https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v48i1.

4086 Informatica 48 (2024) 11–20 11

Application of Agent-Based Modelling in Learning Process

Natasha Stojkovikj, Limonka Koceva Lazarova, Aleksandra Stojanova, Marija Miteva, Biljana Zlatanovska and
Mirjana Kocaleva
Faculty of computer science, Goce Delcev University, Stip, Republic of North Macedonia
Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: agent-based modelling, simulation, education

Received: March 23, 2022

With advances in information and communication technologies and rapid computing and technological
progress, modelling, and simulation of real problems, has become the most important teaching and
learning method in educational process. Representing and explaining processes through simulations can
enable students to easier understand these processes and discover the essential properties of a system. In
many situations, in learning different subjects it is not possible to experiment with real objects to find the
right solutions, therefore modelling and simulation can be used to build models that represent the real
systems. Agent-based modelling (ABM) is a powerful simulation modelling technique, that can be easily
incorporated in learning and teaching processes. Agent based modelling (ABM) is a relatively new method
compared to system dynamics and discrete event modelling. In ABM a system is modelled as a collection
of autonomous decision-making entities called agents, that can interact among each other’s. In this paper,
the agent-based modelling simulation is considered as a tool in educational process for learning and
teaching different subjects. Anylogic software is used for some simulation examples of agent-based
modelling that can be used in educational process.
Povzetek: Programska oprema Anylogic se uporablja za nekatere simulacijske primere modeliranja na
podlagi agentov, ki se lahko uporabljajo v izobraževalnem procesu.

1 Introduction Simulation, System Dynamics, and Agent Based

Simulation.
Simulation is an imitation of the operations of real-world The Discrete Event Simulation (DES) models a process as
processes or a system over time. The behaviour of the a series of discrete events. Each event occurs at a
system over time is studied by developing a simulation particular point in time and represent a change of state in
model. It is common for models to be represented as a set the system. Discrete event simulations are entity driven.
of assumptions about the system itself. These assumptions The entities represent customers arriving in the system for
are expressed through mathematical logical or symbolic servicing [5,6].
relations between entities that are objects of interest in the System dynamics (SD) are used to understand the
system. Simulations can be used at the design's stage nonlinear behaviour of complex systems over time. In SD
before the system is built but also on existing systems to three main objects are considered; stocks, flows and
determine whether potential changes will have an impact delays. Stocks are basic stores of objects; flows define the
on system performance. Therefore, simulations can be movement of items between different stocks in the system
used either as a tool to predict how changes will affect an and delays are the delay between the system measuring
existing system or as a tool to predict the performance of something and then acting upon that measurement [5,6].
a new system under a different set of conditions. Agent based simulation (ABS) is a relatively new method
Sometimes the evolving model can be solved compared to system dynamics and discrete event
mathematically. Then, the solution can be obtained by modelling. With agent-based modelling, the entities
using differential equations, probability theory, algebraic known as agents must be identified and their behaviour
models, or other mathematical techniques. This solution defined. The agents may be people, cells, households,
usually consists of one or more numeric parameters called vehicles etc [5-10].
the system performance measure. However, most real In this paper, agent-based modelling and simulations
systems cannot be solved mathematically because they are and their application in the educational process is
too complex. In this system, numerically based considered. It is shown how the agent-based simulation
simulations can be used to imitate system's behaviour over methods can help for easily and better understanding the
time. The simulation data are collected through system basics of some processes, that otherwise are difficult to
monitoring. The data generated during the simulation is imagine and understand.
used to evaluate the performance of the system [1-4]. For Also, it is shown that this type of simulation can be used
simulation, there are three main methods: Discrete Event in education process, especially in learning math’s
12 Informatica 48 (2024) 11–20 N. Stojkovikj et al.

subjects for math students and students of computer society were most often reduced to a simplified
science also for learning and teaching science for medical presentation of social phenomena, and very often they
students, or subjects connected to business and were only verbal models.
organization sciences and students learning that In ABM models, which models social phenomena and
problematics. processes; agents represent people, and through their
In the paper are described models which are implemented mutual communication and rules of conduct are modelled
in AnyLogic Simulation and Modelling Software. We social processes and social communication. The main
choose this simulation software because of is its assumption is that people and their social skills can be
availability and its simplicity for use because it is free realistically modelled.
simulation software originally intended for educational Agent-based modelling and simulations provide more
process. realistic models and lead to new possibilities in modelling
First, we describe epidemiological model SEIR-D and and simulations. Agents used in these simulation models
its usefulness for learning and understanding to the originate from the fields of robotics and artificial
medical students, math students and students of computer intelligence. Today, ABM agents are not more related to
science. The next model considered, is a model of the design and understanding of artificial intelligence. The
Hospital Emergency Department. This model is important basic application is in modelling of human social
for the business students, medical students, and math behaviour, social phenomena and individual decision
students. And at the end, we consider example from a real making.
world, that also can be used for easily understanding of With the obvious benefits that agent-based modelling
different subjects used for math students, computer and simulations bring, the number of simulation models of
science students and business students. Precisely, we different social behaviours are increased. Today, it can be
describe model of market that starts selling a new done many micro simulations that could not be done
consumer product. before a few years.
With considering of these simple models, the students We are using ABM for modelling different models
can easily understand the basic concepts of subjects that can help students to easily learn and teachers to better
connected to this simulation and can visually and teach different natural, social and math subjects.
dynamically present something that can be difficult to
present or imagine otherwise. 3 Agent based modelling in
2 Agent based modelling education process
Knowledge application in realistic situations has been
There are many definitions from different experts about shown to be verry important in the process in developing
what agents in systems are, but all agree that agents are a complex skills. Students can acquire high level of
software component that is autonomous and aims to act as expertise in complex real problem-solving tasks if they
a human agent (collect data, process data, and interpret have enough previous knowledge and enough practice.
data) [6]. Practice can be obtained with facing real problems which
Agent - based modelling (ABM) is one of the newer correspond to a professional field. In educational
approaches in computer simulation. This type of programs, the opportunity to engage in real-life problem
simulation is mainly used to model complex system, and solving is very limited. These limitations make practice in
it is based on autonomous agents and their interactions. real-life situations often inaccessible especially for novice
Agent-based models (ABMs) are computational learners. Therefore, simulations can often be used in
structures where system-level behaviour can be obtained education settings. In STEM (science, technology,
by the behaviour of individual agents. ABM basically engineering, and mathematics) education, modelling and
contains three elements: agents, an environment, and rules simulation can be used to facilitate a deeper understanding
governing each agent’s behaviour and its local interactions of concepts and relationships between objects and
with other agents and with the environment. problems, easily problem solving, and decision making.
Agents have their own characteristics, rules of making Agent based modelling and simulation can be used in
decision, ability to interact with other agents in the system medical education, where simulations are used to enhance
and environment based on which they can change and diagnostics competence, technical skills for future doctors
adjust their behaviour [6, 7]. and nurses. Agent based simulation can also be used in
This method of modelling must identify active other fields, such as teaching education, engineering, and
entities, or agents and their behaviour must be defined. management, also can be used by the students of
Agents can be people, households, vehicles, equipment, economic, biology, political science [11 -18].
products, or companies, more precisely anything, that is Some of the most used simulation software in
related to the system [7]. education are: EcoBeaker, SimBio, NetLogo, MIMOSE,
In recent years, ABM has been used in various AgentScript, Swarm, JAS-mine and Anylogic.
branches of science, and the largest application they found NetLogo is a multi-agent programmable modelling
in the social sciences. It is often used to simulate the environment for simulating natural and social phenomena.
phenomenon in economic and technical sciences. Until the
appearance of these models, modelling of phenomena in
Application of Agent-Based Modelling in Learning Process… Informatica 48 (2024) 11–20 13

It is especially well suited for modelling systems that cell biology, genetics, and neurobiology. SimBio is
are developing over the time. NetLogo allows written in Java, uses XML and can solve ordinary
sophisticated modelling and allows the experienced differential equations [23].
programmers to add their own Java extensions. This AgentScript is a minimalist agent- based modelling
software is used by many hundreds of thousands of framework. This tool is based on NetLogo agents'
students, teachers, and researchers from whole world [19]. semantics. Its goal is to promote an agent-oriented
MIMOSE consists of a model description language programming model in a deployable CoffeeScript
and an experimental frame for simulation of the described /JavaScript implementation [24].
models. The main purpose of MIMOSE simulation JAS-mine is a Java-based computational platform that
software was the development of a modelling language features tools to support the development of large-
that considers special demands of modelling in social scale, data-driven, discrete-event simulations. JAS-mine
science, especially the description of nonlinear is specifically designed for both agent-based and
quantitative and qualitative relations, stochastic microsimulation modelling, anticipating a convergence
influences, birth and death processes, and micro and between the two approaches [25].
multilevel models [20]. AnyLogic is a multimode simulation modelling tool
EcoBeaker is an ecological simulation program. This developed by AnyLogic (formerly XJ Technologies).
program is designed primarily for education goal but can Supports simulation methodologies based on agents,
be used and for research models. EcoBeaker gives a two- discrete events, and system dynamics. AnyLogic is a
dimensional computer world into which agents are placed cross-platform simulation software running on Windows,
and their behaviours are designed [21]. macOS and Linux.
Swarm is a simulation software package for multi- AnyLogic is used to simulate markets and
agent simulation of complex systems developed at the competition, healthcare, manufacturing, supply chain and
Santa Fe Institute. It is made to be a useful tool for logistics, retail, business processes, social and ecosystem
researchers and students in many disciplines. The basic dynamics, defense, asset management, pedestrian
architecture of Swarm is the simulation of collections of dynamics, and road traffic.
concurrently interacting agents: with this architecture, a AnyLogic models can be based on any of the three
large variety of agent-based models can be implemented methods in simulation modelling: discrete events, system
[22]. dynamics or agent-based systems [26].
SimBio is a simulation software for teaching biology. Тhe comparison of different simulation software used
The software can be used for biological systems such as in education, mentioned before, and their main features
cardiac cells, epithelial cells, and pancreatic β cells. With are given in Тable 1 .
this software can be simulated experiments in evolution,

Table 1: Comparation of different simulation software used in education

Model Models’
Operating Programming User support Subjects User
development scalability
system language and License covered friendliness
effort level
CD with Ecology,
No
Windows and tutorial/ conservation
EcoBeaker programming Simple, easy Small scale high
Mac Proprietary, not biology, and
skills required
free for use evolution

Tutorials,
Interactive
Ecology,
Chapters,
Evolution, Env
Workbook
Science, Cell
Labs,
Windows and Medium Biology. Medium to
SimBio Java Frequently Moderate
Mac. scale Genetics, high
Asked
Conservation,
Questions /
Biology,
General Public
Physiology
Licence, free for
use

Documentation;
FAQ; selected
references;
tutorials; third
Cross-platform:
party Different
JVM, (difficult to Simple, easy Medium to
NetLogo NetLogo extensions; natural and medium
install on to moderate high scale
defect list; social sciences
Windows)
mailing lists
/General Public
License, free for
use
14 Informatica 48 (2024) 11–20 N. Stojkovikj et al.

Tutorial for
Linux, Windows installation and
MIMOSE (difficult to install Java use/ Open Moderate Small scale Social science poor
on Windows) sourced, free for
use
Tutorials,
Primary for
Example
social sciences
All OS with Javascript, Models /Open
AgentScript Simple, easy Small scale but usable for medium
Browsers NetLogo source free for
natural sciences
use, GPLv3
too.
license
Wiki; tutorials;
examples;
documentation;
FAQ; selected Primary for
Java; Hard, Extreme
Swarm Cross-platform publications; social sciences poor
Objective-C Complex scale
mailing lists/ .
General Public
License, free for
use
Social and
natural sciences,
Tutorials, primary social,
presentations, discrete-event
Cross-platform: Simple, easy Medium
JAS-mine Java videos/ Eclipse simulations, medium
JVM to moderate scale
plugin, free for including agent-
use based and
microsimulation
models
Demos;
training; online
community; ask Different
a question; natural and
online help; social sciences,
Linux, macOS, tutorials; discrete events, medium to
Anylogic Java Moderate High scale
Windows consulting system high
services/ Free dynamics or
Personal agent-based
Learning systems
Edition
available

simulations can be used for education process for the

In continuation in this paper, we give examples of the medical students involved in public health and
use of agent-based modelling and simulations in different epidemiology. For this goal, universities and research
areas to facilitate the study and understanding of certain centres are using simulations as teaching tools for these
problematics. We used AnyLogic as a software for students.
implementing these examples. Simulation of spread on infectious disease is playing
We chose AnyLogic because as mentioned above and a central role in controlling spread of infection and making
as given in Table 1, AnyLogic compared to other tools has prediction that can help monitoring of epidemic [27].
the best features in terms of ease of use, free to use, use in Some of important epidemiologic models are SI, SIS, SIR,
multiple areas, adaptability, utility in natural and social SIRS, and SEIR, SEIR -D model without vital dynamics
sciences and user friendliness. And considering all these and with vital dynamics.
features, we decided to use AnyLogic for agent-based Here is given an example, where SEIR-D model
modelling in education. We have selected three models without vital dynamics is explained.
that can be used by students of social and natural sciences, In the SEIR-D model, the total population of N
or more specifically, medical students, biology students, individuals are divided in 5 categories: susceptible (S),
mathematics and computer science students, economics exposed (E), infected (I), recovered (R), and death (D).
and business students. • Susceptible – the started population people
who are not infected by the virus.
4 Examples of agent-based modelling • Exposed - people who are infected but who
can’t infect others
in anylogic used for education • Infectious - people who are infected and
who can infect others
A. Epidemiological models • Recovered – people who have recovered
Epidemics of infectious diseases are triggering from the virus.
interest in predicting epidemic dynamics. Agent-based • Death – people who death as consequence
from infectious disease.
Application of Agent-Based Modelling in Learning Process… Informatica 48 (2024) 11–20 15

This model relies on the assumption of a totally The SEIRS-D model in Anylogic simulation
susceptible population at time t0 as a starting point of the software is represented in Fig 1.
pandemic. In Anylogic, stocks are used to represent real-world
The goal of considering of SEIR-D is to explain the processes (material, knowledge, people, money, etc) and
variation of S(t), E(t), I(t), R(t), D(t). This model can help it define static part of the system. Flows define their rate
medical students in public health and epidemiology, for of change - how stock values change in the time, and it
easy understanding of a spread of the any infectious define the dynamics of the system.
disease.

Figure 1: SEIR-D model in AnyLogic

AnyLogic automatically generates a stock’s formula

according to the user’s stock-and-flow diagram. AnyLogic
automatically created these formulas when the flow is
added. This process can be easily done by students or
teachers to visually represent real situation of spreading
the disease.
Next step is defining the parameters and
dependencies. Seven Parameters are defined: Total
Population, Infectivity, ContactRate,
AverageIncubationTime, AverageIllnessDuration,
AverageImmunizationperiod, FalalityRate, with their
default values (As shown in Fig. 2).
Figure 2: Parameters in the model

• Total Population=2000000
Initially, the number of infected persons is 1. I(0) = 1,
• Infectivity=0.01
and the number of the exposed persons E (0) = 20. The
• ContactRateInfectious=1
output of the model run, is given in Fig 3 .
• AverageIncubationTime= 5.1 days
• AverageIllnessDuration= 21 days
• AverageImmunizationperiod = 90 days
• FatalityRate = 0.03

Figure 3: Output from SEIR-D model

16 Informatica 48 (2024) 11–20 N. Stojkovikj et al.

The medical student, using this model, has powerful computer science’s students is good example for hybrid
tools for prediction of the spread of the infectious disease. model that integrates methods of discrete event simulation
This model can be modified by students to track some and agent-based simulation.
epidemic spread (for example COVID-19 pandemic) [28]. Overcrowding in the Emergency Department (ED) is
After discussing death rates, prevention and treatment one of the most important issues in healthcare systems.
options and genetic and age-related variation in host This situation leads to an increase in length of stay, a
susceptibility, the students can decide to focus on decrease in the quality of care and the burnout of nursing
transmission into their model. Through discussion with staff.
the professors, they can realize how the transmission of Two major causes of this congestion are identified, the
infection disease can occur. This exercise with extending first one is unjustified Emergency Department visits and
a model to reflect specific biological assumptions helps the second one a lack of downstream beds. An unjustified
students understand the iterative process by which models emergency visit concerns a patient who have no health
are developed. Also, students can understand the utility of problem or a non-emergency health problem. This
simpler models to understanding key features of the situation creates a work overload for the medical staff. The
system’s behaviour [29]. lack of downstream beds increases the length of stay in the
On the other hand, this model can be important for math Emergency Department because patients must wait for a
and computer science students, because the model is given bed in a relevant medical unit. Sometimes patients are
by the system of the following differential equations: admitted to a medical unit that is not adapted to their
dS (t )  pathology to decrease the ED congestion. This situation is
=  R (t ) − I (t ) S (t ) problematic because it reduces the quality of care.
dt N−D First the patients come to the emergency department of
dE (t )  the hospital, in the department they are checked whether
= I (t ) S (t ) −  E (t ) they are emergency cases or not. In case of an emergency
dt N − D (t )
and in relation to the condition of the patient with an
dI (t ) emergency, some mandatory medical tests are performed,
=  E (t ) −  I (t ) − I (t ) such as different X-rays of certain parts of the body or
dt
other diagnostics tests.
dR (t ) For the emergencies, there must always be beds
=  I (t ) −  R (t )
dt
available in the hospital and after the medical tests are
performed, it is decided whether to keep the patient and to
dD (t ) determine his diagnosis or just to determine the diagnosis
= I (t )
dt and patient can leave the hospital.
This model can be used as a good example of how If the case is not urgent, the patient's vital signs such
differential equations can be implemented in as pulse, temperature, blood pressure and respiratory rate
epidemiological models. are checked. After checking patient's vital signs, his
Advantages of using agent - based simulation in treatment is determined. Because these patients are not
epidemiology are in the fact that the mathematical urgent from high degree, additional medical tests may not
representation of processes enables transparency and be needed, therefore they can only be diagnosed if
accuracy regarding the epidemiological assumptions. This necessary and discharged from the hospital, but still, some
allows students with their professors to test understanding can leave without the need for a diagnosis.
of the epidemiology disease by comparing model results For the successful development of this simulation, a
and results obtained from observation. Also, mathematical Discrete event simulation model and agent-based
models can help predicting outcomes and adjustment of simulation model in Any Logic program is used. In classic
measures for stopping the spread of infections, as well as discrete event tools, the entities are passive and can only
taking new appropriate measures. have attributes that affect the way they are handled. In
AnyLogic multimethod simulation software, entities and
B. Hospital emergency department resources can be modelled as agents with individual
simulation behaviour and state changes.
This model is important and can be applied in process of In this simulation triangular distribution is used
education for the business students, and for a math and because the exact rate of patient arrival is not known,
computer science’s students. therefore, a minimum, a most probable, and a maximum
For business students, the model can be used for well value for a triangular distribution are set.
organizing of the healthcare systems. For the math and The model in Anylogic is presented in Fig 4.
Application of Agent-Based Modelling in Learning Process… Informatica 48 (2024) 11–20 17

Figure 4: Emergency department model in anylogic

The result of simulation is given in Fig 5.

Figure 5: Output from simulation

This simulation can be helpful for the students of seen the movie in the cinema, but a combination of
business and other organization sciences, managing and advertising will eventually lead them to purchase the
logistics, also and computer science students. The model ticket to watch it. Also, advertising’s influence on
can be helpful in the process of improving organization on consumer demand is considered, by allowing a specific
the Hospital Emergency Department, to obtain optimal percentage of them to become interested in purchasing the
number of rooms, beds, and some other things for each ticket during a given day. Advertising effectiveness = 0.1
sub-department of the ED, as well as have an estimated determines the percentage of potential users that become
price for the ED, to optimally serve patients entering the ready to buy the product during a given day. In Fig 6 is
ED with a known arrival rate. presented diagram of Cinema model presented in
This simulation can be useful because students can AnyLogic.
experiment on the simulation model instead of real
Hospital Emergency Department.
The students can modify appropriate parameters and
estimate output results from these parameters. Therefore,
using this model students can easily manage with real
problems like this one.

C. Market models
An agent-based model of a costumer cinema is
considered for this example. In this model each costumer
is an agent. The model includes 5000 people who have not
18 Informatica 48 (2024) 11–20 N. Stojkovikj et al.

Figure 7: Output from Cinema model

This model can be good example for computer science

Figure 6: Cinema model
students, economics, and business students. With making
different adjustments of the parameters, students can
The parameters that are used represent several
watch changes of the behaviour of the model and can
functions. The first parameter AdEffectiveness defines the
easily understand how appropriate changes reflected in
percentage of potential users who become ready to buy the
consumer behaviours and whole system dynamics and can
ticked and watch the movie during a given day. The
improve customer satisfaction. This model can help
second ContactRate represent how many contacts a person
students to make market predictions. Students can easily
has per day with other PotentialUsers. The third
apply and extend this obtained knowledge to real
AdoptionFraction is used to show us how much the
problems like this.
ContactRate (the contact between two PotentialUsers) has
affection. The last parameter, DiscardTime, represents
how much time will the User wait to become 5 Conclusion
PotentialUser again. Rapid advances in computing power and increasing
There are two more parameters to test the impatience use of ICT in all aspects of life have made agent-based
of the customers. MaxWaitingTime, which is the modelling and simulation (ABMS) feasible and appealing
maximum time a user will wait for the product (in this tool for easily studding teaching and understanding
case, seven days), and MaxDeliveryTime, which is the different subjects. Simulation-based learning can offer
maximum time for delivery a product (in this case, 20 learning with approximation of practice, overcoming
days). limitations of learning in real-life situations. Performing
When the program is run, the 5000 population that are modelling and simulation activities in educational
previously selected are obtained. Mostly there are gray environments can be an effective tool for learning
Potential Users because the patience is very low and the complex and dynamic systems. Students using simulation
max waiting time in this case is 7 days. The yellowGreen can be more motivated for learning, gaining new skills,
which are the Users are less and when they are done with easily understanding subjects, gaining intuition, and
watching the movie, they cannot go back for another 6 making generalization. The opportunity to alter and adjust
months. real life aspects and situations, in a way that facilitates
This Cinema model simulates how 5000 people will learning and practicing makes simulation an effective
react if they all are PotentialUsers and waiting to purchase educational tool. Simulation-based learning can start early
one ticked for the one movie in the Cinema. From this in study programs because it can be effective for beginners
model it can be concluded that 5000 people is a lot for just and advanced learners too. Simulation models could be
one selling counter and the waiting line is too long, which used as a tool in education system, from primary and
means that the customers will have high impatience and secondary school and for higher education in learning and
most of them won’t wait, eventually quit, and go back to teaching subjects in undergraduate curriculums.
PotentialUsers. Therefore, if the purpose of the model is Agent-based modelling and simulation (ABMS) is a
to sell tickets to 5000 people there must be more than one powerful technique in simulating and exploring
selling counter, therefore the waiting line won’t be too phenomena that includes a large set of active components
long. represented by agents.
The output from simulation in given in Fig 7.
Application of Agent-Based Modelling in Learning Process… Informatica 48 (2024) 11–20 19

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