TEGT3542

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542

CHAPTER.4

INTRODUCTION TO AC CIRCUIT

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 1

 CH4 Outline
➢ AC Circuits
• Introduction
• AC Voltage Characteristics
• Sinusoidal Waveform
• Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
• Phase Relations
• Average Value
• RMS Values
• Response to R, L, and C elements
• Frequency Response of Basic Elements
• Average Power and Power Factor
• Three Phase Generator

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 2

 CH4 Introduction
➢ Introduction
• There is a time-varying voltage that is commercially available in
large quantities and is commonly called the AC voltage.

• Each waveform shown in the next slide is an alternating

waveform.

• The term alternating indicates only that the waveform

alternates between two prescribed levels in a set time sequence.

• To be absolutely correct, the term sinusoidal, square-wave, or

triangular must also be applied.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 3

 AC Circuit
➢ Introduction (cont’d)

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 4

 AC Circuit
➢ Introduction (cont’d)
• The pattern of particular interest is the sinusoidal AC voltage.

• Since this type of signal is encountered in the vast majority of

instances, the abbreviated phrases AC voltage and AC current
are commonly applied without confusion.

• One of the important reasons for concentrating on the sinusoidal

AC voltage is that it is the voltage generated by utilities
throughout the world.

• Other reasons include its application throughout electrical,

electronic, communication, and industrial systems.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 5

 AC Circuit
➢ Sinusoidal AC Voltage

• Characteristics and Definitions

• Sinusoidal AC voltages are available from a variety of sources.

• The most common source is the typical home/lab/office

outlet, which provides an AC voltage that originates at a
power plant.

• The sinusoidal waveform is the only alternating waveform

whose shape is unaffected by the response characteristics of
R, L, and C elements

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 6

 AC Circuit
➢ Sinusoidal AC Voltage (cont’d)

• AC Voltage Generation

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 7

 AC Circuit
The generation of an alternating quantity can be explained
with reference to the sketch below.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 8

 AC Circuit
➢ Sinusoidal AC Voltage (cont’d)

➢ AC Voltage Characteristics
• Waveform
• Instantaneous value
• Peak amplitude
• Peak value
• Peak-to-peak value
• Periodic waveform
• Period (T)
• Cycle
• Frequency

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 9

 AC Circuit
➢ Sinusoidal AC Voltage (cont’d)

• AC Voltage Characteristics
• The basic mathematical format for the sinusoidal waveform
is:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 10

 AC Circuit

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 11

 AC Circuit
Sinusoidal AC Voltage (cont’d)

• Phase Relations
• Thus far, we have considered only sine waves that have
maxima at π/2 and 3π/2, with a zero value at 0, π, and 2π.
• If the waveform is shifted to the right or left of 0°, the
expression becomes:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 12

 AC Circuit
➢ Sinusoidal AC Voltage (cont’d)

• Phase Relations (Leading and Lagging)

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 13

 AC Circuit
SINUSOIDAL AC VOLTAGE (Cont’d)

➢ Phase Relations (in phase)

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 14

 AC Circuit
SINUSOIDAL AC VOLTAGE (Cont’d)

➢ Average Value

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 15

 AC Circuit
SINUSOIDAL AC VOLTAGE (Cont’d)

➢ RMS (Effective) Value

• The equivalent DC value of a sinusoidal current or
voltage is (1/√2) or 0.707of its peak value.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 16

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS

➢ Response of a Resistor to a sinusoidal voltage or

current:
• For a purely resistive element, the voltage across
and the current through it are in phase, with
their peak values related by Ohm’s law.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 17

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ Response of an Inductor to a sinusoidal voltage or

current:
• The opposition due to inductive element is a
function of frequency (f) and inductance (L).

FIG. 14.8 Investigating the FIG. 14.9 For a pure inductor, the
sinusoidal response of an voltage across the coil leads the current
inductive element. through the coil by 90°.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 18
 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ Response of an Inductor to a sinusoidal voltage or

current:
• For a pure inductor, the voltage across the
inductor leads the current through it by 90°.

FIG. 14.9 For a pure inductor, the voltage

across the coil leads the current through
the coil by 90°.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 19

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ Response of an Inductor to a sinusoidal voltage or

current (Cont’d):
• Voltage across the inductor:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 20

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ Response of an Inductor to a sinusoidal voltage or

current (Cont’d):
• Reactance:

• In Ohm’s law format, the magnitude of XL is:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 21

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ Response of a Capacitor to a sinusoidal voltage or

current:
• The opposition due to a capacitive element is
inversely related to frequency (f) and
capacitance (C).

FIG. 14.10 Defining the parameters that determine the opposition of a capacitive
element to the flow of charge.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 22

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ Response of a Capacitor to a sinusoidal voltage or

current (Cont’d):
• The current of a purely capacitive element leads
the voltage across the element by 90°.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 23

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ Response of a Capacitor to a sinusoidal voltage or

current (Cont’d):
• Current through the capacitor is given by:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 24

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ Response of a Capacitor to a sinusoidal voltage or

current (Cont’d):
• Reactance:

• In Ohm’s law format, the magnitude of XC is:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 25

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ In short:

• In Inductive Circuit:

• In capacitive Circuit:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 26

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ Remark

FIG. 13.12 The sine wave is the only alternating

waveform whose shape is not altered by the response
characteristics of a pure resistor, inductor, or capacitor.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 27

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ Example 1: Question
• The voltage across a resistor is indicated. Find
the sinusoidal expression for the current if the
resistor is 10 . Sketch the curves for 𝑣 and 𝑖.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 28

 AC Circuit
BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS (Cont’d)

➢ Example 1: Solution
• Lets first calculate the magnitude of current

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 29

 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR

➢ Power
• At any instant, there is power being delivered to
the load.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 30

 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ Average Power delivered to the load.

Power versus time for a purely resistive load.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 31
 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ The power delivered at any instant is defined by:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 32

 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ Remark:
• The magnitude of the average power delivered is
independent of whether the 𝑣 leads 𝑖 or 𝑖 leads 𝑣.

• The magnitude of the average power delivered to

the load is therefore:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 33

 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ Power delivered to Basic Elements: Resistor

• In a purely resistive circuit, 𝑣 and 𝑖 are in phase.

So cos 𝜃 = cos 0º = 1.

• Therefore:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 34

 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ Power delivered to Basic Elements: Inductor

• In a purely inductive circuit, since 𝑣 leads 𝑖 by

90º. So cos 𝜃 = cos 90º = 0.

• Therefore:
The average power delivered or power dissipated
by the ideal inductor is zero.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 35

 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ Example 6: Question
• Find the average power dissipated in a network
whose input current and voltage are the following:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 36

 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ Example 6: Solution
• Since 𝑣 and 𝑖 are in phase, the circuit appears to
be purely resistive at the input terminals.

Therefore,

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 37

 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ Example 7: Question
• Determine the average power delivered to the
network having the following input voltage and
current:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 38

 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ Example 7: Solution
• Determine the average power delivered to
network having the following input voltage and
current:

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 39

 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ Power Factor
• From the equation:

• It is evident that the part cos 𝜃 has significant

control over the power delivered regardless of
the voltage and current magnitude.

• That part of the power equation is called the

Power Factor.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 40

 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ Power Factor (Cont’d)

• The type of elements in the network determines
the power factor.
• For a purely reactive load (inductive or
capacitive), the phase angle between 𝑣 and 𝑖 is 90°
and 𝐹𝑝 = cos 𝜃 = cos 90° = 0. The power delivered
is therefore zero watts.
• For situations where the load is a combination of
resistive and reactive elements, the power factor
varies between 0 and 1.
• The more resistive the total impedance, 𝐹𝑝 ≈ 1;
• The more reactive the total impedance, 𝐹𝑝 ≈ 0.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 41
 AC Circuit
AVERAGE POWER AND POWER FACTOR (Cont’d)

➢ Power Factor (Cont’d)

• The terms leading and lagging are often written in
conjunction with the power factor. They are
defined by the current through the load.
• If the current leads the voltage across a load, the
load has a leading power factor. If the current
lags the voltage across the load, the load has a
lagging power factor.
• Capacitive networks have leading power factors,
and inductive networks have lagging power
factors.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 42

 AC Circuit

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 43

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR
➢ Introduction
• An AC generator designed to develop a single
sinusoidal voltage for each rotation of the shaft
(rotor) is referred to as a single-phase AC
generator.
• If the number of coils on the rotor is increased
in a specified manner, the result is a polyphase
AC generator, which develops more than one AC
phase voltage per rotation of the rotor as shown
in the next slide.
• In this module, we are interested in the
generation of three-phase voltage and how to
express it.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 44
 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Introduction (Cont’d)
• Three-phase generator and its induced voltages

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 45

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Introduction (Cont’d)
• Three-phase generator and its induced voltages
(Synchronous Generator Example).

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 46

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Introduction (Cont’d)
• Three-phase generator and its induced voltages
(Synchronous Generator Example).

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 47

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Three-Phase vs Single-Phase
• Thinner conductors to transmit the same power
at the same voltage.
• Less amount of cables (copper or aluminium)
required (typically about 25% less) and in turn
reduces construction and maintenance costs.
• The lighter lines are easier to install, and the
supporting structures can be less massive and
farther apart.
• Three-phase equipment and motors have
preferred running and starting characteristics
compared to single-phase systems.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 48
 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Three-Phase Voltage Representation

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 49

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Y-Connected Generator

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 50

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Y-Connected Generator (Cont’d)
• If a neutral conductor is not present, the system
is called a Y-connected, three-phase, three-wire
generator.
• Otherwise, the system is called a Y-connected,
three-phase, four-wire generator.
• The three conductors connected from A, B, and C
to the load are called lines.
• The currents flowing in each line are called line
currents.
• The voltage from one line to another is called a
line voltage.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 51
 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Y-Connected Generator (Cont’d)
• Voltage Relations

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 52

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Y-Connected Generator (Cont’d)
• Phase Sequence. ABC or CAB?

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 53

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Types of generator-load connections
• Y-Y Balanced and Unbalanced.
• Y- Balanced and Unbalanced.
• - Balanced and Unbalanced.
• -Y Balanced and Unbalanced.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 54

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Y-Y System
• Y-connected load supplied by a Y-connected
generator, is symbolically represented as Y-Y.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 55

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Y-Y System
• Y-connected load supplied by a Y-connected
generator, is symbolically represented as Y-Y.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 56

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ Y- System
•  -connected load supplied by a Y-connected
generator, is symbolically represented as Y-.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 57

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ - System
• When the generator coils are connected in .

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 58

 AC Circuit
THREE PHASE GENERATOR (Cont’d)
➢ - System
• When the loads are connected in .

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TEGT3542 By: M.M.K 59