Scribd
Upload
33 views48 pages

Introduction Mental

This document provides an introduction to mental health, including: 1. A brief history of psychiatry from pre-history to the modern era, noting changing beliefs about the causes of mental illness. 2. An overview of the concept of mental health according to the WHO, and attributes of good mental health like healthy thinking, behavior, relationships and emotions. 3. Factors that can influence mental health, including biological, psychological and social factors. 4. An explanation of stress, the physiological stress response process, and adaptive vs maladaptive responses to stressors.

Uploaded by

PY 01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views48 pages

Introduction Mental

This document provides an introduction to mental health, including: 1. A brief history of psychiatry from pre-history to the modern era, noting changing beliefs about the causes of mental illness. 2. An overview of the concept of mental health according to the WHO, and attributes of good mental health like healthy thinking, behavior, relationships and emotions. 3. Factors that can influence mental health, including biological, psychological and social factors. 4. An explanation of stress, the physiological stress response process, and adaptive vs maladaptive responses to stressors.

Uploaded by

PY 01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 48

Introduction to Mental Health

Puan Mardiana Mansor


Lecturer

School of Nursing
Faculty of Medicine
UniSZA, Gong Badak, Kuala Terengganu
Learning objectives
� At the end of this session students will be able to:

1. Explain history of psychiatric

1. Explain history of psychiatric in nursing

1. Define the mental health

1. Explain factors influencing mental health

1. Define stress

1. Explain stress reaction and adaptation


History of psychiatry
1. Pre History

2. Ancient World

3. Dark ages

4. Middle ages and renaissance

5. Modern Era

6. Age of managed care


1. Pre History
� Believe the mental illness was due to supernatural forces
of gods, spirits or demons.

� Shamans were the middlemen through whom the spirits


spoke.

� Believed due to ‘evil spirits’.


2. Ancient World
� Hippocrates (460-355 BC)
� Mental illness is Epilepsy due to natural causes and not
a disease.
� Depression specifically was due to an excess of black bile-
hence the term ‘melancholia’.
� Treatment: -use drugs (hellebore)
-beatings
-confinement in darks rooms
3. Dark ages
� Possession by evil spirits as a cause of mental illness was
the most prevalent belief in the Sumerian civilization
(2000BC).

� Galen: depression was due to an excess of black bile, but


that if there was also an excess of yellow bile or if the
excess of black bile became overheated, the melancholia
might develop into mania.

� Mania and depression are connected


4. Middle ages and Renaissance
� Witchcraft and pagan practices existed as a form of devil
worship among European peasantry and were the
remains of pre-Christian religions.

� Belief witchcraft led to mentally ill persons being called


witches on account of their strange behavior.

� Schizophrenia cause by ‘witches’.

� Germany & Britain


- ‘witches’ were mentally ill person.
5. Modern Era
� A major breakthrough in the humoral theory of disease
came from Thomas Sydenham (1625-89), who put forward
the concept of the natural history of disease and the idea
that diseases could be regarded as entities separate from the
persons suffering from them.

� 18th century 🡪 moral treatment in psychiatry which was


characterized by kindness, compassion and humane
treatment of mentally ill persons.
� Hospital 🡪 ‘The Retreat’
� Increased of institution mental health
� Private and public mental health was developed
� Used physical restraints

� Strait jacket

� Chains
6. Age of managed care
� Today, public and private organizations share
responsibility for mental health care.

� Towards reducing the institutionalized care of patients


with mental illness and moving towards reducing the
institutionalized care of patients with mental illness and
moving towards treating them in various community
setting such as clinics, homes, schools and treatments
centers.

� Prevention and promotion on mental health.


HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
� Florence Nightingale (1830s)

� Dr Edward Cowles: specialized nursing care for mentally


ill persons:
“Moral treatment Era”

� Peplau’s emphasis on the nurse-patient relationship


further revolutionized psychiatric nursing care.

� The model focused on what nurses do with patients


rather than what they do to patients.
CONCEPT OF MENTAL HEALTH
� WHO
Defined Mental health as
‘A state of balance between the individual and the
surrounding world, a state of harmony between oneself and
others, a coexistence between the realities of the self and
that of other people and that of environment’.
ATTRIBUTES OF MENTAL HEALTH
1. Thinking
� A mentally healthy person exhibits the ability to think
clearly and realistically

� Creative and positive

� Reason logically, good judgment and reach insightful


conclusions

� Good problem-solving capacity


Cont’d….
2. Behavior

� Good control over behavior and take responsibilities for


action

� Behavior and action reflect an accurate appraisal of reality

� Engages in constructive activities


Cont’d….
3. Interpersonal relationships

� Ability to form and sustain close, loving and adaptive


relationships.

� Not too demanding and has the ability to feel


empathically for others.

� Able to work amicably with others.

� Able to manage interpersonal conflicts constructively


Cont’d….
4. Self-esteem

� Able to negotiate each developmental stage successfully


and maintain a healthy self-esteem.

� Realistic sense of self worth.

� Able to attain and maintain a self defined spirituality.

� During the times of stress and conflict, doubts do not


erode this self-esteem, rather it helps to deal with the
stress
Cont’d….
5. Emotions

� Happy most of the time and has the ability to enjoy life

� Not carry undue fear, guilty and anxiety and has the
ability to love and to be loved.

� Deal with conflicting emotions without much stress


FACTORS INFLUENCING MENTAL HEALTH
1. Biological factors
-Genetic defects

-Chromosomal mutations

-Endocrinal abnormalities

-Abnormal brain functioning due to metabolic or other


defects and physical handicaps:
Bipolar disorders & schizophrenia

-Brain injuries and neurotransmitter dysfunctions


Cont’d….
2. Psychological factors
-Distorted priorities
-Distorted identities
-Maternal and emotional deprivation
-Abuse in early childhood
-Poor parenting such as unrealistic educational and social
demands, abnormal communication patterns and an
overprotective environment
-Disturbed peer relationships and stressful environments
have negative influences on the mind and body
Cont’d….
3. Social factors

-Poverty

-Unviability of necessary resources for growing children

-Discrimination

-Gender bias

-Unemployment
STRESS REACTION AND ADAPTATION
Stressor
• A biological, psychological,
social, or chemical factor
that causes physical or
emotional tension and may
be a factor in the etiology of
certain illnesses.
Stress
• “The state manifested by a
specific syndrome which
consists of all the
nonspecifically-induced
changes within a biologic
system” (Selye, 1976).
• “fight or flight syndrome.”
Adaptation
• Adaptation is said to occur
when an individual’s physical
or behavioral response to any
change in his or her internal
or external environment
results in preservation of
individual integrity or timely
return to equilibrium.
Mall adaptation
• Maladaptation occurs
when an individual’s
physical or behavioral
response to any change in
his or her internal or
external environment
results in disruption of
individual integrity or in
persistent disequilibrium.
Physiological responses to stress
Selye, 1976, in general adaptation syndrome He
described the reaction in three distinct stages:
• Alarm reaction stage
• Stage of resistance
• Stage of exhaustion
Alarm reaction stage
• Fight or flight syndrome are
initiated.
• Fight or flight syndrome 🡪 acute
stress response.
• The “fight or flight” syndrome:
the initial stress response
• The “fight or flight” syndrome:
the sustained stress response.
Stage of resistance
• Use the physiological responses of the first
stage as a defense 🡪 adapt the stressor

• If adaptation occurs, the third stage is


prevented or delayed 🡪 Physiological
symptoms may disappear.
Stage of exhaustion
• This stage occurs when there is a prolonged
exposure to the stressor to which the body has
become adjusted.

• The adaptive energy is depleted, and the


individual can no longer draw from the
resources for adaptation described in the first
two stages.
• Diseases of adaptation
(e.g., headaches, mental
disorders, coronary artery
disease, ulcers, colitis)
may occur.

• Without intervention for


reversal, exhaustion and
even death ensues
Concepts of grief
• Grief is a subjective state of emotional,
physical, and social responses to the loss of a
valued entity.

• Losses may be real, in which case it can be


substantiated by others or they may be
perceived by the individual alone and unable
to be shared or identified by others
Stages of Grief
• Stage 1—Denial

• Stage 2—Anger

• Stage 3—Bargaining

• Stage 4—Depression

• Stage 5—Acceptance
Stage 1—Denial
• This is a stage of shock and disbelief.
• “No, it can’t be true!”
Stage 2 — Anger
• “Why me?” and “It’s not fair!”
Stage 3— Bargaining
• “If God will help me through this, I promise I
will go to pray every day and volunteer my
time to help others.”
Stage 4— Depression
• During this stage, the full impact of the loss is
experienced.

• The sense of loss is intense, and feelings of


sadness and depression prevail.

• This is a time of quiet desperation and


disengagement from all association with the
lost entity.

• This stage differs from pathological depression


in that it represents advancement toward
resolution rather than fixation in an earlier
stage of the grief process.
Stage 5— Acceptance
• The final stage brings a
feeling of peace regarding
the loss that has occurred.

• It is a time of quiet
expectation and resignation.

• The focus is on the reality of


the loss and its meaning for
the individuals affected by it.
Stress Management:
Adaptive Coping Strategies
• Awareness
• Relaxation
• Meditation
• Interpersonal Communication with Caring
Other
• Problem Solving
• Pets
• Music
Conclusion
� History of psychiatric

� History of psychiatric nursing

� Mental health and factors influence

� Stress and adaptation


THANK
YOU….

You might also like