Chapter 2: Dynamics

Section 2.1: Forces and Free-Body Diagrams, pp. 19–20

1. b. Gravity and the normal force act perpendicular to the direction of motion and cannot slow
the skater.
2. False. A skydiver opens her parachute and falls at a constant speed; at this time, the forces
acting on the skydiver–parachute combination are kinetic friction (in the form of air resistance)
and gravity.
3. applied force, due to the towing cable; air resistance, since she is moving relative to the air;
gravity, from Earth; kinetic friction, in the form of air resistance
4. (a) (b)

5. (a) (b)

!"
(c) Given: F g = 500.0 N [down]; ! = 70°
ur
Required: F A
ur ur
Analysis: The vertical component of F T balances F g : FT sin ! = Fg . The horizontal component
ur ur
of F T balances F A : FT cos! = FA .
Solution:
FT sin ! = Fg
Fg
FT =
sin !
500.0 N
=
sin70°
FT = 532.0 N
FT cos! = FA
FA = 532.0 N ( cos70° )
FA = 182.0 N
Statement: The tension in the horizontal rope is 182.0 N [W].

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-1

Section 2.2: Newton’s Laws of Motion, pp. 21–22
1. Juan is not correct. The car stops because the net force acting on it with the engine stopped is
friction between the wheels and the road, as well as some air resistance.
2. Bertrande is not correct. She was not “thrown” over the handlebars by an unknown force.
When the bicycle struck the parked car, the external force exerted by the car stopped the bicycle.
Since Bertrande was not part of the bicycle, she continued to move west, over the top of the
handlebars, until she struck the car. Then, the external force exerted by the car stopped her
as well.
3. The oil tanker has a much greater mass than the car, and therefore has a much greater inertia.
It is much !harder
!" to stop if moving,
!!" and also harder to start moving if at rest.
4. Given: FA = 400 N [forward]; FK = 250 N [backward]; m = 1500 kg
r
Required: a "!
! !F
Analysis: a =
m
Solution:

ur uur uur
!F = F A
+ FK
= 400 N [forward] + 250 N [backward]
= 400 N [forward] " 250 N [forward]
ur
! F = ur150 N [forward]
r !F
a=
m
150 N [forward]
=
1500 kg
r
a = 0.1 m/s 2 [forward]
Statement:!!The
" acceleration of the!airplane
!" is 0.1 m/s2 [forward].
5. Given: FA = 50.0 N [E 25° N]; FB = 80.0 N [E 20° S]; m = 160 kg
r
Required: a
Analysis: Determine the components of each force vector. Add the x-components to determine
the x-component of the net force vector. Add the y-components to determine the y-component of
the net force vector. Use the components to determine the net force vector. Then, use the
ur
r !F
equation a = to determine the acceleration.
m

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-2

Solution:

uur uur
FAx = FA cos! FAy = FA sin !

= (50.0 N ) ( cos 25° ) = (50.0 N ) ( sin 25° )

FAx = +45.3 N FAy = +21.1 N
uur uur
FBx = FB cos! FBy = FB sin !

= (80.0 N ) ( cos 20° ) = " (80.0 N ) ( sin 20° )

FBx = +75.2 N FBy = "27.4 N
!F x
= FAx + FBx
= 45.3 N + 75.2 N
ur
! F x =120.5 N[E] (two extra digits carried)
!F y
= FAy + FBy
= 21.1 N + ( "27.4 N )
= "6.3 N
ur
! F y = –6.3 N[S]
ur uur 2 ur 2
!F = ! Fx + !Fy
(120.5 N ) + (6.3 N )
2 2
=
ur
! F = 120.7 N (two extra digits carried)
ur
$
"1 &
# F y ')
! = tan ur
& )
% #Fx (
$ 6.3 N '
= tan "1 & )
&% 120.5 N )(

! = 3.0°

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-3

 "!
!
a=
!F
m
120.7 N[E 3.0° S]
=
160 kg
!
a = 0.75 m/s 2 [E 3.0° S]
Statement: The acceleration is 0.75 m/s2 [E 3.0° S].
6. Balint is not correct. Examples may vary. Sample answer: The two forces referred to in
Newton’s third law act on different bodies. For example, if a horse pulls forward on a wagon
with a force of 100 N, the wagon pulls backward on the horse with a force of 100 N. One force
acts on the wagon, while the other acts on the horse. They cannot be added to determine a net
force.
7. a
8. Given: m = 60.0 kg
uur
Required: Fg
uur ur
Analysis: Fg = mg
uur ur
Solution: Fg = mg

uur
(
= ( 60.0 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 [down] )
Fg = 588 N [down]
Statement: Sitara weighs 588 N [down] on Earth.

Section 2.3: Applying Newton’s Laws of Motion, pp. 23–24

1. d. None of the bodies!!listed
" is undergoing acceleration. Therefore, they are all in equilibrium.
2. Given: m = 80.0 kg; FB = 900.0 N [up]
uuur
Required: FW
uur ur
Analysis: Use the equation Fg = mg to determine the weight of the diver. Then, determine how
much weight must be added to balance the buoyant force.
uur ur
Solution: Fg = mg

uur
(
= (80.0 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 [down])
Fg = 784 N [down]
The extra weight needed is 900.0 N – 784 N = 116.0 N.
Statement: The diver needs to add 116 N to her weight belt.
3. Given: m = 75 kg; FT = 825 N; θ = 35°
Required: FN
Analysis: The rock climber is in equilibrium. The force exerted by the wall on the climber’s feet
must equal the x-component of the tension force since it is the only other horizontal force.

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-4

Solution: FN = FT sin !
= (825 N ) sin35°
FN = 4.7 " 102 N
Statement: The wall exerts a 4.7 × 102 N force on the climber’s feet.
4. (a)

(b) Given: umur = 1.20 kg; θ = 10.0o

Required: FT
Analysis: Sketch a FBD of the situation. Resolve all vector forces into components. Since the
bird is in equilibrium, the sum of the vertical components is zero, and the sum of the horizontal
components is zero.
uur ur
Solution: Fg = mg

uur
(
= (1.20 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 [down] )
Fg = 11.76 N [down] (one extra digit carried)
Since the bird is in the centre of the wire, the magnitudes of the two tension vectors are equal.
uuur uuur
FT1x = ! FT1 cos" FT1y = FT1 sin !

= ! FT ( cos10.0° ) = FT ( sin10.0° )
uuur uuur
FT2x = FT2 cos! FT2y = FT2 sin !

= FT ( cos10.0° ) = FT ( sin10.0° )
FT ( sin10.0° ) + FT ( sin10.0° ) = 11.76 N
11.76 N
FT =
2sin10.0°
FT = 33.9 N
Statement: The magnitude of the tension
!!" in the wire is 33.9 N. "
5. Given: m = 0.325 kg; ! = 60.0°; FT = 2.75 N[W 60.0° down]; a = 1.20 m/s 2 [up]
uur
Required: FT
Analysis: Sketch a FBD of the situation. Resolve all vector forces into components. Since the
kite is accelerating upward, the sum of the vertical components equals the mass times the
acceleration of the kite, and the sum of the horizontal components is zero.

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-5

Solution:

uur ur
Fg = mg

uur
(
= ( 0.325 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 [down] )
Fg = 3.19 N [down]
The sum of the vertical components of the forces equals the mass times the acceleration.
FW sin ! " FT sin # " Fg = ma

(
FW sin ! = ( 2.75 N ) ( sin60.0° ) + 3.19 N + ( 0.325 kg ) 1.20 m/s 2 )
FW sin ! = 5.962 N (one extra digit carried)
The sum of the horizontal components of the forces equals zero.
FW cos! " FT cos# = 0
FW cos! = ( 2.75 N ) ( cos60.0° )
FW cos! = 1.375 N (one extra digit carried)
FW sin ! 5.962 N
=
FW cos! 1.375 N
5.962 N
tan ! =
1.375 N
# 5.962 N &
! = tan "1 % (
$ 1.375 N '
! = 77.0°
FW cos! = 1.375 N
1.375 N
FW =
cos77.0°
= 6.11 N
Statement: The force of the wind is 6.11 N [W 77.0° up].

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-6

Section 2.4: Forces of Friction, pp. 25–26
1. b. The car is not skidding. The tires are not slipping relative to the road. Therefore, the force of
static friction stops the car.
2. Given: m = 65.0 kg; µK = 0.124
ur
Required: F K
Analysis: Determine the weight of the player. Since the player is not accelerating vertically, the
normal force of the ground on the player must equal the weight of the player. Then, calculate the
force of kinetic friction using the equation FK = µKFN.
Solution:
uur ur
Fg = mg

uur
(
= ( 65.0 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 [down] )
Fg = 637 N [down]
FK = µ K FN
= 0.124 ( 637 N )
FK = 79.0 N
uur
Therefore, FN = 637 N [up] .
Statement: The force of kinetic friction is 79.0 N [backward].
3. d. Since the coefficient of kinetic friction is less than the coefficient of static friction, a skid
needs to be avoided. The force of static friction will be strongest just before the wheels lock into
a skid. This will provide the maximum possible braking force on the aircraft.
4. Given: m1 = 0.250 kg; µS = 0.228
Required: maximum m2
Analysis: Determine the maximum force of static friction that holds mass m1 in place. The
weight of mass m2 must exceed this force to start mass m1 sliding.
Solution:
FS = µ K FN
= µ K Fg
= µ K m1g
(
= 0.228 ( 0.250 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 )
FS = 0.5586 N (two extra digits carried)
m2 g = FS
FS
m2 =
g
0.5586 N
=
9.80 m/s 2
m2 = 0.0570 kg (two extra digits carried)
Statement: The maximum value of m2 is 57 g.

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-7

5. Given: m = 10.0 kg; µS = 0.582; µK = 0.258; θ = 30.0o
Required: The net force on the box parallel to the hill.
Analysis: Sketch a FBD of the situation. Since the box is sliding, determine the force of kinetic
friction opposing the movement of the box. Compare this to the component of its weight pulling
it down the hill.
Solution:

The normal force equals the component of the weight perpendicular to the hill.
FN = Fg cos30.0°

( )
= (10.0 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 ( cos30.0° )
FN = 84.87 N (one extra digit carried)
Use the coefficient of kinetic friction to determine the force of kinetic friction.
FK = µ K FN
= 0.528 (84.87 N )
FK = 44.8 N
Determine the component of the weight pulling the box down the hill.
( )
Fg sin30.0° = (10.0 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 ( sin30.0° )
= 49.0 N
This force is greater than the force of kinetic friction opposing the motion of the box.
Statement: The box will accelerate down the hill.

Section 2.5: Explore an Application in Dynamics: Linear Actuators,

p. 27
1. c
2. d
3. (a) False. The stroke of a linear actuator refers to the total distance the plunger can move.
(b) False. A pneumatic linear actuator uses the potential energy in a compressed gas.
4. Answers may vary. Sample answer:
Table 1 Linear Accelerator Comparison
Mechanical linear accelerator Pneumatic linear accelerator
Cost Inexpensive Expensive
Power Source No external source needed External source needed
Reliability Many moving parts that can wear out Few moving parts
Precision Highly precise and repeatable Not as precise and repeatable

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-8

Section 2.6: Physics Journal: The Physics of Downhill Skiing, p. 28
1. a. Reduction in kinetic friction results in an increase in acceleration.
2. False. A skier with a greater mass will not accelerate due to gravity faster than a skier with a
smaller mass.
3. b
4. d
5. a. Air resistance opposes the motion of a skier going down a hill.

Chapter 2 Summary, p. 29

Chapter 2 Questions, pp. 30–31

1. c
2. c
3. (a) False. An object is in equilibrium if its instantaneous velocity at some point is not zero.
(b) False. A sled is placed on a snow-covered hill, but does not slide down the hill. The force of
static friction between the sled and the snow must be equal to the component of its weight acting
down the hill.
(c) True

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-9

(d) True
4. (a)

ur
(b) Given: F A = 30.0 N [W 60.0° down]; ! = 60.0°
ur
Required: ! F
Analysis: Since the lawnmower is not accelerating vertically, all of the vertical components add
ur
u
to zero. The only horizontal component is due to F A .
Solution: ! F = FA cos"
= 30.0cos60.0°
! F = 15.0 N
Statement:!!The
" net force on !the
!" lawnmower is 15.0 N [E].
5. Given: FA = 18.0 N [W]; FB = 36.0 N [E 37.0° N]; m = 100.0 kg
ur
Required: ! F
Analysis: Determine the components of each force vector. Add the x-components to determine
the x-component of the net force vector. Add the y-components to determine the y-component of
the net force vector. Use the components to determine the net force vector. Solution:
uur uur
FAx = FA cos! FAy = FA sin !

= " (18.0 N ) ( cos0° ) = (18.0 N ) ( sin0° )

FAx = "18.0 N FAy = 0 N
uur uur
FBx = FB cos! FBy = FB sin !

= ( 36.0 N ) ( cos37.0° ) = ( 36.0 N ) ( sin37.0° )

FBx = +28.8 N FBy = +21.7 N
!F x
= FAx + FBx !F y
= FAy + FBy
= "18.0 N + 28.8 N = 0 N + 21.7 N
ur ur
! F x =10.8 N [E] ! F y = 21.7 N [N]

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-10

 ur uur 2 ur 2
!F = ! Fx + !Fy
(10.8 N ) + ( 21.7 N )
2 2
=
ur
! F = 24.3 N
ur
$ '
#Fy
! = tan "1 & ur )
& )
% #Fx (
$ 21.7 N '
= tan &
"1
)
&% 10.8 N )(

! = 63.5°
Statement: The net force is 24.3 N ![E
!" 63.5° N].
6. Given: m = 75.0 kg; ! = 35.0°; FT = 100 N [S 35.0° down]
uuur
Required: FW
Analysis: Sketch a FBD of the situation. Resolve all vector forces into components. Since
Jolienne is in equilibrium, the sum of the vertical components equals zero, and the sum of the
horizontal components equals zero.
Solution:

uur ur
Fg = mg

uur
(
= ( 75.0 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 [down] )
Fg = 735 N [down]
The sum of the vertical components of the forces equals zero.
FW sin ! " FT sin # " Fg = 0
FW sin ! = (100 N ) ( sin35.0° ) + 735 N
FW sin ! = 792 N
The sum of the horizontal components of the forces equals zero.

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-11

FW cos! " FT cos# = 0
FW cos! = (100 N ) ( cos35.0° )
FW cos! = 81.9 N
FW sin ! 792 N
=
FW cos! 81.9 N
792 N
tan ! =
81.9 N
# 792 N &
! = tan "1 % (
$ 81.9 N '
! = 84.1°
FW cos! = 81.9 N
81.9 N
FW =
cos84.1°
= 797 N
Statement:!The force of the wind
! is 797 N [S 84.1° up].
7. Given: v i = 30.0 m/s [W]; v f = 0 m/s [W]; m = 1200 kg; µ K = 0.200
Required: Δd
Analysis: Use the coefficient of kinetic friction to determine the force of friction using the
equation FK = µKFN. Use Newton’s second law to determine the acceleration of the ski-plane.
Then, determine the distance using the equation vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔd.
Solution:
FK = µ K FN
= µ K Fg

(
= 0.200 (1200 kg ) 9.80 m/s 2 )
FK = 2352 N (two extra digits carried)
FK = ma
FK
a=!
m
2352 N
=!
1200 kg
a = !1.96 m/s 2 (one extra digit carried)

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-12

 v 2f = vi2 + 2a!d
v 2f " vi2
!d =
2a
(0 m/s) " (30.0 m/s)
2 2

=
(
2 "1.96 m/s 2 )
!d = 230 m
Statement: The ski-plane travelled 230 m [W] while coming to a stop.
8. Answers may vary.
9. Answers may vary. Sample answer: If the skier should fall and hit a rock at high speed, the
part of his body that hits the rock will exert a large force on the rock to accelerate it. According
to Newton’s third law, the rock will exert an equal and opposite force on the body part, possibly
causing damage. The skier could wear elbow, knee, and wrist pads to lessen the force applied to
his body parts. He could wear a helmet with a face shield to protect his head and eyes. All of
these devices will spread the force over a larger area, lessening the potential for damage.

Copyright © 2012 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 2: Dynamics 2-13