All Selenium concepts with

examples
In Java

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Opening and Closing Browsers

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); // Open Chrome

driver.get("https://www.example.com"); // Navigate to URL

driver.quit(); // Close all browser windows

driver.close(); // Close the current browser window

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Element Interaction

driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("testuser"); // Enter text

driver.findElement(By.name("submit")).click(); // Click a button

driver.findElement(By.linkText("Home")).click(); // Click a link

driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@class='message']")).getText(); // Get text

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Navigation

driver.navigate().to("https://www.newsite.com"); // Navigate to a new URL

driver.navigate().back(); // Go back to the previous page

driver.navigate().forward(); // Go forward to the next page

driver.navigate().refresh(); // Refresh the current page

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Window and Frame Handling

driver.switchTo().window("windowName"); // Switch to a specific window

driver.switchTo().frame("frameId"); // Switch to a frame

driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); // Switch back to the main content

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Browser Management

driver.manage().window().maximize(); // Maximize the browser window

driver.manage().window().fullscreen(); // Set full-screen mode

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // Set

implicit wait

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Mouse and Keyboard Actions

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

actions.moveToElement(element).click().build().perform(); // Move to and click

actions.doubleClick(element).perform(); // Double-click

actions.dragAndDrop(source, target).perform(); // Drag and drop

actions.sendKeys(element, "text").perform(); // Send keystrokes

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Assertions

Assert.assertTrue(element.isDisplayed()); // Assert element visibility

Assert.assertEquals(driver.getTitle(), "Expected Title"); // Assert title

By default these are hard assertions, means if these fail then tests will be
exited or stopped

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Soft Assertions
SoftAssert softassert = new SoftAssert();

//Soft assert applied to verify title

softassert.assertEquals(ActualTitle, ExpectedTitle);

softassert.assertAll();

By default these assertions, do not stop if these assertions fail & are reported
in your test reports

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Explicit Wait

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);

wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(element)); // Explicit wait

These are conditional waits & can be applied to satisfy a particular condition, then
continue test execution if condition met or failed if not met in mentioned amount of time

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Implicit Wait
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

Once the command is run, Implicit Wait remains for the entire duration for which
the browser is open. It’s default setting is 0, and the specific wait time needs to be
set by the following protocol.

Implicit wait increases test script execution time

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 Fluent Wait - looks for a web element repeatedly at regular intervals until timeout happens or until the object is found
FluentWait wait = new FluentWait(driver);
//Specify the timeout of the wait
wait.withTimeout(5000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
//Specify polling time
wait.pollingEvery(250, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
//Specify what exceptions to ignore
wait.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class)
//This is how we specify the condition to wait on.
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
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 Alerts

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

alert.accept(); // Accept an alert

alert.dismiss(); // Dismiss an alert

alert.sendKeys("text"); // Send text to an alert

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 Getting Page Information

driver.getTitle(); // Get the page title

driver.getCurrentUrl(); // Get the current URL

driver.getPageSource(); // Get the entire page source code

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 Element Information

element.isDisplayed(); // Check if an element is visible

element.isEnabled(); // Check if an element is enabled

element.isSelected(); // Check if an element is selected

element.getAttribute("attribute_name"); // Get an element's attribute value

element.getTagName(); // Get an element's tag name

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 Menu Handling

Select select = new Select(element); // Create a Select object for dropdowns

select.selectByIndex(1); // Select an option by index

select.selectByValue("option2"); // Select an option by value

select.selectByVisibleText("Option 3"); // Select an option by visible text

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 Keyboard Actions

actions.keyDown(Keys.CONTROL).sendKeys("a").keyUp(Keys.CONTROL).perfor
m(); // Ctrl+A

actions.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT).sendKeys("hello").keyUp(Keys.SHIFT).perform(); //
Type "HELLO"
actions.sendKeys(Keys.ENTER).perform(); // Press Enter

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 Mouse Actions

actions.contextClick(element).perform(); // Right-click

actions.clickAndHold(element).perform(); // Click and hold

actions.release(element).perform(); // Release the mouse button

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 Taking Screenshots
File screenshot = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

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 Switching to Iframes
driver.switchTo().frame("iframe_name");

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 Scrolling

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(0, 1000)");

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

// Scroll down a specific distance:
actions.moveToElement(element).clickAndHold().moveByOffset(0,
500).release().build().perform();
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 Cookie Management

Get all cookies: Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();

Get a specific cookie: Cookie cookie =
driver.manage().getCookieNamed("cookie_name");
Add a cookie: driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("cookie_name",
"cookie_value"));
Delete a cookie: driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("cookie_name");
Delete all cookies: driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

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 Alert Handling (Extended)

Dismiss an alert: alert.dismiss();

Get alert text: String alertText = alert.getText();

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 Page Source Interactions

Find elements in page source: List<WebElement> elements =

driver.findElements(By.xpath("//*"));

Execute JavaScript code: JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;

js.executeScript("document.getElementById('myElement').click();");

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 Advanced Navigation

Refresh the page with hard reload: driver.navigate().refresh(true);

Navigate to a page relative to the current URL:

driver.navigate().to("new_page.html");

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 Logging and Reporting
Enable logging: System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.logfile",
"chromedriver.log");

Create custom test reports: Utilize third-party libraries like ExtentReports or Allure
or TestNG reports

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 Headless Mode
Run tests without a visible browser: ChromeOptions options = new
ChromeOptions();

options.addArguments("--headless");

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

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 Setting browser capabilities
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();

options.addArguments("--start-maximized");

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

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 Disabling images
options.addArguments("--disable-images");

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 Enabling experimental features
options.setExperimentalOption("useAutomationExtension", false);

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 Uploading Files

Using sendKeys() for file uploads:

WebElement uploadElement = driver.findElement(By.id("upload"));

uploadElement.sendKeys("C:\\path\\to\\file.txt");

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 Handling Shadow DOM Elements

Using executeScript() to interact with shadow DOM:

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
WebElement shadowRoot = (WebElement)js.executeScript("return
document.querySelector('shadow-host').shadowRoot");
WebElement element =
shadowRoot.findElement(By.id("element-inside-shadow-dom"));

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 Cross-Browser Testing:

Using different WebDriver implementations for various browsers:

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver();

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 Different Browser Options
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setCapability("browserName", "chrome");
options.setCapability("version", "104.0");
options.setCapability("platformName", "Windows 10");
options.addArguments("--start-maximized");
options.setCapability("acceptInsecureCerts", true);

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

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 Refer to Selenium Documentation for insights
Selenium Documentation Link

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