Digital Sus tem Mpa ok and peas 7 functional a digits System —__ "Computey ie Le —___—_It is on electronic machine that 1¢ s_—input, Process the input and gives back | the VYecutt im humain tindey Siandable 4 ormert | Architecture t= eS put! rare twovk ot machine haxyd wa ye oraponent ah nioe Softurare a Toh ( hard waye 4 D { in a. Single Unit i d onganisation. functional units o+ digitat system. rf wih - Sa Storage owiput|——s|pesutt | + +4 [unit unit unit | + ; [eentxat] 5 unit Centyat Tm Processing Arithmetic unit Es ogical unitThe computer mem, ~I/p devices how —Aprsa vam instyucdion. i axithematic , wogical unit” and YesPond +6) sy 5 Prim tovage i the Q ele c t Primo memory ftontain’s 4 Sa of emi ¢ Storage cok (apaile ae Obit pt in-formatiin= Tt 1 J bihen the i_ Com p down, anything ontained tn RAN shied The—most Yommon evample at ~ brimas memortt i RAM and ROM. [i Pics fon - eae moOrystpe data } 0 pc if BF iscespic tie he" chintdmn ot pretender" example :- harddisk, optical disk OS ean ee eelwi — O fe pe TEs most —commonPsample ot oy output device is a manttox——— = Riga 6s a Su po—_tho e4 to anstey data and othe nfoxmatioan - > P? ie B EB ea ib i B ez f ; We. ee hejuies AMe yobs Thee tvatinnedkdedices iin’ omputey like rina Cpu. to "ee other) 4 b hxough piles A Se shine] fa vy lines whiten ave eithey in the toeRt p+ wires ar Me ep lines in @ boar). Foch line 1s Capable of trons mitt ag bing tsand “0. : q Bus Avehiigetuye. ic There are three tue Of Buses in Comeutey avchiigeture: WIE Data tines (Bus) — * to) | Addvece: Nneg (Rus). Wu) || Candyo! lines (pus):7 i TH | | a HE | | AS\ rk- 1 et | 9 roar ! ! ' I ' | ' ie a ee ee ae ae A 0) o~ Ie 1 ii i Addyess lines aye’ Collective 1. Catied Ada 5 nh an B DuwM b sjilines in address is 16, 20.9 oy imo ye ecture of Bus The ijide pendtng= ON ty pe and: arch end from CPU to memory and I] pote be “Not ome méxg And -T/O Pole: Send ‘oddyess to (Py Winn that Jne and henep these are pnidivectionalvi Contvol tines ave Collective if [ palled 1s Cantal ay, lines ave, Na t. [yee 40. dvonsmit an ve ceive | , between the mipvopracessor_and— Varin Ee trol tines Si anole iors mo fad | Tp wat be. bus Yeque t plus qyant 4e | Tu buses = 1 | Syst Spe A Bus +hot ConnectS pa }o tompuidy Component [prbeessor, memory.’ |9) ! is Called a System bus: Tp 1s the -ooly b addye ontrs AS q re aye. present: T+ 1s faster than pexipheval bys. 2) To bus [txterno) bus t- Pewipherah bus also Known ab T}o bus: Tt ts dato Pathura jhot Connects peri Phewinl devices =e rte) CPU" A_periphevat bas is o> Camon ter hus desig Li la Compuiey pevinheral: tke: p fee _|_haxd= devives- . Rea | i 3. PCT (Peri pera Combonemt Interconnect)! Pr b onne he and expansion hoard h*\\\ | PLE) LY | . if 4 7 3 “g Ppt: es 4, FZ oe * Vl hp meh gana va = Ay bitratia 1g the process by tohtch the next device +6 become the bub master tc and hus masievehip is er ee iL= a —— ae roa “willnat ceive the —Ond “hes e_, nhedtann st me the bus 3 j Polling method t- Ws | | oe devi | _|Mastex 2 ancien “ = Bus Actees *t —— bees logic | a paras 7 popley > be + el fia ees | [ts eg \)\ a i Es Ihe_Controliey {5 used in generate the add ves ty ga © masters - NO» _o} addvess lines _yeauired er tt devend on the nip. ates =masievs Connected in ey We za Sea der. ‘ tof master iad et gece a ca ice Weracaien fk: fs canine ie set rae the buty a range to use the in) Inde pendent Prat ori ta fey i Foetal seen hha Q Pp Dar oO bus Teg an Gro p in Gn ach a prio a gned it: The ball+ in od er Ean lth on trot! he hig pror oe : T Tastex 2 Mastery) a ‘fe ee | Bus Aecess 1H BUS Acie | « __4/Bu } i aa Logic “Ssi¢ | SS ee Con 10/164past Req retey fs Regicter ¢ Register Bg Reyicter A operationve kee m0 eo transite ia Severs) tna malt pill sfammon bi, ist ton} uy otran— isa 4 an drucdune Consiss 0+} Ser} 9 u ice = mere ee : : bapa ton te | | tin ele | and 4-ra0 ten ther [nae IEE foun line “comm [buss When both op the Selecied Li [ss pd Te ogt thot sc Si Set 0 9 | | hoe Palin, inpus® ot al) foiun multi pleyers [axe selerted and yO the. Output thal | -levme tho hud . The Causes the hus tines tn vere bye tye Contain ot Regt * [ennectedsderane' Zea data thpads by ulfiplerxare + Siemon y, aw,S Maas pctive Denotes a Par¢ Ri lo-1) i | ss of. megister 4 oo Amir .0-02, Tronstey of Ra RQ ad ‘ indox maton 4 V).camm a : To seprate two RR, R—REL Ee OF more Micro bd ce | OPeYadONs | | am Mero ap ce x 4) Read be tl Th on 0 ntormation {ron memo unit 4o he uben end Js cated ad peyation: ‘ The tyans+ev of new information vectored in the pecory— is Called a ite operation.Meee / a - Memory |< Read a | onit Se te, ~ | ert Eh _—™ E : jus. =| pata: Pate oud 1 Addres. regis ten 1 designated by AR derlo vege sey DR. Read» DR «= mM[AR] a » Por indorma tion tito -Hhe data rea tetey DR) from ike memory Word (M) seleows Addrece Pen isier (ae) tH inte: me The _tsrpite Siqsement Coupes a tyans ter tn ( tetey (Rs) tn-to ed Addve st sopsy LAR). = heneval Regletey Organizadian t= iNut > tb Texeg SY ones Opennfen ~ TReqisdey ovgcnivotons Spor. hom vepisders Sajes ie a _clata om 6— bud: Tha ory : amples othe att ied bu Sut p14 Poe pemnerred nes ure “inp pt all ce es ing a destination istty : f the + ; f ake possible lo Sov OA] : . 7. oe ‘. a ¥ Control word Seu A [sec B/ SEL wPR | yuy- bit Conta! woxd Secs ae ee -TRexe aye !4- binavy selection input and ee GI, Mees i volu 1e word: Tt ransist of 4 wit field (Sen Shes Seu’ ELD) oPR) on a Proce OY HrYqanizg Ie 6 1 1 chite ! s ye an F To. { sci i4t_ayidht 2 oyn + The Vv Components within the CPU are interconnected h Ke The chiolee + Prete scoV ay. lonidsc ( inant oneS\N 8 = ov gant 3 i j geneval purpose veo Kno wn ah. the Picci go) A arithe ma and Inai cad nevodtion o aA gdb 2 p am a accu atoy and memo VEN PEL T+ ig a simple s but it may yequiy 5 ae move Instructions fox Compre + ae “Pee sai et entain mm eae ae ae These Teg isten Core ed: 4p» Stove dota —F and e oPernntiond providing more e ing memo rr ono Q < = Mode x — CPU used this ovgamration. 7 Jack. Dxrqganizaton ‘ eae ee cathe nto and noped ot a stack — anithe mak ¢ and oats O fon inyn - elements 0 + tho. _ k F Ks ne .2 P Is § o ‘i i " ico cE Isan k ig_the tired Th atl © Con cept: Polntey 4= oe The veg isten that holds rae RE the stork 13 Called ba tks st iimarpnlie beens \ Wer in the Cta ole + aluags points at top 1} Temeres Mas typeof re Apert eaHb a RB. Registey Stack t~ = oe os atts sale pe 8 4 OF po L — River Aya 464 rm of 64¥—w ord [Pigg men eepe — nse Read item trom top of Staek: Decrement Stack Ciilewnpy oom Lemay dt) check | Stack yS emp Ful —o Howe the, Stacie In nodHao th CPU. “The imple mensatian of a _stact in he-—CPU by esting assigning —o poxtan—of— yp ta cee Se dpevation 0 _and 1 s_using gee nepslae case italia AIT ——— eel Ae tex. memory wry divided into. stmcee eqment: x a \ Progra Counter (Ped i— S The Pe peinis at le xe orf the ne et inS dxuctinn in the _f ig used during th etch page phose - ie ; wl | Address Rogicder (AR) tr The AB. poind y ot Ano. hers seed duscing the 3 e. rtp yead on operand : Pe nt) Stade Peinden Goes eR reese points. oi top a. _ubed —4o__purdh. px pop =. Pack to} tne. Haek Pho ls. jp peration into ox fom. ae eee ao 1 The intial value o+ SP 1s. 4001 Fa Sarno aia dh Act xensing odes i fored=-in sthe = 44 acl is ot | q aS ape: tixe+- item gadrece 1 $000 ,the Cetond. item 18 Stor | aj ane ui 6 -addsess 9945 and the load address a ! 3sh Opecatien y | condition = 5 “he item in the —s TT ranennitateedea a sale 8 on em isi A 1 sp esP-i | ms 0) <7 DP ; i ds it Polnas ad the es 4 =i, Wotd: a Am i é eae anu. DE injo the top of Hho oe is z)|| Pop operation {* : : . The New {term is deleted RS MGsP ld SPs Sh ES |The top item ¢ 4 : a | pe: The tack Pointen ie | then incremented jo Pernt at thy next tem in theaddressing moda bs she Simey i t eee qomode except isien—indizes ed oe tis ol ; ‘ lon te accumulator Auio decrement add ingisucdiones Tete UR) + tinerement) Ac = Ceol = ‘€é ——— ae’ Computcdion decreases and speed increader. aE) Direct Addvesetng “made t~ TH ts alan koi {ax _obsolute oddreccing modo: susblb TH wits —epuc tne Add yest. Did of “in Cha tha pewanc peri de memory!’ and [ace tven sue “43, @ ada | tHetd ob uc Hoel