296 Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits

TABLE 8.4 In Determining the Step Response of a Second-Order Circuit, We Apply the Appropriate Equations Depending
on the Damping

Damping Step Response Equationsa Coefficient Equations

Overdamped x(t) = Xf + A1œ es1t + A2œ es2t x(0) = Xf + A1œ + A2œ ;

dx>dt(0) = A1œ s1 + A2œ s2

Underdamped x(t) = Xf + (B1œ cos vdt + B2œ sin vdt)e - a t x(0) = Xf + B1œ ;
dx>dt(0) = -aB1œ + vdB2œ

Critically damped x(t) = Xf + D1œ te - a t + D2œ e - a t x(0) = Xf + D2œ ;

dx>dt(0) = D1œ - aD2œ
a
where Xf is the final value of x(t).

Problems
Sections 8.1–8.2
8.1 The circuit elements in the circuit in Fig. 8.1 are 8.5 Suppose the inductor in the circuit shown in Fig. 8.1
PSPICE R = 125 Æ, L = 200 mH, and C = 5 mF. The has a value of 10 mH. The voltage response for
MULTISIM
initial inductor current is -0.3 A and the initial t Ú 0 is
capacitor voltage is 25 V.
v(t) = 40e-1000t - 90e-4000t V.
a) Calculate the initial current in each branch of
the circuit. a) Determine the numerical values of v0, a, C,
b) Find v(t) for t Ú 0. and R.
c) Find iL(t) for t Ú 0. b) Calculate iR(t), iL(t), and iC(t) for t Ú 0+.

8.2 The resistance in Problem 8.1 is decreased to 8.6 The natural voltage response of the circuit in
PSPICE 100 Æ. Find the expression for v(t) for t Ú 0. Fig. 8.1 is
MULTISIM
8.3 The resistance in Problem 8.1 is decreased to 80 Æ. v(t) = 120e-400t cos 300t + 80e-400t sin 300t V,
PSPICE Find the expression for v(t) for t Ú 0.
MULTISIM when the capacitor is 250 mF. Find (a) L; (b) R;
8.4 The resistance, inductance, and capacitance in a (c) V0 ; (d) I0 ; and (e) iL(t).
parallel RLC circuit are 2000 Æ, 250 mH, and
10 nF, respectively. 8.7 The voltage response for the circuit in Fig. 8.1 is
a) Calculate the roots of the characteristic equa- known to be
tion that describe the voltage response of the v(t) = D1te-80t + D2e-80t, t Ú 0.
circuit.
b) Will the response be over-, under-, or critically The initial current in the inductor (I0) is -25 mA,
damped? and the initial voltage on the capacitor ( V0) is 5 V.
The resistor has a value of 50 Æ .
c) What value of R will yield a damped frequency
of 12 krad>s? a) Find the values of C, L, D1, and D2.
d) What are the roots of the characteristic equation b) Find iC(t) for t Ú 0+.
for the value of R found in (c)? 8.8 In the circuit shown in Fig. 8.1, a 20 mH inductor is
e) What value of R will result in a critically damped PSPICE shunted by a 500 nF capacitor, the resistor R is
response? MULTISIM
adjusted for critical damping, and I0 = 120 mA.
 Problems 297

a)
Calculate the numerical value of R. 8.15 The inductor in the circuit of Fig. P8.14 is increased
Calculate v(t) for t Ú 0.
b) to 80 mH. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
Find v(t) when iC(t) = 0.
c) 8.16 The inductor in the circuit of Fig. P8.14 is increased
d)
What percentage of the initially stored energy to 125 mH. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
remains stored in the circuit at the instant iC(t)
is 0? 8.17 a) Design a parallel RLC circuit (see Fig. 8.1) using
component values from Appendix H, with a
8.9 The natural response for the circuit shown in Fig. 8.1 resonant radian frequency of 5000 rad>s.
is known to be Choose a resistor or create a resistor network so
v(t) = -11e -100t + 20e -400t V, t Ú 0. that the response is critically damped. Draw
your circuit.
If C = 2 mF and L = 12.5 H, find iL(0+) in milli-
amperes. b) Calculate the roots of the characteristic equa-
tion for the resistance in part (a).
8.10 The resistor in the circuit in Example 8.4 is changed
PSPICE to 3200 Æ. 8.18 a) Change the resistance for the circuit you
MULTISIM
a) Find the numerical expression for v(t) when t Ú 0. designed in Problem 8.5(a) so that the response
is underdamped. Continue to use components
b) Plot v(t) versus t for the time interval
from Appendix H. Calculate the roots of the
0 … t … 7 ms. Compare this response with
characteristic equation for this new resistance.
the one in Example 8.4 (R = 20 kÆ ) and
Example 8.5 (R = 4 kÆ ). In particular, compare b) Change the resistance for the circuit you designed
peak values of v(t) and the times when these in Problem 8.5(a) so that the response is over-
peak values occur. damped. Continue to use components from
Appendix H. Calculate the roots of the character-
8.11 The two switches in the circuit seen in Fig. P8.11 oper-
istic equation for this new resistance.
PSPICE ate synchronously. When switch 1 is in position a,
MULTISIM
switch 2 is in position d.When switch 1 moves to posi- 8.19 In the circuit in Fig. 8.1, R = 5 kÆ, L = 8 H,
tion b, switch 2 moves to position c. Switch 1 has been PSPICE C = 125 nF, V0 = 30 V, and I0 = 6 mA.
in position a for a long time. At t = 0, the switches MULTISIM
a) Find v(t) for t Ú 0.
move to their alternate positions. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
b) Find the first three values of t for which dv>dt is
Figure P8.11 zero. Let these values of t be denoted t1, t2,
a b and t3.
c d 75 
c) Show that t3 - t1 = Td.
t=0 d) Show that t2 - t1 = Td>2.
250   t=0

5A 50  vo(t) 100V e) Calculate v(t1), v(t2), and v(t3).
160 mH 
 25 mF f) Sketch v(t) versus t for 0 … t … t2.

8.20 a) Find v(t) for t Ú 0 in the circuit in Problem 8.19

8.12 The resistor in the circuit of Fig. P8.11 is decreased
PSPICE if the 5 kÆ resistor is removed from the
MULTISIM
from 50 Æ to 40 Æ . Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
PSPICE circuit.
MULTISIM
b) Calculate the frequency of v(t) in hertz.
8.13 The resistor in the circuit of Fig. P8.11 is decreased
from 50 Æ to 32 Æ . Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
PSPICE
c) Calculate the maximum amplitude of v(t) in
MULTISIM volts.
8.14 The switch in the circuit of Fig. P8.14 has been in
PSPICE position a for a long time. At t = 0 the switch moves 8.21 Assume the underdamped voltage response of the
MULTISIM
instantaneously to position b. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0. circuit in Fig. 8.1 is written as

Figure P8.14 v(t) = (A1 + A2)e-at cos vdt + j(A1 - A2)e-at sin vdt
t=0
10if if The initial value of the inductor current is I0, and
6 k
  the initial value of the capacitor voltage is V0.
a b 
Show that A2 is the conjugate of A1. (Hint: Use

50 V 4 k vo 51.2 mH 150  60  the same process as outlined in the text to find A1
 8 mF and A2.)

298 Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits

8.22 Show that the results obtained from Problem 8.21— Figure P8.30
that is, the expressions for A1 and A2—are consistent 16 
with Eqs. 8.30 and 8.31 in the text.
t0 
8.23 The initial value of the voltage v in the circuit in 
4V 0.5 H vo 312.5 mF
Fig. 8.1 is zero, and the initial value of the capacitor 

current, ic(0+), is 45 mA. The expression for the
capacitor current is known to be
8.31 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P8.31 has been open
ic(t) = A1e-200t + A2e-800t, t Ú 0+, PSPICE for a long time before closing at t = 0. Find io(t) for
when R is 250 Æ. Find
MULTISIM
t Ú 0.
a) the values of a, v0, L, C, A1, and A2
Figure P8.31
diC(0+) diL(0+) diR(0 +) -v(0) 1 iC(0 +) 20 
io
¢ Hint: = - - = - ≤
dt dt dt L R C 
t0

b) the expression for v(t), t Ú 0, 60 V 31.25 mF vo 50 mH

c) the expression for iR(t) Ú 0, 
d) the expression for iL(t) Ú 0.
8.32 a) For the circuit in Fig. P8.31, find vo for t Ú 0.
Section 8.3 PSPICE
b) Show that your solution for vo is consistent with
8.24 For the circuit in Example 8.6, find, for t Ú 0, MULTISIM
the solution for io in Problem 8.31.
(a) v(t); (b) iR(t); and (c) iC(t).
PSPICE
MULTISIM
8.25 For the circuit in Example 8.7, find, for t Ú 0, 8.33 There is no energy stored in the circuit in Fig. P8.33
(a) v(t) and (b) iC(t).
PSPICE when the switch is closed at t = 0. Find io(t)
MULTISIM
for t Ú 0.
8.26 For the circuit in Example 8.8, find v(t) for t Ú 0.
PSPICE Figure P8.33
MULTISIM
io
8.27 Assume that at the instant the 2A dc current source 125 
PSPICE is applied to the circuit in Fig. P8.27, the initial cur-
MULTISIM
rent in the 25 mH inductor is 1 A, and the initial t0 

voltage on the capacitor is 50 V (positive at the 25 V 6.25 mF vo 250 mH

upper terminal). Find the expression for iL(t) for 
t Ú 0 if R equals 12.5 Æ.
8.34 a) For the circuit in Fig. P8.33, find vo for t Ú 0.
Figure P8.27
PSPICE
MULTISIM
b) Show that your solution for vo is consistent with
the solution for io in Problem 8.33.
2A iL(t) 25 mH 62.5 mF R
8.35 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P8.35 has been in the
PSPICE left position for a long time before moving to the
MULTISIM
right position at t = 0. Find
a) iL(t) for t Ú 0,
8.28 The resistance in the circuit in Fig. P8.27 is changed
to 8 Æ. Find iL(t) for t Ú 0.
PSPICE b) vC (t) for t Ú 0.
MULTISIM
Figure P8.35
8.29 The resistance in the circuit in Fig. P8.27 is changed
1 k
PSPICE to 10 Æ. Find iL(t) for t Ú 0.
MULTISIM
t=0 iL(t)
8.30 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P8.30 has been
 3 k 100 mA
PSPICE open a long time before closing at t = 0. At the 100 V  250 mH 40 
MULTISIM 
time the switch closes, the capacitor has no stored vC(t) 25 mF
energy. Find vo for t Ú 0. 
 Problems 299

8.36 Use the circuit in Fig. P8.35 behavior of the current i are -4000 s-1 and
PSPICE
a) Find the total energy delivered to the inductor. -16,000 s-1
MULTISIM
b) Find the total energy delivered to the 40 Æ a) Find the numerical values of R and L.
resistor. b) Find the numerical values of i(0) and di(0)>dt
c) Find the total energy delivered to the capacitor. immediately after the switch has been closed.
d) Find the total energy delivered by the current c) Find i(t) for t Ú 0.
source. d) How many microseconds after the switch closes
e) Check the results of parts (a) through (d) does the current reach its maximum value?
against the conservation of energy principle. e) What is the maximum value of i in milliamperes?
f) Find vL(t) for t Ú 0.
8.37 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P8.37 has been
PSPICE open a long time before closing at t = 0. Find iL(t)
Figure P8.41
MULTISIM
for t Ú 0.
R
Figure P8.37
t0 i(t) 
300 
31.25 nF L vL(t)
t=0
 
36 V iL 20 mH 500 nF 150  20 mA

8.42 In the circuit in Fig. P8.42, the resistor is adjusted
PSPICE for critical damping. The initial capacitor voltage is
MULTISIM
8.38 Switches 1 and 2 in the circuit in Fig. P8.38 are syn- 15 V, and the initial inductor current is 6 mA.
PSPICE chronized. When switch 1 is opened, switch 2 closes a) Find the numerical value of R.
MULTISIM
and vice versa. Switch 1 has been open a long time b) Find the numerical values of i and di>dt immedi-
before closing at t = 0. Find iL(t) for t Ú 0. ately after the switch is closed.
c) Find vC(t) for t Ú 0.
Figure P8.38
10  Switch 1 t=0
Figure P8.42
t=0 Switch 2 R
 80 V 10  250mF iL
 16 mH 1 k 10 A
 t0 i
vC 320 nF 125 mH

Section 8.4
8.43 a) Design a series RLC circuit (see Fig. 8.3) using
8.39 The current in the circuit in Fig. 8.3 is known to be
component values from Appendix H, with a res-
onant radian frequency of 20 krad>s. Choose a
i = B1e -2000t cos 1500t + B2e -2000t sin 1500t, t Ú 0.
resistor or create a resistor network so that the
response is critically damped. Draw your circuit.
The capacitor has a value of 80 nF; the initial value
of the current is 7.5 mA; and the initial voltage on b) Calculate the roots of the characteristic equa-
the capacitor is –30 V. Find the values of R, L, B1, tion for the resistance in part (a).
and B2.
8.44 a) Change the resistance for the circuit you
8.40 Find the voltage across the 80 nF capacitor for the designed in Problem 8.43(a) so that the response
circuit described in Problem 8.39. Assume the refer- is underdamped. Continue to use components
ence polarity for the capacitor voltage is positive at from Appendix H. Calculate the roots of the
the upper terminal. characteristic equation for this new resistance.
b) Change the resistance for the circuit you
8.41 The initial energy stored in the 31.25 nF capacitor designed in Problem 8.43(a) so that the response
in the circuit in Fig. P8.41 is 9 mJ. The initial energy is overdamped. Continue to use components
stored in the inductor is zero. The roots of the from Appendix H. Calculate the roots of the
characteristic equation that describes the natural characteristic equation for this new resistance.
300 Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits

8.45 The circuit shown in Fig. P8.45 has been in Figure P8.48
PSPICE operation for a long time. At t = 0, the two 100  a b 20  12 
MULTISIM
switches move to the new positions shown in the

figure. Find  t=0
a) io(t) for t Ú 0, 300 V va 2 mH
 5 mF
b) vo(t) for t Ú 0. 

Figure P8.45
t=0 8.49 The initial energy stored in the circuit in Fig. P8.49
t = 0 500  50 
is zero. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
PSPICE
MULTISIM
io(t)
 
Figure P8.49
4A 100  vo(t) 10 mF 400 mH 
100 V
 250 mH

t=0
8.46 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.46 has +
PSPICE been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, the 80 mA 200  vo(t) 16 mF
MULTISIM
switch is moved instantaneously to position b. Find −
i(t) for t Ú 0.

Figure P8.46
40  8.50 The resistor in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.49 is
a b PSPICE changed to 250 Æ . The initial energy stored is still
i MULTISIM
zero. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
t=0 200 mF
75 mA 50  8.51 The resistor in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.49 is
80 mH
changed to 312.5 Æ . The initial energy stored is still
zero. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
8.47 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.47 has
been closed for a long time. The switch opens at 8.52 The switch in the circuit of Fig. P8.52 has been in
t = 0. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0 + .
PSPICE position a for a long time. At t = 0 the switch
MULTISIM
moves instantaneously to position b. Find vo(t) for
Figure P8.47 t Ú 0.
300 
Figure P8.52
80  b 960 
100  100  t=0
160  a 480  0.5 mH
20   
 vo(t) 
31.25 mF 28 V 12.5 nF 20 V

200 mH vo  
100 V 
 

t=0 8.53 The circuit shown in Fig. P8.53 has been in operation
PSPICE for a long time. At t = 0, the source voltage suddenly
drops to 150 V. Find vo(t) for t Ú 0.
MULTISIM

8.48 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P8.48 has been in

PSPICE position a for a long time. At t = 0, the switch moves Figure P8.53
MULTISIM
instantaneously to position b. 25  250 mH
a) What is the initial value of va? 
b) What is the initial value of dva>dt? 200 V

2.5 mF vo(t)

c) What is the numerical expression for va(t) 
for t Ú 0?
 Problems 301

8.54 The two switches in the circuit seen in Fig. P8.55 c) Let tn = np>vd, and show that vC(tn)
PSPICE operate synchronously. When switch 1 is in posi- = V - V(-1)ne-anp>vd.
MULTISIM
tion a, switch 2 is closed. When switch 1 is in posi- d) Show that
tion b, switch 2 is open. Switch 1 has been in
position a for a long time. At t = 0, it moves instan- 1 vC(t1) - V
taneously to position b. Find vc(t) for t Ú 0. a = ln ,
Td vC(t3) - V

Figure P8.54 where Td = t3 - t1.

4 a 8.58 The voltage across a 100 nF capacitor in the circuit
t0
1 8  100 mH of Fig. 8.15 is described as follows: After the switch
2
has been closed for several seconds, the voltage is
b 
 t0 constant at 100 V. The first time the voltage exceeds
150 V 2
  2 mF vc(t) 18  100 V, it reaches a peak of 163.84 V. This occurs

60 V p>7 ms after the switch has been closed. The second
 time the voltage exceeds 100 V, it reaches a peak of
126.02 V. This second peak occurs 3p>7 after the
switch has been closed. At the time when the switch
8.55 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.55 has is closed, there is no energy stored in either the
been closed for a long time before it is opened at capacitor or the inductor. Find the numerical values
t = 0. Assume that the circuit parameters are such of R and L. (Hint: Work Problem 8.57 first.)
that the response is underdamped.
a) Derive the expression for vo(t) as a function of Section 8.5
Vg, a, vd, C, and R for t Ú 0. 8.59 Show that, if no energy is stored in the circuit
b) Derive the expression for the value of t when shown in Fig. 8.19 at the instant vg jumps in value,
the magnitude of vo is maximum. then dvo>dt equals zero at t = 0.

Figure P8.55 8.60 a) Find the equation for vo(t) for 0 … t … tsat in
PSPICE the circuit shown in Fig. 8.19 if vo1(0) = 5 V and
t0 MULTISIM
vo(0) = 8 V.
b) How long does the circuit take to reach
R saturation?

C 8.61 a) Rework Example 8.14 with feedback resistors

Vg L vo(t) R1 and R2 removed.

 b) Rework Example 8.14 with vo1(0) = -2 V and
vo(0) = 4 V.
8.56 The circuit parameters in the circuit of Fig. P8.55 8.62 a) Derive the differential equation that relates the
PSPICE are R = 480 Æ, L = 8 mH, C = 50 nF, and output voltage to the input voltage for the cir-
MULTISIM
vg = -24 V. cuit shown in Fig. P8.62.
a) Express vo(t) numerically for t Ú 0. b) Compare the result with Eq. 8.75 when
b) How many microseconds after the switch opens R1C1 = R2C2 = RC in Fig. 8.18.
is the inductor voltage maximum? c) What is the advantage of the circuit shown in
c) What is the maximum value of the inductor Fig. P8.62?
voltage?
Figure P8.62
d) Repeat (a)–(c) with R reduced to 96 Æ.
C C
8.57 Assume that the capacitor voltage in the circuit of
Fig. 8.15 is underdamped. Also assume that no R/2
energy is stored in the circuit elements when the R R VCC
switch is closed. 

a) Show that dvC>dt = (v20>vd)Ve-at sin vdt. vg 2C  
VCC
b) Show that dvC>dt = 0 when t = np>vd, where 
vo
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . . 
302 Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits

8.63 The voltage signal of Fig. P8.63(a) is applied to proportional to the spring displacement, that
PSPICE the cascaded integrating amplifiers shown in the mass is constant, and that the frictional
MULTISIM
Fig. P8.63(b). There is no energy stored in the force is directly proportional to the velocity of
capacitors at the instant the signal is applied. the moving mass.
a) Derive the numerical expressions for vo(t) and b) Rewrite the differential equation derived in (a)
vo1(t) for the time intervals 0 … t … 0.5 s and so that the highest order derivative is expressed
0.5 s … t … tsat. as a function of all the other terms in the equa-
b) Compute the value of tsat. tion. Now assume that a voltage equal to
d2x>dt2 is available and by successive integra-
Figure P8.63 tions generates dx>dt and x. We can synthesize
vg (mV) the coefficients in the equations by scaling
amplifiers, and we can combine the terms
required to generate d2x>dt2 by using a sum-
80 ming amplifier. With these ideas in mind, ana-
lyze the interconnection shown in Fig. P8.65(b).
t (s) In particular, describe the purpose of each
0 0.5 1
40 shaded area in the circuit and describe the sig-
nal at the points labeled B, C, D, E, and F,
(a) assuming the signal at A represents d2x>dt2.
Also discuss the parameters R; R1 , C1 ; R2 , C2 ;
500 nF R3 , R4 ; R5 , R6 ; and R7 , R8 in terms of the coef-
200 nF ficients in the differential equation.
100 k 5V
 400 k 12.5 V
 Sections 8.1–8.5
  
vg
 5 V vo1   8.66 a) Suppose the circuit in Fig. 8.21 has a 5 nH induc-
 12.5 V vo
 tor and a 2 pF capacitor. Calculate the fre-
quency, in GHz, of the sinusoidal output for
(b)
t Ú 0.
8.64 The circuit in Fig. P8.63(b) is modified by adding a b) The dc voltage source and series-connected
PSPICE 1 MÆ resistor in parallel with the 500 nF capacitor resistor in Fig. 8.21 are used to establish the ini-
MULTISIM
and a 5 MÆ resistor in parallel with the 200 nF tial energy in the inductor. If V = 10 V and
capacitor. As in Problem 8.63, there is no energy R = 25 Æ , calculate the initial energy stored in
stored in the capacitors at the time the signal is the inductor.
applied. Derive the numerical expressions for vo(t) c) What is the total energy stored in the LC circuit
and vo1(t) for the time intervals 0 … t … 0.5 s and for any time t Ú 0?
t Ú 0.5 s.
8.67 Consider the LC oscillator circuit in Fig. 8.21.
Assume that V = 4 V, R = 10 Æ , and L = 1 nH.
8.65 We now wish to illustrate how several op amp cir-
cuits can be interconnected to solve a differential a) Calculate the value of capacitance, C, that will
equation. produce a sinusoidal output with a frequency of
2 GHz for t Ú 0.
a) Derive the differential equation for the spring-
mass system shown in Fig. P8.65(a). Assume b) Write the expression for the output voltage,
that the force exerted by the spring is directly vo(t), for t Ú 0.
 Problems 303

Figure P8.65

x(t)

K
M f (t)
D

(a)

R8
2
R7 3
f(t)  R 4
R C1
 F C2
R
 A R1
E  B R2
R   C

D 

5
R3

R4



6


R5

R6

(b)

8.68 Suppose the inductor and capacitor in the LC oscil- b) Is the response of this circuit over-, under-, or
lator circuit in Fig. 8.21 are not ideal, but instead have critically damped?
some small resistance that can be lumped together. c) What is the actual frequency of oscillation, in
Assume that V = 10 V, R = 25 Æ , L = 5 nH, and GHz?
C = 2 pF, just as in Problem 8.66. Suppose the resist-
d) Approximately how long will the circuit oscillate?
ance associated with the inductor and capacitor is
10 m Æ .
a) Calculate the values of the neper frequency, a,
and the resonant radian frequency, v0 .