in B in B in B in B in B in B in B in B in i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n
Interval / Bin 23 l/ l/ l/ l/ l/ l/ l/ l/ l/ /B /B /B /B /B /B /B /B
a a a a a a a a a al al al al al al al al
Interval / Bin 24 rv rv rv rv rv rv rv rv rv rv rv rv rv rv rv rv rv
nte nte nte nte nte nte nte nte nte te te te te te te te te te
r
Interval / Bin 25 I I I I I I I I I In In In In In In In In In
Total 0 Axis Title:
Number of Intervals in a Histogram
There is no rule for deciding the number of intervals, however the table below gives a rough guide.

Number of Number of
observations intervals (bins)
recommended

Less than 50 From 5 to 7

Intervals
Between 50 and 100 From 6 to 10
intervals
Between 100 and 200 From 7 to 12
intervals
More than 200 From 10 to 20
intervals
Reference: Neviene Torki, "Statistical Techniques - Process Improvement - The Link", Published 1992.
 along the axis.

called the Y-axis, to see how

days; wait time or Turn-

val/s (bin) that is most

ata Collection Date/s and

s. Minor etc

/ bin.

g 'delete'.
on, Sample Size and Date/s
 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n
/B l /B l l /B l /Bl l /B l /B
l l /B l /B /B /B /B
va va va va va va va va va va
ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter
In In In In In In In In In In
HISTOGRAM EXAMPLES

Time of day patents fell on Aged care ward

Frequency (#)
X-axis
(y-axis)
12 midnight 2
1am 2 Data Definition:
Operational collection: 1s
A pati
2am 3 inadvertently on the ground or
3am 9 10
4am 3 9

Frequency (#)
5am 1 9
6am 2
8
7am 8 8
8am 7
9am 2 7
7
10am 3
11am 1
6
12 noon 4
1pm 1
2pm 2 5
3pm 4
4pm 2 4
5pm 2
6pm 3 3 3
3
7pm 4
8pm 4 2 2 2
2

1
1

0
 4

3 3
3

2 2 2
2
9pm 3
10pm 1 1
11pm 3 1

TOTAL 76
0
ht m m m m m m m m
ni
g 1a 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a 7a 8a
id
m
12
EXAMPLE
Pharmacy Medication

Y x-axis Frequency (#)

Dispensing Turn Around
Times Pharmacy Med
Operational Definition: Time from r

Time intervals Y-axis Frequency Data Collection: Mo

X-axis (#) 20
18
18
0 to 10 mins 3
11 - 20 mins 7 16
21 to 30 mins 18 14
31 to 40 mins 12 12
41 to 50 mins 9 12
51 to 60 mins 5 10
61 to 70 mins 4
8
71 to 80 mins 3 7

81 to 90 mins 2 6
91 to 100 mins 1
4
TOTAL 64 3

X-axis
 2

X-axis

EXAMPLE
Distribution of Unplanned Readmissions to Hospital within 30 days of discharge
Post Discharge Frequency
Day Intervals (#) % Distributio
0 to 5 days 18 16.7% Definition: Days fro
6 to 10 days 10 9.3% Sample size
11 to 15 days 56 51.9%
60%
16 to 20 days 4 3.7%
17 to 25 days 8 7.4%
50%
26 to 30 days 12 11.1%

Percent
TOTAL 108 100%
40%

30%

20% 16.7%

9.3%
10%
 Percen
40%

30%

20% 16.7%

9.3%
10%

0%
EXAMPLE - Stratified Histogram 0 to 5 days 6 to 10 days
Pos
Time of Day of Patient Falls - Above vs. Below 50 Years of Age

50 Years and under Over 51 years

X-axis Frequency (#) (n=50) Frequency (#) (n=50)
Time of Day

12 midnight 1
1am 4 50 Years and unde
2am 1 9 14

Number of falls
3am 2 13

4am 1
12
5am 1 1
6am 1 13 10
7am 1 10 10
9
8am 3
9am 2 8
10am 3
11am 3 6
12noon 2
4
4

2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 8

1pm 6 1 4
2pm 8 1 4
3pm 6 2
2
4pm 3 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5pm 3
6pm 3 0
7pm 1 ht m m m m m m m
ni
g 1a 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a 7a
8pm 2 id
m
9pm 1 12
10pm 1
11pm 1 3
TOTAL 50 50
Sample sizes need to be the same to compare if
using frequency

EXAMPLE
A
Age of Patients who fell on Aged Care Ward

Number of Falls
Frequency 14
Age Categories
(#)
60 to 64 years 2 12
65 to 69 years 1
70 to 74 years 2 10
75 to 79 years 6
80 to 84 years 11 8
85 to 89 years 13
90 to 94 years 6 6
95 to 99 years 0
4

2 2
2
1

0
 8

4
100 years and above 0
2 2
TOTAL 41 2
1

0
s s s
e ar e ar e ar
y y y
64 69 74
to to to
60 65 70

EXAMPLE
Patient Length of Stay

Days stayed as an Frequency

in-patient (#)
1 289 350
2 332
3 300
300
4 288
5 294
6 209

Frequency
250
7 147
8 99
9 91 200
10 86
11 74
150

100
 Fr
200

150
12 63
13 54
14 43 100
15 36
16 25
17 19 50

18 15
19 12
0
>20 37 1 2 3 4 5
TOTAL 2513

EXAMPLE - Stratified Histogram

Wait time for Paediatric Patients to be seen by Doctor in Emergency
Week Days Weekend 35%

Weekday % (283 Weekend % (38

Time intervals #
cases)
#
cases)
30%

Percent
0 to 10 mins 32 11.3% 4 10.5% 25%

11 - 20 mins 33 11.7% 2 5.3%

21 to 30 mins 68 24.0% 6 15.8% 20%

15%
11.3% 11.7
10.5%
10%
 Perce
25%

20%

31 to 40 mins 71 25.1% 0.0%

15%
41 to 50 mins 42 14.8% 3 7.9%
11.3% 11.7
51 to 60 mins 18 6.4% 3 7.9% 10.5%
10%
61 to 70 mins 9 3.2% 11 28.9%
71 to 80 mins 5 1.8% 4 10.5% 5%
81 to 90 mins 3 1.1% 3 7.9%
91 to 100 mins 2 0.7% 2 5.3% 0%
0 to 10 mins 11
TOTAL 283 100% 38 100%

# of patients placed into Seclusion

Number of Seclusion per Hour of Day

Hour Count of Unique

1:00 AM 4
2:00 AM 6 Time of day patient placed in seclu
3:00 AM 10
35
Histogram
4:00 AM 6 n=316
5:00 AM 10
6:00 AM 5 30 29

7:00 AM 10
8:00 AM 14 25
25
9:00 AM 14
21

20

17
16
15
15 14 14
 # of pa
30 29

25
25

10:00 AM 16 21

11:00 AM 15 20

12 noon 17 17
16
1:00 PM 25 15
15 14 14
2:00 PM 29
3:00 PM 21
10 10 10
4:00 PM 19 10
5:00 PM 16
6 6
6:00 PM 16 5
5 4
7:00 PM 14
8:00 PM 10
9:00 PM 9 0
1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00
Time10:00 11:00
of day 12 noon
patient 1:00
placed 2:00seclus
into 3:00
10:00 PM 12 AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM
11:00 PM 15

Number of patients placed into seclusion

12 mid night 6
Total 319

Number of Seclusions by Days of the Week

Day of week patient placed into seclusion
Histogram
n=316
Day Count of Unique 60

Day 1 - Monday 48 53

Day 2 - Tuesday 42 50 48

Day 3 - Wednesday 53 42
40
Day 4 - Thursday 40 40

Day 5 - Friday 50
Day 6 - Saturday 42 30

Day 7 - Sunday 44
20

10
 42
40
40

30

Grand Total 319 20

10

0
Day 1 - Monday Day 2 - Tuesday Day 3 - Wednesday Day 4 - Thursday
Day of week

Stratified Histograms of NSW COVID-19 data from 22nd January to 2nd Jul
Data from NSW Health - 2nd July 2020
https://www.nsw.gov.au/covid-19/find-facts-about-covid-19
 Example data only
Time of Day Patients Fell on Aged Care Ward
Histogram
Data Definition:
Operational collection: 1st Jan
A patient fall is- defined
31st Dec, 2019.
as an event Sample
which Size:
results in n=76
a person patient
coming fall incidents.
to rest
nadvertently on the ground or floor or other lower level (ACHS definition).

4 4 4 4

3 3 3 3

2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1
 3 3 3 3

2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1

n
am 6a
m
7a
m
8a
m
9a
m am am o
1p
m
2p
m
3p
m
4p
m
5p
m
6p
m
7p
m
8p
m
9p
m pm pm
10 11 no 10 11
12

Hour intervals
 Example data only
Pharmacy Medication Dispensing Turn Around Times
Histogram
onal Definition: Time from receiving discharge medication script in Pharmacy to time medication ready for
collection.
Data Collection: Monday 18th to Friday 22nd May 2020. Sample Size: n = 64

18

12

5
4
3
2
1

X-axis Time intervals (minutes)

 1

X-axis Time intervals (minutes)

Distribution of Unplanned Readmissions to Hospital within 30 days

Histogram
Definition: Days from patient discharge to day patient represented back to hospital.
Sample size: 108 patient readmissions from 1st Jan to 31st Dec, 2018

51.9%

11.1%
9.3%
7.4%
 11.1%
9.3%
7.4%
3.7%

ys 6 to 10 days 11 to 15 days 16 to 20 days 17 to 25 days 26 to 30 days

Post Discharge Readmission Day Interval

Example
Time of Day of Patient Falls - Above vs. Below 50 Years of Age data only
Stratified Histogram
50 Years and under Frequency (#) (n=50) Over 51 years Frequency (#) (n=50)

13

10

6 6

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 8

6 6

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

m m m m m m m n
4a 5a 6a 7a 8a 9a am am noo 1p
m
2p
m
3p
m
4p
m
5p
m
6p
m
7p
m
8p
m
9p
m pm pm
10 11
12 10 11

Time of Fall

Example
Age of Patients who fell on Aged Care Ward data only
Histogram
12 month audit.
41 consecutive fall incidents
13

11

6 6

2
1
0 0
 6 6

2
1
0 0
s s s s s s s ve
e ar e ar e ar e ar e ar e ar e ar o
y y y y y y y ab
69 74 79 84 89 94 99 d
o to to to to to to s an
70 75 80 85 90 95 r
y ea
0
10
Age Categories

Example
In-patient Length of Stay data only
Histogram
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 of Stay11
Length (Days) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 >20

Wait time for Paediatric Patients to be seen by Doctor in Emergency Example

Stratified Histogram data only
35% Weekday % (283 cases) Weekend % (38 cases)

30% 28.9%
Percent

25.1%
25% 24.0%

20%

15.8%
14.8%
15%
11.3% 11.7%
10.5% 10.5%
10%
7.9% 7.9% 7.9%
6.4%
5.3% 5.3%
 Perce
25.1%
25% 24.0%

20%

15.8%
14.8%
15%
11.3% 11.7%
10.5% 10.5%
10%
7.9% 7.9% 7.9%
6.4%
5.3% 5.3%
5%
3.2%
1.8%
1.1% 0.7%
0.0%
0%
0 to 10 mins 11 - 20 mins 21 to 30 mins 31 to 40 mins 41 to 50 mins 51 to 60 mins 61 to 70 mins 71 to 80 mins 81 to 90 mins 91 to 100 mins
Wait time intervals (minutes)

Example
tient placed in seclusion data only
Histogram
n=316
29

25

21

19

17
16 16
15 15
14

12
 29

25

21

19

17
16 16
15 15
14

12

10
9

11:00
yAM 12 noon
patient 1:00
placed 2:00seclusion
into 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12 mid
PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM night

ek patient placed into seclusion Example

Histogram
n=316
data only

3
50

44
42
40
 44
42
40

Wednesday Day 4 - Thursday Day 5 - Friday Day 6 - Saturday Day 7 - Sunday

Day of week

uary to 2nd July, 2020

ata only

1
 3

m
0p 1pm
1
 Pharmacy Medication Dispensing Turn
20
Histogram

Frequency (#)
18
18

16

14
12
12

10
9

8
7

6
5

4
3

Time intervals (minutes)

0

Time intervals (minutes)

Example
data only
18 19 >20
ation Dispensing Turn Around Times
Histogram

5
4
3
2
1

e intervals (minutes)
 1

e intervals (minutes)
HISTOGRAM - Interpretation of Shape

Normal Distribution Normal Distrib

14
X-axis
Frequency (#)
(y-axis)
(Bell Curve
Interval 1 2 12
Interval 2 4

Frequency
Interval 3 6
10
Interval 4 8
Interval 5 10
Interval 6 12 8
Interval 7 10
Interval 8 8
6
Interval 9 6
Interval 10 4
Interval 11 2 4
TOTAL 72
2

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
al al al al al al al
rv rv rv rv rv rv rv
te te te te te te te
In In In In In In In
 0
a l1 a l2 a l3 a l4 a l5 a l6 a l7
erv erv erv erv erv erv erv
t t t t t t t
In In In In In In In

Positive Skew
20 Positive Skew
X-axis Frequency (#)
(y-axis) 18

Frequency
16
Interval 1 1
Interval 2 5
14
Interval 3 18
Interval 4 14
12
Interval 5 10
Interval 6 8 10
Interval 7 6
Interval 8 4 8
Interval 9 3
Interval 10 2 6
Interval 11 1
TOTAL 72 4

0
a l1 a l2 a l3 a l4 a l5 a l6 a l7
erv erv erv erv erv erv erv
t t t t t t t
In In In In In In In
 4

0
l 1 l 2 l 3 l 4 l 5 l 6 l 7
va va va va va va va
t er t er t er t er t er t er t er
In In In In In In In

Negative Skew
Frequency (#) 20
Negative Skew
X-axis (y-axis)
Interval 1 1 18
Interval 2 2
Interval 3 3 16
Frequency

Interval 4 4
14
Interval 5 6
Interval 6 8
12
Interval 7 10
Interval 8 14 10

6
 14

Freq
12

10
Interval 9 18
Interval 10 5 8
Interval 11 1
TOTAL 72 6

0
l 1 l 2 l 3 l 4 l 5 l 6 l 7
va va va va va va va
t er t er t er t er t er t er t er
In In In In In In In

Bimodal
Bimodal
X-axis Frequency (#) 20
(y-axis)
Interval 1 1 18
Interval 2 3
Interval 3 7 16
Frequency

Interval 4 15
14
Interval 5 8
Interval 6 2 12

10

8
 16

Frequenc
14

12
Interval 7 1
Interval 8 8 10
Interval 9 18
Interval 10 8 8
Interval 11 1
TOTAL 72 6

0
a l1 a l2 a l3 a l4 a l5 a l6 a l7
erv erv erv erv erv erv erv
t t t t t t t
In In In In In In In

Symmetric

Frequency (#) Symmetric

X-axis (y-axis)
9
Interval 1 7
Interval 2 5 8
Interval 3 6
7
Frequency

6
 9

Frequency
Interval 4 8
Interval 5 5
6
Interval 6 7
Interval 7 6 5
Interval 8 8
Interval 9 6 4
Interval 10 8
Interval 11 6 3
TOTAL 72
2

0
a l1 a l2 a l3 a l4 a l5 a l6 a l7
rv rv rv rv rv rv rv
te te te te te te te
In In In In In In In

Outlier
20

18
 Outlier
Outlier 20

18
Frequency (#)
X-axis (y-axis) 16

Frequency
Interval 1 5
Interval 2 8 14
Interval 3 10
Interval 4 18 12
Interval 5 10
Interval 6 8 10
Interval 7 5
8
Interval 8
Interval 9
6
Interval 10
Interval 11 4 4
TOTAL 68
2

Axis Title
 0

Axis Title

Distribution of IQ scores

% in each IQ 40% Norm

IQ Score category
0-55 0.13%
56-70 2.14% 35%
71-85 13.59%
86-100 34.13%
101-115 34.13%
30%
116-130 13.59%
131-144 2.14%

Percent
145+ 0.13%
TOTAL 0.9998 25%

20%

15%
13.59%

10%
15%
13.59%

10%

5%
2.14%

0.13%
0%
0-55 56-70 71-85
Normal Distribution
(Bell Curve)

5 6 7 8 9 10 11
al al al al al l l
rv rv rv rv rv va va
n te te te te te t er t er
In In In In In In
 a l5 a l6 a l7 a l8 a l9 l 10 l 11
erv erv erv erv erv va va
n t
In
t
In
t
In
t
In
t t er t er
In In

Positive Skew

a l5 a l6 a l7 a l8 a l9 l 10 l 11
erv erv erv erv erv va va
n t
In
t
In
t
In
t
In
t t er t er
In In
 l 5 l 6 l 7 l 8 l 9 10 11
va va va va va a l a l
er er er er er er
v
er
v
nt In
t
In
t
In
t
In
t t t
In In

Negative Skew
 l 5 l 6 l 7 l 8 l 9 10 11
va va va va va a l a l
t er t er t er t er t er er
v
er
v
In In In In In t t
In In

Bimodal
 a l5 a l6 a l7 a l8 a l9 l 10 l 11
erv erv erv erv erv va va
t
In
t
In
t
In
t
In
t t er t er
In In

Symmetric
 l5 l6 l7 l8 l9 10 11
va rv
a
rv
a
rv
a
rv
a
va
l
va
l
er te te te te er er
In In In In t t
In In

Outlier
Outlier

Outlier

Axis Title
 Axis Title

Distribution of IQ Scores
Normal Distribution or Bell Curve
Histogram

34.13% 34.13%

13.59% 13.59%
13.59% 13.59%

2.14%

0.13%
71-85 86-100 101-115 116-130 131-144 145+

QI Score intervals
Stratified Histogram
Stratified Histogram: You can stratify your data further to compare groups i.e. Male vs. Female; Year 1 vs. Year 2; Pass vs. Fail; Major vs. Minor etc

Y-axis
Stratification Stratification
X-axis group 1 (#) group 2 (#) Title of Chart:
Histogram
Operational Definition:
Interval / Bin 1 Sample Size:
Interval / Bin 2 Data Collection Date/s:
Interval / Bin 3 Stratification group 1 (#) Stratification g
Interval / Bin 4 12

Interval / Bin 5
Interval / Bin 6 10
Interval / Bin 7
Axis Title
Interval / Bin 8
Interval / Bin 9 8

Interval / Bin 10
Interval / Bin 11
6
Interval / Bin 12
Interval / Bin 13
Interval / Bin 14 4
Interval / Bin 15
Interval / Bin 16
2
Interval / Bin 17
Interval / Bin 18
Interval / Bin 19 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Interval / Bin 20 i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n n n n n n n n
i i i i i i i
l /B l /B l /B l /B l /B l /B l /B l /B l /B /B /B /B /B /B /B /B /B
Interval / Bin 21 va va va va va va va va va al al al al al al al al
ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter ter e rv rv rv rv rv rv rv rv
In In In In In In In In In t te te te te te te te
Interval / Bin 22 In In In In Axis Title
In In In In
Interval / Bin 23
Interval / Bin 24
Total 0 0

Title
Stratified Histog
Stratified Histogram using PERCENTAGE % Operational Definiti
Sample Size: Data Coll
Stratification group 1 (%) S
Stratification group 1 Stratification group 2 1200%

Percentage
Stratification Stratification Stratification Stratification 1000%
X-axis group 1 (#) group 1 (%) group 2 (#) group 2 (%)

800%
Interval / Bin 1 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Interval / Bin 2 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
600%
Interval / Bin 3 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Interval / Bin 4 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
400%
Interval / Bin 5 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Interval / Bin 6 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Interval / Bin 7 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 200%

Interval / Bin 8 #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

Interval / Bin 9 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 0%
1 2 3 4 5
Interval / Bin 10 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! i n i n i n i n i n
/B /B /B /B /B
v al v al v al v al v al
TOTAL 0 #DIV/0! 0 #DIV/0! er er er er er
I nt I nt I nt I nt I nt

Axis
n:

e/s:
Stratification group 2 (#)

4 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n i n
/B /B /B /B /B /B /B /B /B /B
al al al al al al al al al al
rv e rv e rv e rv e rv e rv e rv e rv e rv e rv
t t t t t t t t t
In In In In In In In In In
 Title
Stratified Histogram
Operational Definition:
e Size: Data Collection Date/s:
n group 1 (%) Stratification group 2 (%)

4 5 6 7 8 9 10
n n n n n n
Bi /B
i
/B
i
/B
i
/B
i
/B
i
Bi
n
v al v al v al v al v al al
/
er er er er er rv
I nt I nt I nt I nt I nt te
In
Axis Title
Creating a Histogram from a large dataset
Follow the steps below if you have a very large dataset and it is not possible to create the histogram manually

Before you begin: Make sure you have enabled the Excel “Analysis Tool–pak”:
To do this open Excel, go to ‘File’ – then ‘Options’; select ‘Add-ins’ on the left; at the bottom of the window at ‘Manage’, make sure ‘Excel add-ins’ is selected, click ‘Go’;
Tick “Analysis tool-pak” and click ‘OK’. You will now have a new set of tools available under the Data tab in Excel: Data Analysis.

Steps
a. Collect continuous data (time, weight, size, or temperature)
b. Sort and tally individual values in the data set and determine the high and low values i.e.: what is the smallest and highest value?
c. Make sure you have enabled the Excel Analysis Tool–pak: Open Excel, go to ‘File’ – then ‘Options’; select ‘Add-ins’ on the left; at the bottom of the window at ‘Manage’, make sure ‘Exce
Tick “Analysis tool-pak” and click ‘OK’. You will now have a new set of tools available under the Data tab in Excel: Data Analysis

d. Prepare the data in Excel – in columns or rows

e. Create a separate row or column of ‘bins’ from smallest to greatest in equal groups that divides the range into categories: choose a convenient starting point at, or below, the lowest value in
groups, or choices that highlight gaps in the data – for example you might choose groups of 5 or 10 for groups of the age of patients

f. In Excel, go to the ‘Data’ tab – select ‘Data Analysis’ then ‘Histogram’

g. Select the input range of data set– click and drag the row/column of data
h. Select the BIN range – click and drag the row/column of bins
i. Tick ‘Labels’ if you have included the titles in your click/drag
j. Tick ‘New worksheet ply’
k. Tick ‘Chart output’
l. Format and tidy the chart: remove any gridlines, provide clear labels on axes (the vertical axis is frequency; the horizontal axis is the variable being analysed), title the chart

Caution:
“Whenever an average, range, or histogram is used to summarize data, the summary should not mislead the user into taking any action that the user would not take if the data were presente

Summary Statistics Definitions

from dataset below
Median 33.5 Median The middle number in a sorted, ascending or descending
Mean (Average) 38.1 Mean (Average) The average of the numbers. It is easy to calculate: add u
Mode 24 Mode The most frequently occurring number / observation.
Minimum value 1 Minimum value The lowest observation in the dataset.
Maximum value 93 Maximum value The highest observation in the dataset
Range 92 Range The difference between the highest and the lowest data
Standard Deviation 21.2 Standard Deviation It is a measure of how far each observed value is from th

Data Collection
Observation 1 21
Observation 2 12
Observation 3 24
Observation 4 33
Observation 5 41
Observation 6 53
Observation 7 93
Observation 8 1
Observation 9 25
Observation 10 30
Observation 11 61
Observation 12 89
Observation 13 70
Observation 14 45
Observation 15 37
Observation 16 27
Observation 17 3
Observation 18 13
Observation 19 24
Observation 20 43
Observation 21 48
Observation 22 17
Observation 23 81
Observation 24 57
Observation 25 33
Observation 26 7
Observation 27 23
Observation 28 39
Observation 29 63
Observation 30 80
Observation 31 41
Observation 32 34
Observation 33 22
Observation 34 26
Observation 35 25
Observation 36 11
Observation 37 23
Observation 38 28
Observation 39 50
Observation 40 12
Observation 41 74
Observation 42 59
Observation 43 55
Observation 44 35
Observation 45 29
Observation 46 14
Observation 47 25
Observation 48 37
Observation 49 40
Observation 50 56
Observation 51 19
Observation 52 51
Observation 53 66
Observation 54 21
Observation 55 24
Observation 56 24
Observation 57 71
Observation 58 60
Observation 59 44
Observation 60 40
Observation 61 31
Observation 62 33
Observation 63 27
Observation 64 38
Observation 65
Observation 66
Observation 67
Observation 68
Observation 69
Observation 70
Observation 71
Observation 72
Observation 73
Observation 74
Observation 75
Observation 76
Observation 77
Observation 78
Observation 79
Observation 80
Observation 81
Observation 82
Observation 83
Observation 84
Observation 85
Observation 86
Observation 87
Observation 88
Observation 89
Observation 90
Observation 91
Observation 92
Observation 93
Observation 94
Observation 95
Observation 96
Observation 97
Observation 98
Observation 99
Observation 100
Observation 101
Observation 102
Observation 103
Observation 104
Observation 105
Observation 106
Observation 107
Observation 108
Observation 109
Observation 110
Observation 111
Observation 112
Observation 113
Observation 114
Observation 115
Observation 116
Observation 117
Observation 118
Observation 119
Observation 120
Observation 121
Observation 122
Observation 123
Observation 124
Observation 125
Observation 126
Observation 127
Observation 128
Observation 129
Observation 130
Observation 131
Observation 132
Observation 133
Observation 134
Observation 135
Observation 136
Observation 137
Observation 138
Observation 139
Observation 140
Observation 141
Observation 142
Observation 143
Observation 144
Observation 145
Observation 146
Observation 147
Observation 148
Observation 149
Observation 150
Observation 151
Observation 152
Observation 153
Observation 154
Observation 155
Observation 156
Observation 157
Observation 158
Observation 159
Observation 160
Observation 161
Observation 162
Observation 163
Observation 164
Observation 165
Observation 166
Observation 167
Observation 168
Observation 169
Observation 170
Observation 171
Observation 172
Observation 173
Observation 174
Observation 175
Observation 176
Observation 177
Observation 178
Observation 179
Observation 180
Observation 181
Observation 182
Observation 183
Observation 184
Observation 185
Observation 186
Observation 187
Observation 188
Observation 189
Observation 190
Observation 191
Observation 192
Observation 193
Observation 194
Observation 195
Observation 196
Observation 197
Observation 198
Observation 199
Observation 200
 Data Collection mix it up to

Medication script Minutes taken Time

to
dispense the from receiving discharge medica
observation number medication
Observation 1 21 1
Observation 2 12 2
Observation 3 24 3
Observation 4 33 4
Observation 5 41 5
Observation 6 53 6
Observation 7 93 7
Observation 8 1 8
Observation 9 25 9
Observation 10 30 10
Observation 11 61 11
Observation 12 89 12
Observation 13 70 13
Observation 14 45 14
Observation 15 37 15
Observation 16 27 16
Observation 17 3 17
Observation 18 13 18
Observation 19 24 19
Observation 20 43 20
Observation 21 48 21
Observation 22 17 22
Observation 23 81 23
Observation 24 57 24
Observation 25 33 25
Observation 26 7 26
Observation 27 23 27
Observation 28 39 28
Observation 29 63 29
Observation 30 80 30
Observation 31 41 31
Observation 32 34 32
Observation 33 22 33
Observation 34 26 33
Observation 35 25 34
Observation 36 11 35
Observation 37 23 36
Observation 38 28 37
Observation 39 50 38
Observation 40 12 39
Observation 41 74 40
Observation 42 59 41
Observation 43 55 42
Observation 44 35 43
Observation 45 29 44
Observation 46 14 46
Observation 47 25 47
Observation 48 37 48
Observation 49 40 49
Observation 50 56 50
Observation 51 19 51
Observation 52 51 52
Observation 53 66 53
Observation 54 21 54
Observation 55 24 55
Observation 56 24 56
Observation 57 71 57
Observation 58 60 58
Observation 59 44 59
Observation 60 40 60
Observation 61 31 61
Observation 62 33 62
Observation 63 27 63
Observation 64 38 64
ge’, make sure ‘Excel add-ins’ is selected, click ‘Go’;

, the lowest value in the data. Favour narrower

chart

e data were presented in a time series.”

ing or descending, list of numbers

o calculate: add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are. In other words it is the sum divided by the count.
/ observation.

d the lowest dataset.

d value is from the mean (average).
 Time Y-axis
intervals Frequency
X-axis (#)
0 to 10 mins 3
11 - 20 mins 7

21 to 30 mins 18

31 to 40 mins 12

41 to 50 mins 9

51 to 60 mins 5

61 to 70 mins 4

71 to 80 mins 3

81 to 90 mins 2
91 to 100
mins 1
TOTAL 64
 # in Initial
categories count

discharge medication script in Pharmacy to time medication ready for collection.

1 11
2 5
7 17
3 31
1 41
2 51
1 64
1 1
11 21
18 28
1 55
2 63
4 58
5 45
7 35
14 24
2 2
4 7
9 19
3 43
8 48
6 9
1 62
3 52
2 30
3 3
4 14
10 38
2 56
3 61
2 42
 5 33
3 13
13 23
12 22
1 4
5 15
16 26
9 49
3 6
2 60
4 53
6 46
6 34
17 27
5 8
10 20
8 36
12 40
7 47
7 10
1 50
3 57
2 12
6 16
8 18
1 59
5 54
4 44
11 39
1 29
4 32
15 25
9 37