University of Wollongong in Dubai

CSIT121 Object Oriented Design and Programming

 CSIT121
Object-Oriented Design and Programming

Dr. HC Lim & Dr George Tsaramirsis

School of Compute Science,

University of Wollongong in
Dubai
1
 Lecture 1 outline

• Computer programs
• Programming languages
• What object-oriented means
• Object-oriented analysis (OOA)
• Object-oriented design (OOD)
• Object-oriented programming (OOP)
• Python IDLE
• Your first object-oriented program in Python

2
Digital World
In modern life, we are surrounded by digital electronic
devices

Microprocessors + Programs
 Digital World

Automatic parking Self driving cars

Smart cruise control

Military robots

Home robots

Automated assembly lines

Computers are incredibly fast, accurate and stupid. Human
beings are incredibly slow, inaccurate and brilliant. Together they
are powerful beyond imagination.
Albert Einstein?… Leo Cherne?... Stuart Walesh?

How to let this stupid machine

do something for me?
PersonalComputer

640K ought to be enough for anybody

Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, 1981

1) Scanner
2) CPU (Microprocessor)
3) Memory (RAM)
4) Expansion cards
(graphics cards, etc.)
5) Power supply
6) Optical disc drive
7) Storage (Hard disk or SSD)
8) Motherboard
9) Speakers
10) Monitor
11) System software
12) Application software
13) Keyboard
14) Mouse
15) External hard disk
By User:HereToHelp, CC BY 2.5 16) Printer

One of the most

important components
is missing here
Let a computer do something!

Computers don't do anything without someone telling them what to do

• How to let a computer to do something?

• Instruct it
• How to instruct a computer to do something?
• Use a language to instruct it
• How to use a language to instruct a computer to do something?
• Write a sequence of instructions in a language – a program
• How to write a program?
• Learn programming – this subject !
How computers work

The focus of CSIT121

System Software

By Kristoferb, CC BY-SA 3.0

/**
* The HelloWorldApp class implements an
* application that displays “Hello object world!"
* to the standard output.
*/
class HelloWorldApp:
def greet(self):
// Display "Hello world!"
print("Hello object world!")
greeter = HellowWorldAPP()
greeter.greet()
How computers work

The focus of CSIT121

System Software

By Kristoferb, CC BY-SA 3.0

/**
* The HelloWorldApp class implements an
* application that displays “Hello object world!"
* to the standard output.
*/
class HelloWorldApp:
def greet(self):
// Display "Hello world!"
print("Hello object world!")
greeter = HellowWorldAPP()
greeter.greet()
How computer programs work
x86 instructions

ADD add
SUB substract
MUL multiply
Central CMP compare
INC increment
Processing MOV move data
Unit …
input output
(CPU) program in memory

Program Task:
Code
machine
instructions
z=x+y
00FF 01101001 read CPU instructions
01101010 read
00FF:F0F0 … add
main 11100101 write Read location x
≈ 00FF:F0F1
Read location y
memory Program
Data
Add
10000100 x Write to location z
≈ 01001011 y
… z

The instruction binaries are not real and for illustration only
Evolution of Programming Languages
Machine Symbolic High-level
languages languages languages

1950 1950 1960

10001101 mov al,40 weight = mass * 9.8;

00111100 add al,dl if(weight > MAX_WEIGHT)

00101101 cmp cl,dl status = sendWarning();

11000101 call RESET

• 1989 – C
• 1991 – Python
• 1995 – Java
• 1998 – C++
 Task: “Hello, World!”

• How do people say hello to the world?

Hello
G’day
你好
Bonjour
‫رﻣﺣﺑﺎ‬
こんにちは
여보세요

• How to instruct your computer to say hello to the world ?

“Hello World” programs

Intel x86 instruction set for 32-bit Linux

Intel x86 instruction set for 16-bit DOS
.model small section .data
.stack 100h str: db 'Hello world!', 0Ah
str_len: equ $ - str 01011001
.data section .text 11100100
global _start …

Assembly
msg db ‘Hello world!$'
_start: compiled 10100101
.code mov eax, 4
mov ebx, 1
11000100
start:
mov ah, 09h mov ecx, str 01101011
lea dx, msg mov edx, str_len …
int 21h int 80h
mov ax, 4C00h mov eax, 1
int 21h mov ebx, 0 Machine code
end start int 80h
Low

#include <stdio.h>
Levels of programming languages

int main() { compiled

C
printf("Hello World!");
} VM VM

public class HelloWorldApp {

public static void main(String[] args){
compiled
System.out.println("Hello, World!"); Java
}
}
High

interpreted
print "Hello World!" Python
Programming languages

• Compiled languages Anything that can be done using one

language can be done using any language.
• Compiled to machine code Some language may be easier for certain things

• Architecture-dependant, high performance

• Assembly, C, C++
• Compiled to bytecode
• Architecture-neutral (running in a virtual machine)
• Java
• Interpreted (scripting) languages
• Programming languages without explicit compilation, interpreted at
run-time
• JavaScript, PHP, Perl, shell
• Python is used without compilation, but is compiled to bytecode on-the-fly and
running in a virtual machine
• Simple and less lines of code, less access to computer native resources,
slower execution
The differences are becoming fewer
Programming

• Programming is a problem-solving activity

• A program tells the computer how to solve a specific problem
• A problem can be broken down into a set of sub-problems
• There are many ways how a problem can be subdivided into sub-problems
• The subdivision affects the program implementation

• Programming is not very difficult, but time-consuming

• The most challenging part about programming is to match subdivision of
the problem with the program design methodology
• Computers cannot guess what problem you are solving. They simply follow
your program instructions even though they may be wrong
• A lot of time will be spent to figure out why the computer does not do
what you expect it to do - debugging

Remember? Brilliant Humans beings are incredibly slow and inaccurate

The subject

• Objective
• Learn the Object-oriented view of problem analysis and solving
• Learning Outcomes
1. Effectively design and implement object-oriented programs in an
integrated development environment;
2. Demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of the concepts
of a well-structured solution and good coding style within an
object-oriented programming environment;
3. Create correct and maintainable object-oriented programs using
an object-oriented programming language;
4. Apply the principles of reuse in software design and
implementation

This subject is not just about Python, but you will learn programming in Python
 Learning programming

• Learn by doing
• If you want to learn programming, you must “do” programming
• Spend sufficient time doing it

Learning stage Applying stage

Lectures Labs Assignments

Discuss Do it Apply
what learnt
with examples like examples from examples

• You should listen to what • You must do exercises if you

the lecturer says about what want to learn programming. • When you are ready, you will
on the presentation slides; • If you do not spend sufficient find assignments not very
• Slides are not for you to time to actually write actual difficult to complete
read - books are code, you are not learning
programming.
 Objects

• Physical objects: a tangible thing that we can sense, feel, and

manipulate

• Software objects: models of something (class) that can do certain

things (behaviors) and have certain things (data) done to them

• A software object is a collection of data and associated behaviors.

17
 Object-oriented analysis, design
& programming
• Object-oriented means functionally directed toward modeling
objects.

• Terms:
• object-oriented analysis (OOA)
• object-oriented design (OOD)
• object-oriented programming (OOP)

18
 Object-oriented analysis, design & programming

• object-oriented analysis (OOA): looking at a problem, system or task and

identifying the objects and interactions between those objects. WHAT

• object-oriented design (OOD): converting requirements into an

implementation specification. Name the objects, define the behaviors,
and specify object interaction. HOW

• object-oriented programming (OOP): converting the design into a working

program that does exactly what the customer wants

19
 Object-oriented analysis

• Features of objects: names, attributes, behaviors, relationships, etc

• Objects are differentiated based by the values/instances of these
features (Data & Functions)
• If objects share the same structure of features. We define the object’s
structure as a class.
• Classes are blueprints for creating objects. They descript the general
attributes and behaviors of objects.
• But classes do not contain Data and can’t be used directly.
• Objects are the instances of classes. Objects contain data and can be
used.
• OOA needs to consider the features of objects belonging to the same
class
20
 Object-oriented analysis

• An object-oriented program may contain multiple objects, which are instances of

multiple classes.
• OOA needs to consider the structure and relationships of multiple classes in a
program
• How to organise these classes?
• OOD patterns
• How to describe the hieratical relationships of classes within a class family?
• Single inheritance
• Multiple inheritances
• Abstract class
• Polymorphism
• How to describe the horizontal relationships between classes not in the same family?
• Association
• Multiplicity
• Aggregation
• Composition
21
 Object-oriented analysis

A user of eBay might need to do

• Review his/her purchase/sell historical records
• Post a new advertisement
• Browse, compare and order items
•…

22
 Object-oriented design

• Formally specify the structures and relationships of classes

• Unified Modeling Language (UML)
• Class diagram
• Sequence diagram
• UMLet (https://www.umlet.com/)
• The iterative design and development model will be used
• Initialising class design using the class diagram
• Evaluating the class design in scenarios/tasks using the sequence diagram
• Implementing the design and testing the program
• Updating the class design
• Repeat the above steps till a satisfactory evaluation results

23
Object-oriented design

UML class diagram UML sequence diagram

24
 Object-oriented programing

• Using a particular object-oriented programming language to implement the

design
• Python
• Java
• C++
• Following the language syntax and specification
• Compile and execute the program
• Test the program
• Unit test
• Integration test
• This may involve the modification of existing designs and re-evaluation.

25
Python

• interpreted
• targeted towards short to medium
sized projects
• useful as a scripting language

Runtime
Code Compiler Computer
Env

Code Interpreter Computer

Guido van Rossum

A Dutch programmer, the

creator of Python
 Why Python

• Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux,

Raspberry Pi, etc).
• Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
• Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs
with fewer lines than some other programming languages.
• Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code
can be executed as soon as it is written. This means that
prototyping can be very quick.
• Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-
oriented way or a functional way.

27
 Python

Windows Mac OSX Linux

1) Chances are you

1) Download Python 1) Python is already already have
from python.org. installed. Python installed. To
2) Run 'python’ 2) Open a terminal check run
using the run and run python python from the
command. or run Idle terminal.
from finder. 2) If not, install
-or- python through
Run Idle from your distribution's
the Start Menu. package system.
Python

Unlike in Java, in Python whitespace (think tabs and spaces) matters.

Instead of using braces ({}) to designate code blocks, Python uses the
indentation. This was done to promote readable code. In Java you may
or may not indent and it will work. In Python you must indent.

Hello.java
1 public class Hello {
2 public static void main(String[] args){
3 System.out.println();
4 }
5 }

hello.py
1 def hello():
2 print "Hello \"world\"!"
3
4 def does_nothing():
5 pass
6
7 hello()
 Python

While commenting is comments.py

flexible it is good
1 # This is a file full of comments and code.
practice to comment code
2
with # comments before
3 def hello():
code in question.
4 """print 'Hello world'
5 this comment can be multi-line"""
Comment methods with a doc
6 print "Hello world" # this is in-line
string (""") on the first
7 hello()
line in a method that way
it will be used in help().
Python

comments.py
1 # This is a file full of comments and code.
Python can read the 2
function comments and 3 def hello():
make them available 4 """prints 'Hello world'
when you need them. 5 this comment can be multi-line"""
To access these 6 print "Hello world" # this is in-line
comments call 7 hello()
help(<function>).
>>> hello()
Hello world
>>> help(hello)
Help on function hello in module main :

hello()
prints 'Hello world'
this comment can be multi-line
 Python – IDLE

• IDLE is an Integrated Development Environment for Python

• Multi-window text editor with syntax highlighting, auto-completion,
smart indent and other.
• Python shell with syntax highlighting.
• Integrated debugger with stepping, persistent breakpoints,
and call stack visibility

32
Python IDE – IDLE

• https://www.python.org

33
 Suggested reading

Python 3 Object-Oriented Programming

• Preface
• Chapter 1: Object-Oriented Design

Python
• https://www.python.org/