samen Answer any three full questions, each carries 10 mark a) List out the various elements of measurement. b) What is ABBE’s Principle? c) Distinguish between accuracy and precision of an instrument? a) Explain line standard and end standard measurement ‘Scanned wih CamScannerElements of Measurements + There are three main measuring elements required to measure for a siven component: 4. Linear Dimensions (Linear Measurements) + Z Angular Dimensions (Angular Measurements) * 3.Non-tinear Functions: 1a Linear Dimensions (Linear Measurements) * The measurements of linear dimensions are necessary and important in engineering work. * For Example, measurement of length with the help of linear measuring Instruments. + Some linear (length) measuring instruments are * () Steet rule + (i) Vernier caliper + (it) Micrometre * (wv) Deptn Gauge + (9) Vernier height gauge + (w) Ola gauge * (vi) Sip gauges * (ui) Umit gauges, and * (i) Comparators, ete Coe eee Angular Dimensions (Angular Measurements) + The measurements of angular dimensions are frequently necessary in engineering work. For example, measurement of angle, taper, inclination, etc, with the help of angular measuring instruments. * Some angular (angle) measuring instruments are: *{i) Protector +{i) Bevel protector lil) Combination set iv) Sine bar *(v) Angle gauges (vi) Clinometer *{uit) Auto collimator *{viip Dividing head, ete (i) Taper plug and ring gauges, and +(x Precision balls and rollers Non-Linear Function: * The measurement of non-linear functions includes concentricity, flatness, roundness and surface texture etc. + These functions are sometime very necessary to measure for proper ‘ functioning of a machine component say shaft, pulley, bearings etc. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerAsecs Sami 0% -ferommepty ahould be folloued in muiamuments Fo avoit cosine cnma,@a> sine Mor, ek * "he els Of meancumint af meanuud) Pat thoutee —coinacls eo Be ced of manmuamart 3 Neue oleate” SS ©) Keron clue & Alylan procures d) hinon obese th pery wotacs + % awd itt: Wr g Sues, he Geugt 10M Loner arm shoul be used he. meansieg ciaiud — suafan « Tae of “ansbument 9 kiter ole % vibrator D) kines chu te lat a ) harm chee % Loaserow. D Knot oles % parallase apeet | ‘Scanned wih CamScanner‘Scanned wih CamScannerLine Standard: Z 0 + When the length being measuredis expressed as the distance between two lines, this is known as, obviously, line standard. + Imperial Standard Yard and international Standard Meter are the line standards both comes under primary standard of length measurement. + Measuring scale and tapes are also line standards and comes under working standards of length measurement. * This form of measurement is not very convenient to use. *+ Measurement of length with scale is an example of line standard. End Standard: * When the length being measured is expressed as the distance between two surfaces or ends, this Is referred as, obviously, end standard. + Slip gauges, end bars, micrometres etc. are comes in this category. * This form of measurement is very convenient to use in tool-rooms, laboratories, workshops etc + There are two basic forms of end standards + (a) Sip gauges (gouge blocks) * (O) Cylindrical end bars, (length bars) (a) Slip Gauges: * Slip gauges are used for measurement up to 200 mm. * These are more accurate than line standards. (b) Cylindrical End Bars: + When dealing with accurate dimensions that are larger than can be conveniently assembled using slip sauges, length bars are used. * In the other words, a length bar has a similar function to gauge blocks but on a larger scale. + The length bars are available in different grades of accuracy and in different sizes, ranging from 20 to 30 ‘mm dia and up to 1 m length ‘Scanned wih CamScanner