DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

This paper was made to complete the Individual Assignment in Discourse Analysis

(UAS)

Collected By
Nur khalizah (0304203096)

Class/ Semester : TBI-3/VII

SUPPORTING LECTURER: Emiliya Sukma Dara. M, Hum.

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARMENT

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH SCIENCE AND TEACHER TRAINING
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
MEDAN
2024
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise the presence of Allah SWT who has given us various kinds of favors, so that
the life activities that we live will always bring blessings, both in the natural life of the
world and in the life hereafter, so that all the aspirations and hopes that we want become
easier and easier. full of benefits.

Thank you before and after we say to Mam Emiliya Sukma Dara M.Hum in the
form of moral and material assistance, so that this paper was completed within the allotted
time. The Writer realize, in the preparation of this paper is still far from perfect, as well as
many shortcomings in terms of grammar.

The greatest hope of the preparation of this paper is, hopefully it can be useful for
its readers.

Medan, 2nd january 2024

Nur Khalizah

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………………ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION......................................................................................1
1.1 Background of Study...............................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Formulation...............................................................................................1
1.3 Problem Objective...................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION............................................................................................3
2.1. Definition of Discourse Analysis............................................................................3
2.2. Cohesion ana Coherence..........................................................................................3
2.3. Speech Act...............................................................................................................4
2.4. Generic Structure in English Text............................................................................6
2.5. Multi Modal Discourse............................................................................................6
2.6. Process, Participant and Circumtanced....................................................................8
2.7. Speech Function…………………………………………………………………….9
CHAPTER III CLOSING.................................................................................................10
3.1 Conclusion...............................................................................................................10
3.2 Suggestion................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................11

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

The Sanskrit word for speech or utterance is where the word discourse originates. Discourse,
democracy, human rights, and the environment are frequently discussed terms. Like with many
terms, language users sometimes misunderstand the meaning of the words they employ.
Discourse, according to certain definitions, is a linguistic unit bigger than a phrase. Some
people also think of it as speech. Many fields, including language studies, psychology,
sociology, politics, communication, literature, and so on, also often utilize the term discourse.
Speaking and writing are two examples of productive language abilities; hence, discourse and
language skills are closely connected topics (Ostermann & Sjöstedt, 2022). Discourse and
language proficiency both rely on language as a communication tool.

Intralinguistic components, or internal language, and extralinguistic components, or

communication processes, such as social contact (conversations and exchanges) and topic
development (paragraphs and monologues), are connected to discourse. In this instance, the
presence of speech in both verbal and nonverbal forms is the discourse reality. The concept of
nonverbal language describes discourse as a sequence of non-language (a series of meaningful
signals or signs).(Calderón‐Larrañaga et al., 2022) Verbal language series or language existing
(language presence) with the fullness of the language structure, referring to the structure as it is.

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. To know what is the discourse analysis

2. To know Cohesion and coherence (definition and example from each type)
3. To know Speech act
4. To know Gesture
5. To know Multi modal discourse
6. To know Process, participant and circumtanced
7. To know Speech function

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Discourse Analysis

Discourse, in the words of Foucault (1972:48–49), is a sequence of statements that are essential to a
planned and methodical act of communication that involves notions, ideas, or outcomes developed in a
particular context. Discourse, or discourse, has several meanings that might be perplexing at times and
impact how we comprehend discourse analysis. In the sentence 'In Indonesia, the concept of civil society
is only at the level of discourse', the word discourse here can be interpreted as 'thought' that wants to be
contrasted with 'real practice' or 'application'. A similar understanding is contained in the sentence 'Are
all the things we designed a month ago already diwacanakan?' The word 'diwacanakan' in this sentence
can be understood as 'stated' or 'disseminated as a common thought', which is somewhat off the mark
from the understanding of discourse analysis that we want to study in this small paper. There are many
other notions of discourse which will be detailed below. Which definition we use or understand will
affect the way discourse analysis is applied (Hjelm, 2021)
However, discourse analysis, while it has several meanings, primarily focuses on language usage or
language that is utilised on a daily basis in written and spoken texts as the subject of the investigation.
Thus, language units above sentences or utterances that have unity and context are the subject of
discourse analysis study or research. These language units can be speech scripts, recorded conversations
that have been scripted, direct conversations, meeting notes, debates, lectures, religious preaching, etc.
It exists in real life and is not contrived. Discourse analysis cannot be limited to examining the surface
level of language use, unlike conventional linguistic analysis, despite the fact that many academics are
confined to investigating just the most visible aspects of language usage. (Jacobs, 2021). Discourse
analysis needs to go beyond the language unit to uncover information that isn't disclosed by grammatical
or conventional linguistic analysis. Discourse analysis is often used cross-disciplinaryly in many
scientific domains, most notably the social sciences. One cannot categorically and solidly classify
discourse analyses into one discipline of science or another anymore (Hjelm, 2021). Discourse analysts
can concurrently classify discourse analysis of the new order, gender, and gender in the media in the
domains of history, politics, social psychology, and culture.

B. Cohesion and Coherence

1. Definition of Cohesion

Cohesion is essentially the connection of form, which means that the discourse pieces that make
up a discourse have a strong and consistent relationship with one another.(Mulyana, 2005: 26) .

Examples of cohesion are as follows:

Electricity has many uses. My parents subscribe to electricity from PLN. Recently, the electricity tariff
increased by 25%, so many people complained. As a result, many electricity customers are saving
money. The number of appliances that use electricity is now increasing. A tool that sucks up a lot of
electricity is air conditioning or air conditioning equipment. In offices now the use of air conditioning is
common and no longer a luxury item.
The discourse example above is said to be cohesive because it uses repetition cohesion tools, for
example electricity which is repeated several times. However, the paragraph is not cohesive because the
parts of the paragraph do not have meaningful cohesion.

Here are the types of cohesion :

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 a. Grammatical Cohesion

Grammatical cohesion is cohesion achieved by using grammatical elements and rules that can take the
form of reference, substitution, and ellipsis.

 Reference is the relationship between words and objects. For example, the word pen refers to an
object that has ink for writing.

 Substitution is the result of replacing language elements by other elements in a larger unit to
obtain distinguishing elements or to explain a certain structure. Substitution is a grammatical
relationship, more of a word and meaning relationship. Substitution in Indonesian can be
nominal, verbal, clausal, or mixed.

 Ellipsis is the omission of a word or other unit whose original intention can be predicted from
the language context or outside the language. Ellipsis can also be said to be zero replacement;
something that exists but is not spoken or written.

 Words with words, phrases with phrases, clauses with clauses, sentences with sentences, and
paragraphs with paragraphs are all combined using conjunctions.

Conjunctions in Indonesian can be categorised into:

1. adversative conjunctions: but, however

2. causal conjunctions cause, because

3. correlative conjunctions either/or, either/and

4. subordinative conjunctions: although, if, that temporal conjunctions: before, after.

b. Lexical Cohesion

The semantic link between discourse pieces is known as lexical cohesion. Lexical cohesion
expresses the meaning or semantic link between one lingual unit and another in conversation
through a cohesive relationship formed by lexical features and a harmonic word choice.

Lexical aspects in discourse can be divided into six, namely :

1. Repetition

Repetition is the repetition of lingual units that are considered important to give emphasis in an
appropriate context.

2. Synonyms

Synonyms can be defined as other names for the same thing or expressions that mean more or less the
same as other expressions. Synonyms are one of the lexical aspects to support discourse cohesion.

3. Antonyms

Antonyms can be interpreted as another name for another thing or thing, a lingual unit whose meaning is
opposite/positional to another lingual unit.

4. Collocation

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Collocation or word sanding is an association in using word choices that tend to be used side by side.

5. Hyponyms

Hyponyms can be interpreted as language units whose meaning is considered part of the meaning of
another lingual unit.

6. Equivalent (equivalence)

Equivalence is the equivalence relationship between a certain lingual unit and another lingual unit in a
paradigm. In this case, a number of words resulting from the affixation process of the same morpheme
of origin indicate the existence of an equivalence relationship.

2. Definition of Coherence

Coherence is the relationship between one part and another, so that the sentence has a unified meaning
(Brown and Yule in Mulyana, 2005: 30).

An example of coherence is as follows:

Mr Joni wants to plant corn in his field. Mr Joni's field is very large. Pak Joni prefers to plant corn
because the plant has a high selling value. The corn plants can be sold for animal feed, such as cattle. In
addition, corn can be used as a substitute for staple foods such as rice.
in the discourse above there is coherence because the sentences in it have a complete unity of meaning

Here are the types of Coherence :

1. Addition meaning relationship.

Characterised by the use of words such as and, also, again, anyway, after all

Example: Teenagers today no longer use good and correct language. They prefer to use foreign
languages and local languages.

2. Contrast meaning relationship

Characterised by the use of words such as however, but, and whereas.

Example: The protagonist who carries the mission of goodness is always tripped up and hindered by the
antagonist who plays evil. This is also the case when it comes to discipline. Our conscience wants us to
behave in a disciplined manner as taught by Pancasila, but our passions sometimes arise uncontrollably.

3. Causality meaning relationship.

Characterised by the use of words such as therefore, therefore, therefore, because.

Example: The challenges and temptations of life can only be faced with the strength of faith, this is
because with strong faith, the hardships and sufferings of life do not make a true believer become
desperate, while the pleasures and pleasures of life do not make him forget himself. Therefore,
strengthening our faith in Allah SWT.

4. Condition meaning relationship

Characterised by the use of words such as if, that is, if only.

Example: Laras sat on the floor. She touched Arham's clothes, which were lying on the carpet ready to
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be unpacked. She felt deja-vu. This feeling of pain. She didn't understand why she was experiencing it
again. She couldn't show Liris her feelings, because her sister didn't know how she felt about Radit.
Even if Liris knew, her sister wouldn't care either.

5. Instrument meaning relationship

Characterised by the use of words such as thus, with that, with.

Example: In order for worship to be carried out with the result of increasing the strength of faith, it must
be carried out with sincere intentions, the right method, and the pleasure of Allah which is the goal.

6. Conclusive meaning relationship

Characterised by the use of words such as so, finally.

Example: Pancasila has indeed guided us to behave in a disciplined manner in our daily lives, for
example in practising our respective religions, not on our own. For those who are Muslim, for example,
prayer must be carried out with discipline. Fasting must also be carried out with a high degree of
discipline. Similarly, in practising the other Pancasila precepts in society. So, actually discipline is not
just an official thing, not something that is associated with the officialdom alone.

7. Temporal relationship

Characterised by the use of words such as after that, at that time, before, at that time.

Example: Since the incident, her house has been unoccupied. None of her relatives want to live in her
house. Finally, Surti left her house empty and no one took care of it. When night falls, no one dares to
pass in front of her house.

8. A relationship of intensity.

It is signalled by the use of words such as: even, instead, more.

Example: What Allah has created does show us how great the power of Allah SWT is, one example is
that Allah created humans in large numbers, but none of the humans are the same even though they are
twins, even the palms are not the same so there are strokes on the human fingers that are different from
one another.

9. Comparative meaning relationship

Characterised by the use of words such as: than.

Example: Prabhawati was very angry and she wanted to kill the female parrot but the female escaped.
The male baya who knew Prabhawati's intentions did not reproach her for her actions, he looked for a
way to restrain Madanasena's wife from her bad intentions.

10 Relationships of similarity

Characterised by the use of words such as: similar to, like, such as

Example : Among all the fowls he is the most periodical, his behaviour is like that of a minister who is a
judge.

11. The relationship of validity.

Characterised by the use of words such as true, actually, actually.

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Example: Hang Tuah's successor at Karaton was Hang Jebat, who actually held a grudge against the
king's decree against Hang Tuah. Because of his sense of comradeship Hang Jebat went on a rampage,
many people were killed by the keris given to him by Hang Tuah.

C. Speect Acts

Are acts of communication. To communicate is to express a certain attitude, and the type of speech act
being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed (Geurts, 2019).

Here are the type of Speect Acts :

 Locutionary Act
1. Producing a meaningful linguistic expression, uttering a sentence
2. If you have difficulty with actually forming the sounds and words to create a meaningful
utterance (because you are a foreigner or tongue-tied) then you might fail to produce a
locutionary act: it oftenhappens when we learn a foreign language (Hanna & Richards,
2019)

 Illocutionary Act
Is act the real action which is performed by the utterance. It is the semantic illocutionary force
of the utterance, thus the real, intended meaning.

In performing a illocutionary act, it can be performed such an act as:

- warning = in saying “watch out, the ground is sliperry”, mary performs the speech act of
warning Peter to be careful.

 Perlocutionary Act

Is a speech act that produces an effect, intended or not, achieved in an addressee by a speaker’s utterance
Example :
Persuading, convincing, scaring, insulting, getting the addressee to do something

D. Generic Structure in English Text

TYPE OF ENGLISH TEXT

1. Narrative text
Narrative text is a text that tells a series of events in sequence and conncted to each other. This
type of text has an imaginative nature or an imaginary story that aims to entertain its readers
(Hanna & Richards, 2019).

For the example :

True Friends
There were two close friends who were strolling in the woodland at the same time. They were
aware that anything could possibly go wrong in the wild at any moment. They thus made a
commitment to one another that they would always be together in the event of peril. They
suddenly saw a big bear approaching them. Immediately, one of them ascended a neighboring
tree. Regretfully, however, the second person was unable to ascend the tree. Thus, guided by his
common sense, he collapsed onto the ground, gasping for air, and seemed to be dead. The bear
approached the person who was on the ground. Because the bears are afraid to touch the corpse,
it smelled his ears and gently departed the area. The buddy perched on the tree descended and
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asked his friends on the ground, "Friend, what did the bear whisper in your ears?" "Just now the
bear advised me not to believe a false friend," the other friend retorted.

2. Descriptive text

Descriptive text is to tell the reader about a person, place, animal, object, etc. in detail. In this
text, an object will be described in detail. The function is so that readers can imagine how the
shape, atmosphere or form of an object.

For the example :

Pets
Morty is the adorable little rabbit that I own. When Morty was two months old, I adopted him.
My pet rabbit has four adorable, tiny feet and enjoys jumping on my bed. His large ears often
hide his tiny cheeks. Unlike most rabbits, Morty prefers bananas over other foods, and he has
brown hair. He always comes running and jumping to me to get a bite whenever I eat a banana.
At three months old, Morty's jumping ability has increased even more since the day I brought
him home.

3. Explanation text

is a type of text that answers "how" questions, so it serves to explain how things happen,
logically. Generally, explanation texts are widely used to explain natural, social, and cultural
phenomena. The purpose is to make it easier for readers to understand the content of the text.

For the example :

How Breathe Do Fish?

Animals all breathe the same as people do. But their breathing differs. Inhaling oxygen and
expelling carbon dioxide waste allows us to breathe. Through the mouth or nose, air enters the
lungs, where it is converted into oxygen and then carried by the blood to the rest of the body.
Breathing is a necessary for humans. What does that entail for aquatic animals, then? Fish need
oxygen to survive, just like people do, and they also release carbon dioxide. But these aquatic
species use gills, which are organs similar to the lungs. The organs on the sides of the fish's
head are called gills. There are several tiny blood arteries called capillaries in these gills.The
water will flow over the fish when it opens.

4. Recount text
Recount text is a text that explains the story of a light event, for example a story of traveling,
participating in a competition, and others, the structure of the recount text is orientation, series
of events, then ends with the following.

For the example :

Arrived at school late

I played video games on my PlayStation until two in the morning on Wednesday, which caused
me to arrive late at school. since I had a late wake-up. The class was scheduled to start at 7:00
am, so I woke up around 6.30 am. I hurried to the bath to have a bath. I usually took a bath and
then had breakfast, but that day I skipped that. I always rode my motorcycle to school.
However, I misplaced the key that day. I therefore took public transportation to get to the
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school. I took a little longer. When I rushed to my class at 7.15 a.m. I ran to my class but I saw
my teacher had stood in front of the class to teach. I entered my class and of course my teacher
was angry at me because I came late.
It was my bad experience and I hoped I would not do that again.

5. New item
This one contains news-worthy information. The writer will convey facts about the occurrence
of an event or event that is with the aim that the audience can be more updated

For the example :

Final Examination Soon will be Held

The final exam, which will be administered in two months, will determine whether or not all
Indonesian students will pass the course. Drawing from previous year's experience, a great
number of students are concerned about the test's level of difficulty. Over time, both before and
after the exam, they sobbed.

In elementary school, there are hundreds of failing pupils in every school in Indonesia; at least
698 students do not pass this exam, a sharp decline from the 874 students who failed the
previous year. Meanwhile, because of a discrepancy between the Shine exam and the passing
percentage, the number of students who failed is even lower than it was 749 years ago.

The concern that students will be tested on the exam is usually the root of the issue. However, if
the learner can mentally and with study resources ready himself, this can be overcome.

6. Report text

The report text is used to write a report or information from an object or it can also be from the
results of research if the purpose of the description text is to tell something in detail and more
specific.

For the example :

Rabbit
hare Four-legged herbivorous mammals, rabbits have two strong rear legs that allow them to
hop well, large ears, and a split upper lip. They were first referred to as coneys. Prior to the 18th
century, when the term "Rabbit" gained increased societal acceptance, the juvenile coneys were
addressed by the moniker. Because they are defenseless newborns, living in safe subterranean
dens, rabbits are born naked and blind. There are just a few places in the globe where rabbits
may be found, and those areas are categorized into eight genera: Pentalagus, Bunolagus,
Nesolagus, Romerolagus, Brachylagus, Sylvilagus, Oryctolagus, and Poelagus. Every rabbit has
a characteristic short tail. They typically weigh between half and two kilograms and have a
body length of 20 to 50 centimeters. Although the longevity of an adult rabbit in its natural
habitat is documented at three years, it is also thought that rabbits can live longer in situations
where they are not cared for by humans. They spend roughly eight hours sleeping in their
subterranean tunnels, just like humans do. They range widely in color, from white to brown to
black to grey, but the majority of them combine several hues. Rabbits use a variety of body
postures and noises to communicate with one another.

7. Procedure Teks

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Procedure text is a description of how to make something. In Indonesian, it is also called a
"tutorial" so this text will focus on the steps that the audience must follow, the generic structure
is material, then steps or methods.

For the example :

How to Make Bregedel Tempe

Ingredients:

- 150 g tempe
- 1 egg
- 1 tablespoon flour
- 1 spoon seasoning stock
- 1 cup vegetable oil for frying

Steps:

- Mash the tempe with a fork.

- Put the mashed tempe in a bowl and mix with the flour and seasoning stock,
followed by an egg.
- Shape the tempe into the size of a golf ball and flatten it a little with a fork.
- Heat the vegetable oil in a medium flame. When the oil is hot, drop the tempe into
the oil, five or six at a time.
- Fry until golden brown on both sides, drain on absorbent paper, and serve hot with
chili or sauce.

8. Exposition text
is an argument or opinion in response to an issue that is happening in the midst of society. It
aims to inform the reader of important events. But not infrequently this text triggers various
types of pros and cons. The structure of the exposition text is thesis, argument, and reiteration
(Uzokova, 2020)

For the example :

Why should we continue our study to University?

These days, humanization is achieved through education. It is said to help people grow
intellectually and improve their aptitude and skills. They may be able to retain information and
use it later in life as a result.

These days, everything expands quickly, and in many industries, competition has become the
norm. People must endure the competition in the age of globalization. Unquestionably, people
must fulfill certain requirements in order to be considered for better jobs and salaries;
education, or at least a degree, is always at the top of the list. People must thus attend
universities.

A university offers more than just knowledge and skill-based education. There are plenty of
chances to develop their network, which is crucial to advancing their profession.

Due to some reasons that have been explained above, people should continue their studies at
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university as the bridge to brighten up their future and a better life.

9. Announcement text
is writing that contains an announcement of an event or notification to the public, the
announcement can be found on bulletin boards, reports, newspapers, magazines and other
public places.

For the example :

ANNOUNCEMENT

To All Second Grade Students

All library books have to be returned on the 22nd of May, 2009. They should be covered with
non-colorful wrapping plastic.

Lost books must be replaced with the ones of similar subjects. Fine will be charged to the late
return of the books.

Students who have handed on all books will get receipts that have too submitted to the
administration officers.

Library Staff

10. Discussion text

Discussion texts can be used to convey opinions or arguments on issues that have occurred. The
difference in this text can be filled with opinions that come from more than one person. The
generic structures in this text are: statement of issue, supporting points, contrasting points

For the example :

Television
We now live with television in our lives. We watch TV a lot in our daily lives. Even while we
are working, we typically watch television after work or when we get together with family. TV
has both positive and negative affects on our life. Pongid holds a distinct fundamental
viewpoint regarding the advantages and disadvantages of watching television. Watching TV
for extended periods of time reduces our mobility, which is one of these negative effects. They
claim that TV has an impact on day-to-day living. Sometimes we are munching more while
watching TV and are unaware of it. TV has an impact on children's behavior as well. Less
instructive television programs can inspire rudeness and violence. Nonetheless, other
viewpoints also assert that television has a positive influence. We have access to a wealth of
data. We can learn about a variety of scenarios that arise in different cities from TV. Watching
TV also helps us unwind. We turn on the TV to watch comedic and humorous videos after
working all day.

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 E. Multi Modal Discourse

Multimodal discourse analysis is an approach that looks at different modes of communication

such as text, color, and image. It is a method of discursive analysis that looks at not only how
individuals communicate, but how they interact with each other to create semiotic meaning
(Hanna & Richards, 2019).

Kress (2010) further states that, "Using three modes in one sign - text, image, and color - has
real benefits. Each mode does a specific thing: pictures show what takes too long to read, and
writing names what is difficult to display. Color is used to highlight specific aspects of the
overall message" (p. 1). Therefore, looking at multiple modes at once results in a more nuanced
and complex analysis, especially when looking at online environments.(Yang et al., 2022)

For example the product

 An advertisement may aim to persuade a person to buy a particular product

 If the person is convinced by the advertisement and buys the product, this is the effect

F. Process, Participant and Circumtanced

1. Participants is
These are the people or entities involved
Participant can be :
 the “doer” of an action (agent, actor)
 the ‘experience’ or ‘senser’ of a state or feeling
 the ‘sayer’ of something
 the ‘carrier’ of an attribute
 something/someone which is impacted on, affected by ‘done to’ or ‘receiver’ of an
action

2. Processes is
Participants are linked by processes, which are realised by verbs.
Hallidays identified 6 process types
 Material – processes of doing (work, arrest, erupt, climb, elect…)
 Relational – processes of being and having (be, have, stand…..)
 Mental – processes of sensing and feeling (feel, think, wish, believe….)
 Verbal – processes of saying ( say, tell, report, write, command, deny..)
 Behavioural – processes of human behaviour ( sleep, cough, look, listen….)
 Existential – processes which are signalled by there, such as there is/there are

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 3. Circumtanced

Is the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event or an action
There are 8 types of ciscumtances :

TYPE SUBTYPE WH QUESTION

Extend Distance How far ?
Duration How long ? How many?
Frequency How many times ?
Location Place Where ?
Time When ?
Manner Means How ? What with ?
Quality How ? How -ly?
Comparison How ? What like ?
Cause Reason Why? How?
Purpose What for ?
Behalf Who for ?
Contingency Condition In what case/event?
Concession Inpite/ Despite what?
Default In the absenceof/in default of
what?
Accompaniment Comitation Who/ What with/ What else?
Addition And who/ What else?
Role Guise What’ as’?
Product What into?
Matter What about ?
Angle Who Says ?

G. Speech Function

The function of Speech:

 Affective (or Social) function

 Referential ( or informative) function

a) Expressive utterances: express the speaker’s feeling

Example : I’m happy today, I am afraid

b) Directive utterences : attempt to get someone to do something

Example : Wash the clothes, Could you close the door?

c) Referential utterances : provide information

Example : The second presenter will be Mrs. Hanna, Make up speaking class will be held on
Monday at 1 pm.
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 d) Metalinguistic utterances: comment on language itself

Exampple : ‘hegemony’ is not a common word, ‘Nat’ has to be added by affixes

e) Poetic utterances : focus on aesthetic features of language

Example : Peter piper picked a peck of picked

f) Phatic utterances : express solidarity and empathy with others

Example : HI, how are you?, lovely day, isn’t it

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING
3.1. Conclusion

The delivery of messages in this modern era is very varied, both in terms of the media used,
such as e-mail, SMS, internet, and speeches, as well as the methods used, such as discussions,
lectures, etc. A very common way of conveying messages is through literary works such as
novels, songs, and poems. However, all of these are free because they are bound by their status
as literary works or free works of art. Unlike poetry, songs, and novels, Discourse emerges as
a medium for conveying messages, opinions, and arguments that have very clear and complex
standard rules.

Discourse is one of the most effective media for conveying messages, because it is very
flexible in its use. In the use of discourse there are many types and kinds. When it is viewed in
terms of the media used, there is oral discourse and written discourse, as well as when
discourse is viewed in terms of how it is presented, there is Narration, Persuasion,
Argumentation, Exposition, and Description. With this variety of discourse, discourse is
always used by many people in conveying their messages or arguments.

The writer hope that with this paper that discusses completely about discourse, it can provide a
good understanding to the readers, so that they can apply and know the discourse itself.

3.2. Suggestion

This paper is still far from perfect. For this reason, so the authors hope that various
constructive criticisms and suggestions from the Discourse Analysis Lecturer and all readers
will be constructive in order to improve the next paper.

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