All Selenium concepts with
examples
In Java
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Opening and Closing Browsers
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); // Open Chrome
driver.get("https://www.example.com"); // Navigate to URL
driver.quit(); // Close all browser windows
driver.close(); // Close the current browser window
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Element Interaction
driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("testuser"); // Enter text
driver.findElement(By.name("submit")).click(); // Click a button
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Home")).click(); // Click a link
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@class='message']")).getText(); // Get text
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Navigation
driver.navigate().to("https://www.newsite.com"); // Navigate to a new URL
driver.navigate().back(); // Go back to the previous page
driver.navigate().forward(); // Go forward to the next page
driver.navigate().refresh(); // Refresh the current page
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Window and Frame Handling
driver.switchTo().window("windowName"); // Switch to a specific window
driver.switchTo().frame("frameId"); // Switch to a frame
driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); // Switch back to the main content
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Browser Management
driver.manage().window().maximize(); // Maximize the browser window
driver.manage().window().fullscreen(); // Set full-screen mode
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // Set
implicit wait
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Mouse and Keyboard Actions
Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
actions.moveToElement(element).click().build().perform(); // Move to and click
actions.doubleClick(element).perform(); // Double-click
actions.dragAndDrop(source, target).perform(); // Drag and drop
actions.sendKeys(element, "text").perform(); // Send keystrokes
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Assertions
Assert.assertTrue(element.isDisplayed()); // Assert element visibility
Assert.assertEquals(driver.getTitle(), "Expected Title"); // Assert title
By default these are hard assertions, means if these fail then tests will be
exited or stopped
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Soft Assertions
SoftAssert softassert = new SoftAssert();
//Soft assert applied to verify title
softassert.assertEquals(ActualTitle, ExpectedTitle);
softassert.assertAll();
By default these assertions, do not stop if these assertions fail & are reported
in your test reports
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Explicit Wait
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(element)); // Explicit wait
These are conditional waits & can be applied to satisfy a particular condition, then
continue test execution if condition met or failed if not met in mentioned amount of time
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Implicit Wait
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Once the command is run, Implicit Wait remains for the entire duration for which
the browser is open. It’s default setting is 0, and the specific wait time needs to be
set by the following protocol.
Implicit wait increases test script execution time
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Fluent Wait - looks for a web element repeatedly at regular intervals until timeout happens or until the object is found
FluentWait wait = new FluentWait(driver);
//Specify the timeout of the wait
wait.withTimeout(5000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
//Specify polling time
wait.pollingEvery(250, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
//Specify what exceptions to ignore
wait.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class)
//This is how we specify the condition to wait on.
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
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Alerts
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.accept(); // Accept an alert
alert.dismiss(); // Dismiss an alert
alert.sendKeys("text"); // Send text to an alert
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Getting Page Information
driver.getTitle(); // Get the page title
driver.getCurrentUrl(); // Get the current URL
driver.getPageSource(); // Get the entire page source code
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Element Information
element.isDisplayed(); // Check if an element is visible
element.isEnabled(); // Check if an element is enabled
element.isSelected(); // Check if an element is selected
element.getAttribute("attribute_name"); // Get an element's attribute value
element.getTagName(); // Get an element's tag name
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Menu Handling
Select select = new Select(element); // Create a Select object for dropdowns
select.selectByIndex(1); // Select an option by index
select.selectByValue("option2"); // Select an option by value
select.selectByVisibleText("Option 3"); // Select an option by visible text
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Keyboard Actions
actions.keyDown(Keys.CONTROL).sendKeys("a").keyUp(Keys.CONTROL).perfor
m(); // Ctrl+A
actions.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT).sendKeys("hello").keyUp(Keys.SHIFT).perform(); //
Type "HELLO"
actions.sendKeys(Keys.ENTER).perform(); // Press Enter
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Mouse Actions
actions.contextClick(element).perform(); // Right-click
actions.clickAndHold(element).perform(); // Click and hold
actions.release(element).perform(); // Release the mouse button
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Taking Screenshots
File screenshot = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
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Switching to Iframes
driver.switchTo().frame("iframe_name");
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Scrolling
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(0, 1000)");
Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
// Scroll down a specific distance:
actions.moveToElement(element).clickAndHold().moveByOffset(0,
500).release().build().perform();
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Cookie Management
Get all cookies: Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
Get a specific cookie: Cookie cookie =
driver.manage().getCookieNamed("cookie_name");
Add a cookie: driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("cookie_name",
"cookie_value"));
Delete a cookie: driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("cookie_name");
Delete all cookies: driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
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Alert Handling (Extended)
Dismiss an alert: alert.dismiss();
Get alert text: String alertText = alert.getText();
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Page Source Interactions
Find elements in page source: List<WebElement> elements =
driver.findElements(By.xpath("//*"));
Execute JavaScript code: JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
js.executeScript("document.getElementById('myElement').click();");
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Advanced Navigation
Refresh the page with hard reload: driver.navigate().refresh(true);
Navigate to a page relative to the current URL:
driver.navigate().to("new_page.html");
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Logging and Reporting
Enable logging: System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.logfile",
"chromedriver.log");
Create custom test reports: Utilize third-party libraries like ExtentReports or Allure
or TestNG reports
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Headless Mode
Run tests without a visible browser: ChromeOptions options = new
ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--headless");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
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Setting browser capabilities
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--start-maximized");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
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Disabling images
options.addArguments("--disable-images");
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Enabling experimental features
options.setExperimentalOption("useAutomationExtension", false);
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Uploading Files
Using sendKeys() for file uploads:
WebElement uploadElement = driver.findElement(By.id("upload"));
uploadElement.sendKeys("C:\\path\\to\\file.txt");
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Handling Shadow DOM Elements
Using executeScript() to interact with shadow DOM:
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
WebElement shadowRoot = (WebElement)js.executeScript("return
document.querySelector('shadow-host').shadowRoot");
WebElement element =
shadowRoot.findElement(By.id("element-inside-shadow-dom"));
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Cross-Browser Testing:
Using different WebDriver implementations for various browsers:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver();
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Different Browser Options
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setCapability("browserName", "chrome");
options.setCapability("version", "104.0");
options.setCapability("platformName", "Windows 10");
options.addArguments("--start-maximized");
options.setCapability("acceptInsecureCerts", true);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
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Refer to Selenium Documentation for insights
Selenium Documentation Link
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