Python Model Paper -1

1. What is an arithmetic expression? What is the output of this

statement? ‘hello world’ + 100 + ’how are you’ explain the reason if
the statement produces an error.

An arithmetic expression is a combination of variables, constants, and

mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division that can be evaluated to a numerical value.

The above statement produces an type error as python does not allow for
concatenation of different data types such as integer and a string value as
shown above.

2. Discuss various methods of importing modules in Python

programs. Which method is best? Explain.
➢
➢ import module_name: This is the simplest method of importing a module.
It allows access to all the functions and variables defined in the module
using the module_name.function_name syntax.
2. from module_name import function_name: This method allows
importing specific functions or variables from a module, making them
available in the main program without using the module prefix.
3. import module_name as alias: This method allows importing a module
using an alias, which can make the code more readable by providing a
shorter or more descriptive name.
4. from module_name import *: This method imports all functions and
variables from the specified module into the current namespace. However,

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 it is generally not recommended because it can lead to naming conflicts
and make the code harder to read and debug.

The best method of importing modules in Python depends on the specific

needs of the program and personal preference. However, it is generally
recommended to use the first or second method, which provides clear and
explicit references to the imported functions or variables.

3. What is the lambda function? Explain with an example of addition of

two numbers.

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function that can be defined on

a single line without a name using the lambda keyword. Lambda functions
are often used as a convenient way to define simple functions on the fly,
without the need to define a separate named function.

Here is an example of a lambda function that adds two numbers:

addition = lambda x, y: x + y

result = addition(2, 3)

print(result) # Output: 5

In this example, the lambda function is defined with the lambda keyword,
followed by the arguments x and y, separated by a comma. The body of
the lambda function follows the : symbol, which performs the addition of
the two arguments and returns the result.

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 4. What is a flow control statement?. Discuss if and if else statements
with flow chart.

In programming, a flow control statement is a command that directs the

flow of execution of a program. Flow control statements enable a program
to make decisions based on certain conditions, execute code repeatedly,
or jump to different parts of the program based on specific criteria.

The if statement is used to execute a block of code if a certain condition

is true.

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 The if-else statement is used to execute one block of code if a certain
condition is true and another block of code if the condition is false.

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 NOTE:- Add rectangular End box in both the flow chart.

5. Write a python program to add n numbers accepted from the user.

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 6. How can you prevent a python program from crashing? discuss
different ways to avoid crashing.

1. Exception handling
Python provides a built-in mechanism for handling exceptions that can
occur during program execution. By using try and except statements, you
can catch and handle exceptions that might cause your program to crash.

2. Defensive programming
Defensive programming involves anticipating and handling potential errors
or bugs in your code. One way to do this is to use conditional statements
to check for edge cases or unexpected input. For example, you might
check that a variable is not None before using it, or that a list has a certain
length before accessing an index. By checking for potential errors ahead
of time, you can prevent your program from crashing due to unexpected
behavior.

3. Debugging and testing

Debugging and testing are critical parts of software development that can
help prevent crashes and errors. By testing your code thoroughly and
using debugging tools to identify and fix bugs, you can catch potential
issues before they cause your program to crash.

4. Robust input validation

Input validation is the process of checking that user input is correct and
conforms to expected formats. By robustly validating input, you can
prevent your program from crashing due to unexpected or malicious user

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 input. For example, if your program expects a number as input, you might
check that the input is a valid number and not a string or other type of
data.

7. Discuss list and dictionary data structure with example for each.

A list is an ordered collection of values, which can be of any data type. You
can add, remove, and modify elements of a list, and you can access
individual elements by their position in the list (also called an index).
Here's an example:

# create a list of integers

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# add an element to the end of the list

my_list.append(6)

# remove an element from the list

my_list.remove(3)

# access an element by index

print(my_list[2]) # prints 4

A dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs, where each key

is associated with a value. You can add, remove, and modify key-value
pairs in a dictionary, and you can access individual values by their
corresponding key. Here's an example:

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 8. write a Python program to accept n numbers and store them in a
list. Then print the list without ODD numbers in it.

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 9. write a python program to read dictionary data and delete any given
key entry in the dictionary.

10. Explain different clipboard functions in python used in wiki

markup.

Some of the commonly used clipboard functions in Python for wiki markup are:

➢ pyperclip.copy(text) - This function copies the text argument to the

clipboard. For example, pyperclip.copy('hello world') will copy
the string "hello world" to the clipboard.

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 ➢ pyperclip.paste() - This function returns the text currently on the
clipboard. For example, my_text = pyperclip.paste() will retrieve
the text currently on the clipboard and store it in the variable my_text.
➢ pyperclip.waitForNewPaste() - This function waits for new text to
be copied to the clipboard and returns it. This can be useful in situations
where the program needs to wait for the user to copy text to the clipboard
before continuing.

11. Using string slicing operation write a Python program to reverse each
word in a given string

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 NOTE:- In the above program use input() function for sample_string
variable to get the string from the user instead of the
predetermined string.

12. Discuss different paths of file system.

➢
➢ Absolute path: An absolute path specifies the full path to a file or directory
from the root of the file system. It always starts with a forward slash ("/")
on Unix-based systems or a drive letter followed by a colon (":") on
Windows systems. For example, /home/user/Documents/myfile.txt is
an absolute path to a file on a Unix-based system.
➢ Relative path: A relative path specifies the path to a file or directory relative
to the current working directory. It does not start with a forward slash or a
drive letter. For example, if the current working directory is
/home/user/Documents, then myfile.txt is a relative path to a file in that

directory.
➢ Home path: A home path allows you to reference the home directory of the
current user. It uses the tilde ("~") character followed by the username to
specify the home directory. For example, ~/Documents is a home path to
the Documents directory of the current user.
13. Explain how to read specific lines from a file?. illustrate with
python program.

To read specific lines from a file in Python, you can use the readlines()
method to read all the lines into a list, and then access the specific lines
you need using list indexing. Here's an example program that
demonstrates how to do this:

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 14. What is logging? how this would be used to debug the python
program?

Logging is a built-in module in Python that allows you to record messages

about the execution of your program. It provides a way to capture
information about what your program is doing and store it in a file or
display it on the console. Logging is a very useful tool for debugging
Python programs because it can help you identify and diagnose issues in
your code.

To use logging to debug a Python program, you would typically follow

these steps:

➢ Import the logging module using the import logging statement.

➢ Configure the logging system using the basicConfig() method. This
method sets the format of the log messages and specifies where the log
messages should be sent (for example, to a file or to the console).
➢ Use logging statements to record information about the execution of your
program. There are several levels of logging statements available, from

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 debug (for detailed information about the program's execution) to error

(for reporting errors in the program).

➢ Analyze the log messages to identify and diagnose issues in your code.

15. What is the use of ZIP? how to create a ZIP folder explain.

ZIP is a popular file compression and archival format that is widely used
for packaging and distributing files. It is a way to compress multiple files
into a single archive file, making it easier to share or transfer large sets of
files. ZIP files can be created and opened on almost any operating system,
including Windows, macOS, and Linux.

In Python, the zipfile module provides functionality for working with ZIP
files. You can use this module to create a new ZIP file and add files to it, or
to extract files from an existing ZIP file.

16. write an algorithm for implement multi clipboard functionality

Here's an algorithm for implementing a multi-clipboard functionality:

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 ➢ Create an empty dictionary called clipboard to store the copied text and a
variable called count to keep track of the number of items in the clipboard.
➢ Implement a function called copy() that takes a string as input and adds it
to the clipboard with a unique key generated by incrementing the count
variable.
➢ Implement a function called paste() that takes an integer key as input
and returns the string associated with that key from the clipboard.
➢ Implement a function called list_clipboard() that prints all the keys and
their associated strings in the clipboard.
➢ Implement a loop that repeatedly prompts the user for input and performs
the appropriate operation based on the input. The loop should continue
until the user enters a specific command to exit the program.
17. Discuss how lists would be written in the file and read from the
file?

To write a list to a file in Python

To read a list from a file in Python

NOTE:~ Explain the above code in detail

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 18. Define the terms with example: (i) class (ii) objects (iii) instance
variables.

(i) Class: A class is a blueprint or a template for creating objects that

defines a set of attributes and methods that the objects will have. In
Python, you can define a class using the class keyword followed by the
name of the class. Here's an example:

(ii) Object: An object is an instance of a class. It is created from the

blueprint or template provided by the class and has its own set of
attributes and methods. In Python, you can create an object by calling the
class as if it were a function. Here's an example:

In this example, we create a Person object called person1 with a name

attribute of "John" and an age attribute of 30.

(iii) Instance variables: Instance variables are variables that belong to a

specific instance of a class, as opposed to class variables, which are
shared among all instances of a class. In Python, you can define instance

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 variables by assigning values to them within the __init__() method of the
class. Here's an example:

19. create a Time class with hour, min and sec as attributes. Demonstrate
how two Time objects would be added.

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 In this example, the __add__() method is defined to allow two Time objects
to be added together using the + operator. The to_seconds() method
converts a Time object to seconds, and the from_seconds() method
creates a new Time object from a given number of seconds.

Here's an example of how to create and add two Time objects:

In this example, we create two Time objects (time1 and time2) with

different hours, minutes, and seconds. We then add them together using

the + operator, which calls the __add__() method we defined earlier. The

resulting total_time object represents the sum of the two Time objects,

which we can print out using the __str__() method we defined earlier.

20. Discuss __str__() and __init__() methods used in class definition.

The __init__() method is called when an object of the class is created. It

is used to initialize the attributes of the object with the values passed to it

as arguments. For example:

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 (In this example, the __init__() method is defined with self, name, and age

as arguments. When an object of the Person class is created, the

__init__() method is automatically called and the name and age attributes

are initialized with the values passed to it.)

The __str__() method is used to return a string representation of the

object. It is called when str() function is applied to the object or when

print() function is used to print the object. For example:

(In this example, the __str__() method is defined to return a string

representation of the Person object. When the str() function or print()

function is used to print the object, the __str__() method is called to

return the string representation.)

NOTE:~ The “( )” content is for understanding purpose and is not required

to be written in the answer.

21. What is Encapsulation? Discuss with an example in which access

specifiers are used in class definition.

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 Encapsulation is one of the fundamental concepts of object-oriented

programming (OOP) that involves bundling data and methods that operate

on that data within a single unit, called a class. The primary purpose of

encapsulation is to hide the implementation details of an object from the

outside world and to provide a public interface for interacting with the

object.

In Python, encapsulation can be achieved using access specifiers, which

are special keywords that control the visibility of attributes and methods

of a class. There are two types of access specifiers in Python:

1. Public Access Specifiers: Attributes and methods that are not

prefixed with any underscore are considered public and can be accessed

from anywhere in the program.

2. Private Access Specifiers: Attributes and methods that are prefixed

with double underscore (__) are considered private and can only be

accessed from within the class.

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 22. What is a class diagram? Create empty class and corresponding

class diagram for following statements (i) class A derives from class B

and Class C (ii) Class D derived from Class A defined in statement (i)

Answer not found**

23. Discuss polymorphism and demonstrate with and python program.

Polymorphism is the ability of objects of different classes to be used

interchangeably, as they can respond to the same message or method call in

different ways. In other words, polymorphism allows different classes to have the

same interface or method signature, but with different implementations.

In Python, polymorphism is achieved through method overriding and method

overloading.

Method overriding is when a subclass provides a different implementation of a

method that is already defined in its superclass. This allows the subclass to

inherit the method from its superclass but also tailor it to its specific needs.

Method overloading is when a class defines multiple methods with the same

name but different parameters. This allows the class to handle different

argument types and numbers in a consistent manner.

Here's an example Python program that demonstrates polymorphism:

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(In this example, we have a base class Animal with an abstract method

make_sound. We also have two subclasses, Cat and Dog, which inherit from

Animal and override the make_sound method to provide their own

implementation.The animal_sounds function takes a list of Animal objects as

input and calls their make_sound method to produce their respective sounds.

Since both Cat and Dog classes have implemented the make_sound method, they

can be used interchangeably and produce different sounds when the function is

called.This is an example of polymorphism in action, where different objects of

different classes can be used interchangeably in the same context.)

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24. Write python program to read cell 2C from sheet 2 of workbook

To read cell 2C from sheet 2 of a workbook using Python, we can use the

openpyxl module. Here's an example program:

25. Explain how pdf pages would created in a pdf document with example.

DF pages can be created using a variety of software tools and programming

libraries. Here, I'll provide an example of how to create PDF pages using Python's

reportlab library.

reportlab is a Python library that allows you to create PDF documents from

scratch or modify existing ones. To create a PDF page with this library, you need

to create a canvas object and then add various elements to it, such as text,

shapes, and images.

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26. What is JSON? discuss with example. Compare it with dictionary.

JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation, which is a lightweight data

interchange format. It is easy for humans to read and write, and for machines to

parse and generate. JSON is a text format that is completely

language-independent but uses conventions that are familiar to programmers.

A JSON data structure consists of key-value pairs, which are similar to Python

dictionaries. However, JSON has a stricter syntax and is typically used for data

exchange between different programming languages or systems.

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27. Compare and contrast Excel and CSV files.

Excel and CSV (Comma-Separated Values) files are two types of file formats that

are commonly used for storing and manipulating data. While there are some

similarities between the two formats, there are also some important differences

that distinguish them from each other.

Excel files are spreadsheet files created by Microsoft Excel or other spreadsheet

software. They can contain multiple sheets, and each sheet can have multiple

cells, columns, and rows. Excel files can be saved in various formats, including

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XLS, XLSX, and CSV. Excel files can contain various data types, including text,

numbers, dates, and formulas. Excel files also support formatting and styling of

cells, including font size, color, and alignment.

CSV files, on the other hand, are simple text files that contain data in a tabular

format. Each row of data is represented by a line in the file, and each cell is

separated by a comma or another delimiter. CSV files do not support formatting

or styling of cells, and they can only contain simple data types such as text and

numbers.

One of the main advantages of CSV files over Excel files is their simplicity and

compatibility with a wide range of software and platforms. CSV files can be

easily opened and edited in a text editor or spreadsheet software, and they can

be imported into databases or other programs that support tabular data.

Excel files, on the other hand, offer more advanced features such as formulas,

macros, and formatting, which make them more suitable for complex data

analysis and reporting tasks. Excel files can also contain charts, graphs, and

other visualizations that help to communicate the data more effectively.

28. Demonstrate how a Class would be converted into JSON object with

an example.

To convert a class object to a JSON object, we can use the json module in

Python. We need to define a custom encoder that converts the object to a

JSON-serializable format. Here's an example:

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(In this example, we define a Person class with name and age attributes. We also

define a custom encoder PersonEncoder that extends the JSONEncoder class and

overrides the default method to handle the Person class. The default method

checks if the object is an instance of Person, and if so, returns a dictionary with

the name and age attributes. Finally, we create a Person object, and use

json.dumps() to convert it to a JSON string using our custom encoder.

JSON and dictionaries are similar in that they both represent data in a key-value

format. However, JSON has some differences, such as requiring all keys to be

strings and not allowing trailing commas. JSON also has a more standardized

format, while dictionaries can have different formats depending on the

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implementation. Additionally, JSON is designed to be language-independent and

can be used by different programming languages, while dictionaries are specific

to Python.)

29. Explain how a page from different PDFs files would be merged into a

new PDF file?

Merging pages from different PDF files into a new PDF file can be achieved using

various Python libraries such as PyPDF2, PyMuPDF, etc. Here are the general

steps to merge pages from different PDF files into a new PDF file using PyPDF2:

1. Import the PyPDF2 library:

2. Import the PyPDF2 library:

3. Open the PDF files to be merged using the open() method:

4. Add the pages from the PDF files to the merged_pdf object using the

append() method:

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 5. Save the merged PDF file using the write() method:

NOTE:~ If you want you can combine all the snippets into a single program and

then explain a little.

The answers may contain some errors

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