OPERATING SYSTEM

Prepared by

Mr. KANG MODEST EKOME

HND I

First Semester
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF

THE OS
 OUTLINE

1)DEFINITION
2)FUNCTIONS OF AN OS
3)HISTORY OF THE OS
4)ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE OS
5)TYPES(CATEGORIES) OF OS
 1) WHAT IS THE OS?
● An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that
control the execution of application programs and act
as an intermediary between a user of a computer and
the computer hardware.
● OS is a software that manages the computer hardware
as well as providing an environment for application
programs to run.
● Examples of OS are: Windows and MacOS.
 WHAT IS THE OS(CONT)
● It acts as an intermediary between the user(s)
and the computer.
● It is similar to the Government of a country.
● It is itself a software that controls other
software in the computer system and how they
access the hardware.
 OS OBJECTIVES

1) To make the computer system convenient and easy

to use for the user.
2) To use the computer hardware in an efficient way.
3) To execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier.
 2) FUNCTIONS OF THE OS

● Implementing the User Interface(UI).

● Sharing Hardware among users.
● Allowing users to share data among themselves.
● Preventing users from interfering with one another.
● Scheduling resources among users
 FUNCTIONS OF THE OS(CONT)

● Facilitating I/O operations

● Recovering from errors
● Accounting for resource storage
● Facilitating parallel operations
● Organizing data for secure and rapid access.
● Handling network communications.
3) OS STRUCTURE
OS STRUCTURE(CONT)

Fig: Overview of the computer system

 4) HISTORY(GENERATIONS) OF THE OS
THE FIRST GENERATION (1940 TO EARLY 1950S)

● The programmer could only solve simple mathematical

operations in this generation.
● These calculations did not require the OS.
 HISTORY(GENERATIONS) OF THE OS
THE SECOND GENERATION (1955 - 1965)

● This saw the first OS created in 1950 and was called GMOS(General
Motors).
● It was based on a single stream batch processing system and it collected
all similar jobs in groups or batches and then submitted them to the
operating system using a punch card to complete all jobs in a machine.
● At the end of each job, the OS is cleaned and the next job is read from
the punch card
● This generation saw the birth of Main frame computers which were
large
.
 HISTORY(GENERATIONS) OF THE OS
THE THIRD GENERATION (1965 - 1980)

● It could simultaneously perform multiple tasks in a single

computer program(this is known as multiprogramming)
● It did allow a CPU to be busy every time by performing different
tasks on a computer at the same time
● This generation saw the birth of minicomputers which were
much smaller in size than mainframes.
 HISTORY(GENERATIONS) OF THE OS
THE FOURTH GENERATION (1980 - PRESENT DAY)

● This generation is related to the development of personal

computers(PC)
● These PCs were similar to the minicomputers in the 3rd generation.
● A major factor related to creating personal computers was the birth
of Microsoft and the Windows operating system in 1975
HISTORY OF THE OS(CONT…)

Table summarizing the generations of the OS

 ADVANTAGES OF THE OS

● It is helpful to monitor and regulate resources.

● It eases user tasks since it has a basic graphical user interface to
communicate with your device.
● The response time and throughput time of any process or program are
fast.
● It can share different resources like fax, printer, etc.
● It also offers a forum for various types of applications like system and
web application.
 DISADVANTAGES OF THE OS

● The cost of operating system costs is very high.

● It allows only a few tasks that can run at the same time.
● It any error occurred in the operating system; the stored data can be
destroyed.
● It is prone to errors that could result in loss of the stored data.
 5) TYPES OF OS

❖ BATCH OS
❖ TIME-SHARING OS
❖ EMBEDDED OS
❖ MULTIPROGRAMMING OS
❖ NETWORK OS
❖ DISTRIBUTED OS
❖ MULTIPROCESSING OS
❖ REAL-TIME OS
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
BATCH OS
● Here, no direct interaction between user and computer exists.
● User jobs are prepared offline and saved to punch cards or tapes.
● The jobs are handed to the computer operator.
● The operator submits the batches to the CPU for execution.
● The jobs are put in a queue for execution.
● Well all jobs are executed, the output is produced.
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
DISADVANTAGES OF BATCH OS

● STARVATION: Until a job gets completely executed, others will not

be executed.
● If the first job takes too long, other jobs must wait and will thus be
starved.
● NOT INTERACTIVE
● Batch Processing is not suitable for the jobs which are dependent on the
user's input.
● If a job requires the input of two numbers from the console then it will
never be going to get it in the batch processing scenario since the user
is not present at the time of execution.
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
TIME SHARING OS

● It allows many users to connect from different locations to

share and use a specific system at a single time
● It provides each user his terminal for input or output that
impacts the program or processor currently running on
the system
TYPES OF OS(CONT)
TIME SHARING OS

Fig: Illustration of time sharing OS

 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
EMBEDDED OS

● The Embedded operating system is the specific purpose

operating system used in the computer system's
embedded hardware configuration
● These operating systems are designed to work on
dedicated devices like automated teller machines (ATMs),
airplane systems, digital home assistants, and the internet
of things (IoT) devices.
TYPES OF OS(CONT)
EMBEDDED OS

Fig: examples of embedded systems

 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
MULTIPROGRAMMING OS

● Makes use of the fact that much cpu time is spent waiting for intructions.
● A multiprogramming operating system refers to the concepts wherein two or
more processes or programs activate simultaneously to execute the
processes one after another by the same computer system.
● When a program is in run mode and uses CPU, another program or file uses
I/O resources at the same time or waiting for another system resources to
become available.
● This improves use of system resources and hence through put.
TYPES OF OS(CONT)
MULTIPROGRAMMING OS

Fig: Illustration of multiprogramming

 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
NETWORK OS

● It connects computers and devices to a local area network and

manages network resources.
● The software in a NOS enables the devices of the network to
share resources and communicate with each other.
● It runs on a server and allows shared access to printers, files,
applications, files, and other networking resources and functions
over a LAN.
TYPES OF OS(CONT)
NETWORK OS
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
NETWORK OS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

● The servers are centralized that can be accessed remotely from distant
locations and different systems.
● It is easy to integrate advanced and recent technologies and hardware in
this system.

Disadvantages of network operating system:

● The servers used in the system may be expensive.

● The system depends on the central location and requires regular
monitoring and maintenance.
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
DISTRIBUTED OS

● It uses or runs on multiple independent processors to serve multiple

users and multiple real-time applications.
● The communication between processors is established through many
communication lines such as telephone lines and high-speed buses.
● The processors may differ from each other in terms of size and
function.
● This is an extension of a network os that supports a high level of
communication.
TYPES OF OS(CONT)
DISTRIBUTED OS
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
DISTRIBUTED OS ADVANTAGES

● Its performance is higher than a single system as resources are being shared.
● If one system stops working, malfunctions, or breaks down, other nodes are
not affected.
● Additional resources can be added easily.
● Shared access to resources like printer can be established.
● Delay in processing is reduced to a greater extent.
● Data sharing or exchange speed is high, owing to the use of electronic mail.
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
DISTRIBUTED OS DISADVANTAGES

• Security issue may arise due to sharing of resources

● Few messages may be lost in the system
● Higher bandwidth is required in case of handling a large amount of data
● Overloading issue may arise
● The performance may be low
● The languages which are used to set up a distributed system are not well
defined yet
● They are very costly, so they are not easily available.
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
MULTIPROCESSING OS

● In operating systems, to improve the performance of more than one CPU can
be used within one computer system called Multiprocessor operating system.
● Multiple CPUs are interconnected so that a job can be divided among them
for faster execution.
● When a job finishes, results from all CPUs are collected and compiled to give
the final output.
● Jobs needed to share main memory and they may also share other system
resources among themselves. Multiple CPUs can also be used to run multiple
jobs simultaneously.
● For Example: UNIX Operating system is one of the most widely used
multiprocessing systems.
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
ADV AND DISADV OF MULTIPROCESSING OS

• A) ADVANTAGES
● Increased reliability: Due to the multiprocessing system, processing tasks can be
distributed among several processors. This increases reliability as if one processor
fails; the task can be given to another processor for completion.
● Increased throughout: As several processors increase, more work can be done in
less
● The economy of Scale: As multiprocessors systems share peripherals, secondary
storage devices, and power supplies, they are relatively cheaper than single-processor
systems.

● B) DISADVANTAGE
● Operating system of multiprocessing is more complex and sophisticated as it takes
care of multiple CPUs at the same time..
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
REAL TIME OS(RTOS)

● It is an operating system intended to serve real time applications that

process data as it comes in, mostly without buffer delay.
● It offers priority-based scheduling, which allows you to separate analytical
processing from non-critical processing.
● Each job carries a certain deadline within which the Job is supposed to be
completed, otherwise the huge loss will be there or even if the result is
produced then it will be completely useless.
● It is developed for real-time applications where data should be processed in a
fixed, small duration of time.
● This system is used to control scientific instruments, missile launch systems,
traffic lights control systems, air traffic control systems, etc.
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
TYPES OF REAL TIME OS(RTOS)

• A) Hard Real-Time Systems:

● They are used in such applications where timing is critical or response
time is a major factor; even a delay of a fraction of the second can
result in a disaster.
● For example, airbags and automatic parachutes that open instantly in
case of an accident. Besides this, these systems lack virtual memory.
● They are used in cases where a particular task, usually involving life
safety issues needs to be performed within a particular time frame else
a catastrophic event will occur.
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
TYPES OF REAL TIME OS(RTOS)

• B) Soft Real-Time Systems:

● It is a system that can meet the desired deadline on average.
● They are used for applications where timing or response time is
less critical.
● Here, the failure to meet the deadline may result in a degraded
performance instead of a disaster.
● For example, video surveillance (cctv), video player, virtual reality,
etc. Here, the deadlines are not critical for every task every time.
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
ADVANTAGES OF REAL TIME OS(RTOS)

● The output is more and quick owing to the maximum utilization of devices
and system
● Task shifting is very quick, e.g., 3 microseconds, due to which it seems that
several tasks are executed simultaneously
● Gives more importance to the currently running applications than the queued
application
● It can be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
● It is free of errors.
● Memory is allocated appropriately.
 TYPES OF OS(CONT)
DISADVANTAGES OF REAL TIME OS(RTOS)

● A fewer number of tasks can run simultaneously to avoid errors.

● It is not easy for a designer to write complex and difficult algorithms or
proficient programs required to get the desired output.
● Specific drivers and interrupt signals are required to respond to
interrupts quickly.
● It may be very expensive due to the involvement of the resources
required to work.