Nutrition

What is Nutrition? A need of nutrition:

a) Organisms need the energy to perform various activities.

Nutrition is the process by which an organism takes food and utilizes it to
The energy is supplied by the nutrients.
get energy, for growth, repair, maintenance, etc. and then excreting the
b) Organisms require various raw materials for growth and
waste material from the body. The materials which provide nutrition to
repair. These raw materials are provided by nutrients.
living organisms are called nutrients. For example proteins, carbohydrates,
vitamins, etc. Nutrition is important to consume the above six nutrients on a
daily basis to build and maintain healthy bodily function. Poor health may be What are Nutrients ?
due to an imbalance of nutrients, either a deficiency or excess, which in
turn, affects bodily functions cumulatively. To function, the human body Nutrients are the materials that provide nutrition to organisms.

must have these nutrients at appropriate levels. Nutrition is the process of Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the main nutrients and are called

intake of the source of energy i.e. Food from outside the body in order to macronutrients. Minerals and vitamins are required in small amounts and

grow, develop and synthesize proteins. Nutrition in different organisms is hence are called micronutrients.

fulfilled in different ways. Some organisms use simple food material in the
form of carbon dioxide and water and some use complex food materials
which are first broken down into simpler ones and is then used by the body.
Enzymes are the biocatalysts which help in the breaking down of complex
substances into simpler ones. The method of obtaining food is different in
different organisms. Mode of nutrition can be classified into autotrophic and
heterotrophic nutrition based on the method of obtaining food. Autotrophic
organisms prepare their own food through the process of photosynthesis.
Example- plants Heterotrophic organisms depend on autotrophic organisms
for food. Example- human beings .

Types of Nutrition:

1. Autotrophic Nutrition:

Autotrophic nutrition is the mode of nutrition in which an organism

prepares its own food. Blue-green algae and Green plants follow the
autotrophic mode of nutrition.

2. Heterotrophic Nutrition:

The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes food from another

organism is called the Heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

Other than green plants and blue-green algae organisms show the
heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Heterotrophic nutrition can be further
categorized into two types: saprophytic nutrition and holozoic nutrition.

a) Saprophytic Nutrition: In the saprophytic mode of nutrition; the

organism secretes the digestive juices on the food. The food is digested
while it is still to be ingested.

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The assimilated food is then consumed by the organism. All the Mode of Nutrition in Amoeba: Amoeba takes its nutrition through a
decomposers follow saprophytic nutrition. Some insects; like houseflies; process called phagocytosis where the entire organism swallows the food it
also follow this mode of nutrition. plans on eating up. The mode through which an amoeba engulfs nutrition is
known as holozoic nutrition. It leads to the process of ingestion, digestion
b) Holozoic Nutrition: In holozoic nutrition; the digestion happens inside the and egestion of food material. Amoeba doesn't not have any specialized

body of the organism, i.e. after the food is ingested. Most of the animals organs for nutrition. Its entire process is carried through the body surface
follow this mode of nutrition. with the assistance of pseudopodia.

Process of Nutrition in Amoeba: The process by which organisms engulfs

nutrition inside the body either solid or liquid food is called the Holozoic
Nutrition. The intake of nutrition takes place in the in the following 5 steps:

• Ingestion
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Assimilation
• Egestion

Nutrition in Different Organisms :

As the food and the way it is obtained is different for different types of
organisms, so there is different digestive system in various organisms. In
single-celled organisms, the food may be taken by the entire surface but in
complex (multicellular) organisms, there are specialised parts or organs for
digestion.

What is an Amoeba?

A type of cell or unicellular organism which has the capability to change its
shape, primarily by extending and etracting pseudopodia is known as an
Amoeba. An amoeba is found in every major lineage of eukaryotic
Explained Process Of Nutrition in Amoeba:
organisms.

The processes involved in holozoic nutrition in amoeba are:

•Ingestion: The process of taking in the food into the body either by
swallowing or absorbing it is called the procedure of Ingestion. Amoeba
oozes out the pseudopodia to encircle the food and engulfs it forming a
food vacuole. This process is known as phagocytosis.

• Digestion: The process of breaking the insoluble and enormous food

molecules into soluble and minute molecules is called the process of
Digestion. In amoeba, the food vacuoles are put deeper into the the cell,
and with the assistance of the digestive enzymes, the massive insoluble

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particles are churned down to the simpler molecules. make cell membranes. They may be rebuilt into fat, under the skin, which
insulates the body and helps to keep us warm.
• Absorption: In this process of absorption, the nutrients from the digested
food material are absorbed by the cell's cytoplasm by keeping behind the • Proteins: Rich sources of proteins are fish, meat, poultry, and beans. Once
undigested particles. This process is called diffusion. The excess food is digested, proteins supply the body with amino acids. These building blocks
stored as a form of glycogen and lipids. are reassembled by cells into different proteins used for construction such
as enzymes, and a myriad of other roles.

• Assimilation:The process of obtaining energy from the absorbed food

molecules is called the procedure of Assimilation. In amoeba, absorbed food • Water: Around 50 – 70 per cent of our body is made of water. Therefore
molecules are utilized for producing the energy required to hold different this amount should always be maintained in the body. Water is the only
life processes within the cell. medium through which all essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals and other
wastes in the body are transported. Water also plays a vital role in
• Egestion: The process of excretion of undigested food material is called regulating the body’s temperature.
Egestion. In amoeba, this process is administered by rupturing the cell wall
to take out the undigested food material from its body. What is Digestion?

Nutrition In Human Beings: Digestion is how your body turns food you eat into nutrients it uses for
energy, growth, and cell repair. The digestive tract (or gastrointestinal tract)

Nutrients are the substances in food that maintain the body and make it is a long twisting tube that starts at your mouth and ends at your anus. It's
work. Most of what one eats is made up of carbohydrates, proteins, and made up of a series of muscles that coordinate the movement of food and
fats. Nutrients needed in smaller amounts, but still vital, are vitamins and other cells that make enzymes and hormones to break down food. Along the

minerals. Also on the list are fibre and water. ‘’Our diet should comprise a way are three other organs that are needed for digestion: your liver,
mix of foods that supply all necessary nutrients in the right amounts. Such a gallbladder, and pancreas.
diet is called a balanced diet’’.
Digestion in Human Beings: Digestion is a vital process in humans, which
Nutrition in Human Beings: provides energy by breaking down the large food molecules into easily
absorbable molecules to produce energy for various life processes. The

Following are the major nutrients required by the human body: complete process of digestion happens through a stepwise process which is
common to all living organisms. The complete process of digestion in

• Carbohydrates: Complex carbohydrates, particularly starch, are found in Human digestive system is described below:

foods such as pasta, bread, rice, potatoes, and cereals. During digestion,
starch is broken down to the simple sugar glucose, the body’s main source
of energy.

• Vitamins and Minerals: Vitamins and Minerals are required in minute

amounts and are essential for maintaining a strong immune system, build
strong bones and muscles and also promotes normal growth and
development. Most vitamins come from fresh fruit and vegetables, with
some also found in fish, meat, dairy, and eggs. Minerals, such as calcium
and iron, also help the body perform optimally. The best sources are
vegetables, dairy, meat, and some fish.

• Fats: Dairy food, meat, seeds, and nuts all supply fats, as do vegetable oils.
Fat is digested into fatty acids, which are used as an energy source and to

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• Ingestion: It is the process of us ingesting the food by eating it. In the 2. Anaerobic respiration
mouth the food material is subject to cutting, tearing, chewing, and a little
bit of digestion using the salivary juice and finally swallowing. Aerobic Respiration:

• Digestion: It is the breakdown of the ingested food into microscopic and Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that takes place in the
finally molecular fragments. Digestion occurs in the oral cavity, stomach and presence of oxygen and produces energy. It is observed in both plants and
in the small intestine. animals and the end product of this type of respiration is water and Carbon
dioxide (CO2). Have a look at the reaction which takes place during aerobic
• Absorption: This is a critical stage where nutrients are taken up from respiration.
digestive organs and distributed to the body’s tissues. This process is where
food ingested is converted to actual energy to be used by our bodies. Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen 6(02) ➡ Carbon dioxide 6(CO2) + Water 6
(H20) + Energy (ATP)
• Assimilation: The process of nutrients being absorbed by each cell of the
body in the form of energy. As observed, in this type of respiration, Glucose molecules are split in the
presence of oxygen and the end or by products which are released are CO2,
• Excretion: This is the final process where waste material is excreted from water and energy in the form of ATP. The total energy released in this
our bodies. reaction is 2900Kj which is used to produce ATP molecules. It is observed in
all types of multicellular organisms.
Definition of Respiration :

Aerobic Respiration in Plants: In plants, aerobic respiration starts when

Respiration could be defined as a metabolic biochemical process that takes oxygen or 02 enters in plant cells through the stomata found in the
place in all living cells of an organism where they produce energy by intake epidermis of leaves. Then the process of photosynthesis is carried out which
of oxygen and liberation of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of various produces food for the plant body and releases energy. The chemical
organic substances. The energy produced is in the form of Adenosine- reaction that takes place is below:
triphosphate or ATP which is also known as the energy molecule.

Carbon-dioxide 6(CO2) + Water 6 (H20) ➡ Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen

6(02)

Anaerobic Respiration: Anaerobic respiration is another type of cellular

respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen and produces energy.
In this process, glucose breaks down without the help of oxygen and the by-
products produced are alcohol, CO2 and energy or ATP. The process takes
place in the cytoplasm of a cell. The chemical reaction of this process is as
follows:

Glucose(C6H1206) ➡ Alcohol 2(C2H50 H) + Carbon dioxide 2(CO2) + Energy

(ATP)

Aerobic respiration could be divided into

The different types of respiration:

1. Lactic acid fermentation

Two types of respiration processes have been observed :- 2. Alcoholic fermentation

1. Aerobic respiration Lactic acid fermentation: It is the type of anaerobic fermentation where

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glucose is split in the absence of oxygen to produce two molecules of lactic regenerated with the addition of FADH2, NADH, carbon dioxide and two
acid and two molecules of ATP. molecules of ATP. Krebs cycle is known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle as well.

The Chemical Reaction is : In the end, 38 molecules of ATP are generated from one molecule of
glucose. It should be mentioned that glycolysis can also take place in the

(GLUCOSE) C6H1206 + 2 ADP + 2 PHOSPHATE ➡ 2 LACTIC ACID + 2 ATP absence of oxygen and the process is known as fermentation.

During exercise, body muscles use 02 to produce ATP faster than they can
be supplied. When this happens, muscle cells carry out glycolysis faster than
they can provide oxygen to the electron transport chain. This is why lactic
acid fermentation takes place in our cells after a long session of exercise
which makes our muscles sore.

Alcoholic fermentation: In this type of anaerobic respiration, glucose is split

in the absence of oxygen two molecules of ethyl alcohol or ethanol, two
molecules of Carbon dioxide and two molecules of ATP. The chemical
reaction is :

Glucose(C6H1206) ➡ Alcohol 2(C2H50 H) + Carbon dioxide 2(CO2) + Energy

The Significance of Respiration:
(ATP)

Respiration is the energy supplying and releasing process in all living

Anaerobic respiration could be observed in human muscle cells , bacteria ,
organisms by converting food energy into metabolically usable forms of
methanogens and other prokaryotes.
chemical energy. The process releases energy in a controlled step-by-step
manner so it could be properly used for all cellular activities such as
The Different Stages of Respiration:
metabolism and cell division. Various intermediate products of glycolysis
and the citric acid cycle are used in the synthesis of many organic
Cellular respiration: It takes place through range of metabolic pathways.
compounds which are used in cellular metabolism. In a plant, the carbon
Glucose is broken down to water, CO2 and some amount of ATP. More ATP
dioxide required for photosynthesis is replenished by the carbon dioxide
is produced later in a process known as oxidative phosphorylation which is
released in respiration and the oxygen needed for respiration is replenished
powered by the movement of electrons through the electron transport
with the oxygen released in photosynthesis. Therefore respiration and
chain. Below is a summary of the different phases of cellular respiration:
photosynthesis complementary to each other and maintain the balance of
carbon dioxide and oxygen in nature. Respiration also conserves energy.
• Glycolysis: In this process, a six-carbon sugar, glucose undergoes various
One glucose molecule releases 673Kcal of the energy of which 456 kcal is
chemical transformations. The end product is pyruvate and a three-carbon
conserved in 38 molecules of ATP.
organic molecule. Two molecules of ATP and NADH are also generated.

Human Respiratory System

• Pyruvate oxidation: Each pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix, and is
converted to a two carbon molecule that is bound with Coenzyme- A. The
The human body is a complex structure of many organs and organ systems,
whole compound is known as acetyl CoA. The by-products in this reaction
and the human respiratory system is one of them. The respiratory system
are carbon dioxide and NADH.
functions continuously without a break, as we breathe by inhaling oxygen
and exhaling carbon dioxide. Breathing is essential for our survival and
• Citric Acid Cycle: The Acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule
effective for the functioning of all our organs.
which undergoes a series of chemical reactions also known as the Citric Acid
cycle or the Krebs cycle. In the end, the initial four-carbon molecule is

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Features of the Human Respiratory System:  Epiglottis- The flap-like structure of epiglottis prevents
food particles from going into the windpipe.
The structure of the lungs is created in such a way that it helps the exchange  Bronchioles- Both the bronchi are divided into fine
of gases. The other parts of the respiratory system include the nose, larynx, channels to whom we call bronchioles.
pharynx, trachea the windpipe, bronchi, lungs, blood vessels, the airways for  Alveoli- Can be called as air-bags, a balloon-like
the passage of air, and the muscles that support the breathing or structure at the end of bronchioles.

All these parts together form the respiratory tract that starts from the Respiratory System Functions
external nostrils and nasal chamber and goes up to the lungs.

The respiratory system function is a important metabolic process in our

Parts and Respiratory System Functions: body, that plays a crucial role in all living beings.

 Nose- We inhale air through our nose which is the first step in the Inhalation and Exhalation: It begins by breathing and ends by exhalation,
process of respiration. that's the simplest explanation. But during and after these two acts, several
 Larynx- These are two cartilaginous chords, situated at the joining processes are going on endlessly in our body.
point of pharynx and trachea. They are also called the voice box. The
larynx can be called the soundbox of the human body that helps us in Exchange of Gases Between Lungs and Bloodstream: The oxygen is
generating voice and sound, and thus helps us in communication. exchanged for carbon dioxide and is pumped through the bloodstreams.

 Pharynx- The pharynx is a common path for the passage of both air
and food, to their respective organ systems. Because this is a Exchange of Gases Between Bloodstream and Body Tissues - The oxygen-
common passage for passing both food and air, we cough sometimes carrying blood releases oxygen into body tissues, through the walls of
when air and food particles get mixed. capillaries.

 Trachea- Trachea or the windpipe is like a long tube that takes the
inhaled air into the further process. It is divided into left and right The Vibration of the Vocal Cords- The larynx muscles move when we speak,
bronchi. creating sound and vibration. The same process happens during the

 Bronchi- Bronchi are further subdivided into small, finer channels exhalation also.
called bronchioles. These bronchioles have a balloon or bag-like
structures at their ends that are known as alveoli. Olfaction or Smelling- When we inhale air, the chemicals present in the air

 Lungs- Then there are lungs. The inhaled air is purified, and the activate the receptors of the nervous system on the cilia, and we can

oxygen necessary for all the body functioning is passed to various identify the smell.

organs through the blood vessels. The exchange of oxygen and

carbon dioxide takes place in small bags, alveoli. And the impure air
of the carbon dioxide is exhaled out of the body through the same
tract. These sack-like organs are protected by a membrane called
pleura.

 Respiratory Tract- The respiratory tract of the human respiratory

system is a series of organs, starting from the external organs and
going up to the internal ones. Each of these organs performs a
distinct role in the respiratory system function.

 External Nostrils- The air is inhaled through the nostrils that pass
through the nasal chamber, up to the common passage for both air
and food called the pharynx.

 Nasal Chamber- It has hairs and mucus that filters the air to remove
the dirt.

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3. What is Respiration in Plants?

During respiration, in different plant parts, significantly less exchange of gas

takes place. Hence, each part nourishes and fulfils its own energy
Important Points requirements.

1. Difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration ? Consequently, leaves, stems and roots of plants separately exchange gases.
Leaves possess stomata – tiny pores, for gaseous exchange. The oxygen
consumed via stomata is used up by cells in the leaves to disintegrate
glucose into water and carbon dioxide.

4. What is an ATP?

ATP or Adenosine-Triphosphate is an organic compound composed of

2. What is Respiration in Humans?
adenine, ribose sugar and phosphate groups and is utilised to provide
energy for many biochemical Processes within a cell. It is known as the
The respiration in humans is divided into two types -
energy currency of a cell.

1. The external respiration consisting of inhalation and exhalation with the

exchange of gases.

2. Internal respiration involves the exchange of gases between the blood

and cells in the body. Lungs are the largest organ in the respiratory system.

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Transportation In Plants : Water Absorption In Plants: The water is absorbed in two ways by the
plants:

“Transportation is the process that involves the movement of water and

necessary nutrients to all parts of the plant for its survival. 1. Active Absorption

In the case of active absorption, water moves through symplast and it is

absorbed according to the Diffusion Pressure Deficit changes. The rate of
absorption is slow. It comprises osmotic and non-osmotic forces.

Humidity and temperature can have an impact. The force required for the
absorption of water is mainly generated in the root cells itself. There would
be a decrease in the rate of water absorption if the metabolic inhibitors are
applied.

2. Passive Absorption

“
The rate of absorption is fast. It occurs in rapidly transpiring plants. The

Plants are the type of organisms that have an autotrophic mode of nutrition. movement of plants is through apoplast and it is absorbed due to

By taking in carbon dioxide from the air, minerals, and water from the soil, transpiration pull and it is created due to the stress created in xylem sap.

plants make their own food. After that, they release oxygen and water The rate of absorption significantly depends upon the rate of transpiration.

vapor. This process is Photosynthesis. The force required for the absorption of water is mainly generated in the
mesophyll cells.

Transportation is a vital process in plants. Trees transport all the nutrients

and water it needs for survival from its roots to the tips of the leaves. The water and minerals are transported in plants by two types of conducting
tissues:

In the case of transportation in plants, the biggest constraint is water as it

ends up being a limiting factor in growth. To overcome this problem, trees 1. Xylem- Xylem is a long, non-living tube running from the roots to the

and other plants have the perfect system for the absorption and leaves through the stem. The water is absorbed by the root hair and

translocation of water. undergoes cell to cell movement by osmosis until it reaches the xylem. This
water is then transported through the xylem vessels to the leaves and is

Plants contain a vast network of conduits which consist of xylem and evaporated by the process of transpiration.

phloem. This is more like the circulatory system that transports blood
throughout the human body. Similar to the circulatory system in humans, The xylem is also composed of elongated cells like the phloem. However,

the xylem and phloem tissues extend throughout the plant. These xylem is especially accountable for transporting water to all plant parts from

conducting tissues originate from the roots and move up through the trunks the roots. Since they serve such an important function, a single tree would

of trees. Later they branch off into the branches and then branching even have a lot of xylem tissues.

further into every leaf, like spider webs.

2. Phloem- The phloem is responsible for translocation of nutrients and

Transportation occurs in three levels in the case of plants: sugar like carbohydrates, produced by the leaves to areas of the plant that
are metabolically active. It is made up of living cells. The cells walls of these

1. Transportation of substance from one cell to another. cells form small holes at the ends of the cells known as sieve plates.

2. Long-Distance transport of sap within phloem and xylem.

3. The release and uptake of solute and water by individual
cells.

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Note: Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant in the form of water
vapour. Water is absorbed by roots from the soil and transported as a
liquid to the leaves via xylem. In the leaves, small pores allow water to
escape as a vapour.
Means of Transportation in Plants:

Transportation in plants is by three means, they are as stated below: Importance of water in Life

1. Diffusion- It is a transportation process that involves the passive

movement of a substance from cell-to-cell or from one plant part to the cell.
Its outcome does not entail energy-expenditure. Here molecules move in a
random manner. It is a slow process.

Here the substance moves from higher concentration region to lower

concentration region. The diffusion is the only means of transport for gases
in case of plants. The rate of diffusion depends on the temperature,
pressure, and mainly on a gradient of concentration.

Water is one of the most important resources on the planet. Without water,
2. Facilitated Diffusion- The gradient is a vital component for the process of life cannot exist. But what makes water so important? Water has several
diffusion. Hence, a smaller substance has to be diffused faster when unique characteristics that make it an extremely valuable resource. Some
compared to large ones. Facilitated Diffusion is a passive process that such properties of water are listed below.
comprises antiport, uniport, and symport.

 Water is a very good solvent – it has the ability to dissolve

Antiport proteins exchange the solutes by transporting them in and out of many substances.
the cell. The main function of uniport protein is to carry single solute across
 The boiling point and freezing point of water make it easily
the membrane. Symport proteins transfer two different solutes
available in all three states (solid, liquid, and gaseous).
simultaneously in the same direction.
 The specific heat of water is quite high. This enables water
to absorb and release heat slowly, thereby regulating the
3. Active Transport- Active transport pumps molecules against the
temperature of its environment.
concentration gradient. Here the energy of ATP is used to drive the pump.
 Owing to its transparency, water can allow light to reach
The ATP donates a phosphate to a particular gateway molecule which then
the life forms that are submerged in it. This is crucial for
pumps the desired molecule across the membrane.
the survival of plant life in the oceans, lakes, and rivers.

 Water is neither acidic nor basic in nature. It has a pH of 7,

making it a neutral substance.

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These unique qualities of water, along with its abundance on the planet • Water is necessary for the irrigation of crops and is, therefore, an
(approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface is made up of water), make it a integral part of agriculture.
crucial resource for plants, animals, and human beings. • It is widely used in cooking activities since it boils at a temperature of
100o
Importance of Water in Living Organisms • Humans make use of water for a wide range of domestic activities
such as washing and cleaning.

• Water is the medium through which all essential vitamins and • Water also serves as a medium for the transportation of cargo. Many

minerals are transported in the bodies of living organisms (owing to goods are transported between the Earth’s continents via ships.

its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances).

• Water also plays a vital role in facilitating the work of enzymes in Industrial Uses of Water

living organisms. For example, the sodium bicarbonate secreted by

the pancreas is broken down into ions by water, making the medium • Many industries require large quantities of water for processing,
sufficiently alkaline for the enzymes to work. cooling, and diluting products. Examples of industries that consume
• Water helps maintain body temperatures in plants and animals. In large quantities of water include the paper industry, the food
order to decrease the temperature in their bodies, animals lose industry, and the chemical industry.
water via perspiration (sweating) and plants lose water via • Water is also used as an industrial solvent for the production of
transpiration. several commercially important products. Almost all power plants
• Since water can rise in capillary tubes without any external help, it that generate electricity employ water to spin turbines.
can be transported from the roots of trees to every other part of the • Heavy water, an important form of water, is widely used in nuclear
tree. reactors as a neutron moderator.
• Water is an integral part of photosynthesis. Without it, autotrophic
plants would not be able to produce their own food. Practice Questions
• Water serves as a habitat for more than 50% of all life on Earth.

1. How many essential nutrients does a plant require?

Importance of Water in Human Beings

(a) 15 (b) 17 (c) 16 (d) 20

• Insufficient water content in the human body results in severe
dehydration, which is often accompanied by kidney failure, seizures,
Answer: (b) 17.
and swelling in the brain.
• Water helps improve the circulation of oxygen throughout the body.
2. Which of the following minerals plays a major role in energy storage and
• It also plays a crucial role in the digestion of food.
transfer of ADP into ATP molecules?
• Water is a very important component of saliva, which helps break
down food.
(a) Phosphorus (b) Magnesium (c) Molybdenum (d) None of the above
• The excretion of waste in the human body requires water.
Insufficient water levels in the body may increase the strain on the
Answer : (a) Phosphorus.
kidneys, resulting in the formation of kidney stones.

3. Plants absorb nutrients through their _______.

Other Important Uses of Water

(a) Roots (b) Stem (c) Leaves (d) Flowers

• If not for the high specific heat of water, the temperature of the
Earth’s surface would be much lower. This would make it difficult for
Answer: (a) Roots.
life to survive.
• The water in the Earth’s oceans absorb heat from the sun during the
4. Which of the following minerals helps in improving both the quantity and
day and help maintain the temperature during the night.
quality of dry matter in leafy vegetables and protein in grain crops?

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(a) Iron (b) Copper (c) Nitrogen (d) Molybdenum (a) Zinc (b) Potassium (c) Phosphorous (d) Manganese

Answer : (c) Nitrogen. Answer: (c) Phosphorous.

5. Which of the following statements is false about nutrition? 11. How many incisor teeth are present in each jaw?

a) Nitrogen and phosphorus are macronutrients a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8

b) Plant hormones are nutrients
c) Manganese and molybdenum are micronutrients Answer: b) 4
d) Nutrition provides energy for carrying out various functions.

12. How many canine teeth are present in each jaw?

Answer: (b) Plant hormones are nutrients.

a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
6. Which of the following minerals is required by the plants in large
quantities? Answer: a) 2

(a) Chlorine (b) Phosphorus (c) Manganese (d) Molybdenum 13. How many premolar teeth are present in each jaw?

Answer: (b) Phosphorus. a) 2 b)4 c) 6 d) 8

7. Chlorosis is yellowing of the leaves, caused due to the deficiency of Answer: b) 4

________.

14. What is the total number of teeth in a normal adult?

(a) Zinc (b) Potassium (c) Manganese (d) All of the above

a) 8 b) 16 c) 32 d) 64
Answer: (d) All of the above.

Answer: c) 32
8. The main mode of nutrition in plants is __________.

15. Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which organ?

(a) Autotrophic (b) Heterotrophic

a) Buccal cavity b) Oesophagus c) Stomach d) Small intestine

(c) Saprophytic (d) None of the above

Answer: c) Stomach
Answer: (a) Autotrophic.

16. Do animals store food in the form of the following?

9. Which of the following minerals is required for the synthesis of
chlorophyll? a) Carbohydrate b) Starch

(a) Copper (b) Potassium (c) Nitrogen (d) Iron c) Glycogen d) Glucose Carbohydrate

Answer: (d) Iron. Answer: c) Glycogen

10. Which of the following minerals is a constituent of cell membranes and 17. Which of the following is an example of autotroph?
nucleic acids?

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a) Grass b) Mushroom c) Amoeba d) Paramecium (a) Phosphoglycerate (b) Phosphatase

Answer: a) Grass (c) Phosphofructo – kinase (d) Enolase

18. Which of the following is an example of saprotroph? Answer: (c) Phosphofructo – kinase

a) Grass b) Mushroom c) Amoeba d) Paramecium 25. Glycolysis is

Answer: b) Mushroom (a) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

(b) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 2C2H5OH + 2H2O
19. Which of the following is a parasite? (c) C6H12O6 → 2C3H4O3 + 4H
(d) C3H4O3 +NADH → C2H5OH + CO2 + NAD+

a) Yeast b) Amoeba c) Leach d) Earthworm

Answer: (c) C6H12O6 → 2C3H4O3 + 4H

Answer: c) Leach
26. In how many steps, CO2 is released in aerobic respiration of pyruvic acid

20. Which of the following substances enters plant tissue through stomata?
(a) One (b) Six (c) Three (d) Twelve

a) Water b) Nitrate c) Iron d) Carbon dioxide

Answer: (c) Three

Answer: d) Carbon dioxide

27. In glycolysis, glucose splits onto compounds which are

21. In Krebs cycle, dehydration of substrate occurs

(a) 5-C (b) 4-C (c) 2-C (d) 3-C

(a) Once (b) Twice (c) Thrice (d) Four times

Answer: (d) 3-C

Answer: (a) Once

28. In fermenation, yeast secrets one of the following enzyme

22. In mitochondria, ATP formation occurs

(a) Invertase (b) Zymase (c) Dehydrogenase (d) Anolase

(a) Over cristae (b) Over outer membrane

Answer: (b) Zymase

(c) Inside matrix (d) In intracristal space

29. In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is

Answer: (a) Over cristae

(a) Broken down to form a two- carbon fragment and CO2

23. For their functioning, cytochromes possess (b) A product of Krebs cycle
(c) Formed when oxygen is available

(a) Mg (b) Fe (c) Mn (d) Na (d) Formed during protein breakdown

Answer: (b) Fe Answer: (a) Broken down to form a two- carbon fragment and CO2

24. Fructose 6 – phosphate is changed to fructose 1, 6-diphosphate by 30. In animal cells, the first stage of glucose breakdown is

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(a) Krebs cycle 36. Transport of food materials in higher plants occurs through
(b) Glycolysis
(c) Oxidative phosphorylation a) Flowers b) Companion cells
(d) E.T.C.

c) Tracheids d) Sieve elements

Answer: (b) Glycolysis

Answer: d) Sieve elements

31. Which of the following is not a part of the vascular system of plants?

37. Nearly 90% of the flowering plants have __________

a) Xylem b) Phloem c) Tracheids d) Sapwood

a) Spores b) Mycorrhizae
Answer: d) Sapwood

c) Naked seeds d) None of the above

32. In which direction plant transport its water

Answer: b) Mycorrhizae
a) From roots to stem b) From stem to roots

38. The movement of materials from the leaves to other tissues of the plant
c) From stem to stem d) From leaves to leaves is called _________

Answer: a) From roots to stem a) Tropic movement b) Guttation

33. Absorption of minerals at root is: c) Transpiration d) Translocation

a) Active process b) Passive process Answer: d) Translocation

c) Facilitated diffusion d) None 39. Transpiration is regulated by the movements of __________

Answer: a) Active process a) Parenchyma cells b) Guard cells

34. In humid atmosphere transpirational rate will be c) Epithelial cells d) None of the above

a) Higher b) Lower Answer: b) Guard cells

c) No effect d) stopped 40. The rate of transpiration will _________ if the atmospheric pressure is
low
Answer: b) Lower
a) Increase b) Decrease
35. Which structure among these reduce loss of water to the plant?

c) Stay unchanged d) Can’t be determined

a) Stomata b) Hydathodes
Answer: a) Increase
c) Thick cuticle d) All of the above
41. Boiling point of water is
Answer: c) Thick cuticle

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(a) 100°C (b) 99°C Answer: (b) groundwater at selected places

(c) 101°C (d) 102°C 47. Which is a result of condensation of water vapours?

Answer: (a) 100°C (a) Rain (b) Snowfall

42. Plants release large amount of water vapour into the atmosphere by the (c) Hail (d) Tiny water droplets
process called

Answer: (d) Tiny water droplets

(a) evaporation (b) condensation
48. Which one is the purest form of water?
(c) precipitation (d) transpiration
(a) River water (b) Groundwater
Answer: (d) transpiration
(c) Rainwater (d) Ocean water
43. The percentage of water in potato is
Answer: (c) Rainwater
(a) 88 (b) 75 (c) 90 (d) 95
49. Circulation of water between ocean and land is known as
Answer: (b) 75
(a) water cycle (b) rain cycle
44. Out of these, which is not a source of surface water?

(c) water management (d) water harvesting

(a) rain water (b) river and lake water
Answer: (a) water cycle
(c) Spring water (d) sea water
50. The windpipe is also called the ________.
Answer: (c) Spring water
(a) Larynx (b) Lungs
45. Which one is a process in which water changes into vapours in
atmosphere? (c) Trachea (d) Oesophagus

(a) Evaporation (b) transpiration Answer: (c) Trachea.

(c) Precipitation (d) condensation 51. In Earthworms, the process of respiration is through ________.

Answer: (a) Evaporation (a) Skin (b) Head

46. Potable water is (c) Lungs (d) Pores on its anterior end

(a) ocean water (b) groundwater at selected places Answer: (a) Skin.

(c) river water (d) ponds water 52. Which of the following is the function of the trachea?

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(a) Gaseous Exchange (b) Filters the air we breathe (c) Ventilation rate (d) Total lung capacity

(c) Exhales the air from the body (d) All of the above Answer: (d) Total lung capacity.

Answer: (b) Filters the air we breathe. 58. Which one of the following is correct regarding larynx?

53. Which of these statements is true about internal respiration? (a) It houses the vocal cords
(b) It prevents the invading pathogens into the trachea

(a) Production of ATP (c) It is an organ made of cartilage and connects the pharynx to the
(b) Exchange of gases between the blood stream and tissue cells trachea

(c) Exchange of gases between alveoli and the bloodstream (d) All of the above.
(d) Breathing between the atmosphere and the alveoli
Answer: (d) All of the above.
Answer: (b) Exchange of gases between the bloodstream and tissue cells.
59. Which of the following is the function of the trachea?
54. Which of the following organs functions as an air conditioner?
(a) Gaseous Exchange (b) Filters the air we breathe
(a) Larynx (b) Pharynx
(c) Exhales the air from the body (d) All of the above
(c) Nasal chambers (d) All of the above
Answer: (b) Filters the air we breathe.
Answer: (c) Nasal chambers.
60. In which part of the respiratory system, gaseous exchange takes place?
55. The normal breathing process is controlled by ____________.
(a) Alveoli (b) Pharynx
(a) Lungs (b) Ventral respiratory group
(c) Larynx (d) Trachea

(c) Dorsal respiratory group (d) Both (b) and (c)

Answer: (a) Alveoli.
Answer: (d) Both (b) and (c).
61. Which of the following are parts of the human respiratory system?
56. In Aves, the exchange of gases occurs within the __________.
(a) Trachea (b) Diaphragm

(a) Lungs (b) Air sacs

(c) The lungs (d) All of the above

(c) Air sacs and Lungs (d) None of the above

Answer: (d) All of the above.
Answer: (a) Lungs.
62. Which of the following gas is released out during the process of
57. The maximum volume of air contained in the lung by a full forced respiration?
inhalation is called _________.
(a) Oxygen (b) Hydrogen
(a) Tidal volume (b) Vital capacity
(c) Carbon dioxide (d) None of the above

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Answer: (c) Carbon dioxide. Answer: (b) It is covered by epiglottis

63. The tiny air sacs present in human lungs is called_______. 68. Which of the following hydrolytic enzymes act in low pH?

(a) Alveoli (b) Bronchus (a) Peroxidases (b) Hydrolases (c) Amylases (d) Proteases

(c) Bronchiole (d) All of the above Answer: (d) Proteases

Answer: (a) Alveoli. 69. Which of the following is synthesized and stored in the liver cells?

64. Which of the following functions by filtering and keeping the mucus and (a) Galactose (b) Lactose (c) Glycogen (d) Arabinose
dirt away from our lungs?
Answer: (c) Glycogen
(a) Cilia (b) Bronchioles
70. The disease caused due to deficiency of nicotinic acid is
(c) Hairs in the lungs (d) All of the above
(a) anaemia (b) osteomalacia
Answer: (a) Cilia.
(c) xerophthalmia (d) pellagra
65. The total number of alveoli present in the human lungs is estimated to
be around ______. Answer: (d) pellagra

(a) 1 billion (b) 800 million 71. The absorption of fructose by intestinal mucosa is

(c) 500 million (d) 1500 million (a) co--transport mechanism (b) simple diffusion

Answer: (c) 500 million. (c) facilitated transport (d) active transport

66. The exchange of gases between the external environment and the Answer: (c) facilitated transport
lungs______.

72. Carboxypeptidase requires _______ for its activity

(a) Respiration (b) External respiration

(a) copper (b) niacin (c) iron (d) Zn

(c) Cellular respiration (d) None of the above

Answer: (d) Zn
Answer: (b) External respiration

73. Name the Glands associated with the Human Digestive System?
67. Which one of the following statements is false about the trachea?

(a) Salivary Glands and Pancreas

(a) Has C-shaped rings (b) Salivary Glands and Liver
(b) It is covered by epiglottis (c) Liver and Pancreas
(c) It splits into the right and left lungs (d) Salivary Glands, Liver & Pancreas
(d) None of the above

Answer: (d) Salivary Glands, Liver & Pancreas

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74. In which part of the body digestion of protein begins? 79. In which part of our body food gets absorbed?

(a) Pancreas (b) Stomach (a) Small Intestine (b) Large Intestine

(c) Small Intestine (d) Large Intestine (c) Stomach (d) Liver

Answer: (b) Stomach Answer: (a) Small Intestine

75. What is the Function of Hydrochloric Acid? 80. The undigested food stored in the liver in the form of carbohydrate is
called:
i. It makes pepsin enzyme effective.
ii. It kills bacteria which may enter in stomach with food. (a) Pulp (b) Glucose

Which of the following statements is/are correct? (c) Glycogen (d) Carbohydrate

(a) Only (i) (b) Only (ii) Answer: (c) Glycogen

(c) Both (i) and (ii) (d) Neither (i) nor (ii)

Answer: (c) Both (i) and (ii)

76. Name the largest part of the Alimentary canal?

(a) Large Intestine (b) Small Intestine

(c) Liver (d) Stomach

Answer: (b) Small Intestine

77. Complete digestion of food occurs in:

(a) Stomach (b) Small Intestine

(c) Pancreas (d) Large Intestine

Answer: (b) Small Intestine

78. Name the hardest material present in the body?

(a) Dentin (b) Pulp

(c) Enamel (d) None of the above

Answer: (c) Enamel

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