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1st Lesson Solving DE With Integrating Factors

1) This document discusses methods for solving first order linear differential equations, including using an integrating factor. The integrating factor allows the equation to be rewritten so it can be integrated to solve for the variable. 2) It also discusses modeling population growth using differential equations. Exponential growth models a population increasing proportionally to its current size, following the equation dP/dt = kP. Logistic growth includes a carrying capacity limit to model sustainable long-term growth. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate solving differential equations that model exponential and logistic population growth over time.

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21 views11 pages

1st Lesson Solving DE With Integrating Factors

1) This document discusses methods for solving first order linear differential equations, including using an integrating factor. The integrating factor allows the equation to be rewritten so it can be integrated to solve for the variable. 2) It also discusses modeling population growth using differential equations. Exponential growth models a population increasing proportionally to its current size, following the equation dP/dt = kP. Logistic growth includes a carrying capacity limit to model sustainable long-term growth. 3) Examples are provided to demonstrate solving differential equations that model exponential and logistic population growth over time.

Uploaded by

yirago8621
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solving DE with Integrating Factor

• Suppose we have a first order linear differential equation of the (Non-


Homogeneous) form
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
where 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are functions of 𝑥, can be solved using the
integrating factor
𝐼 = 𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑃 ׬‬

1
• Rearrange the DE in the form
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
• Calculate the integrating factor
𝐼 = 𝑒 ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑃 ׬‬

• Multiply both sides by 𝐼.


• Rewrite L.H.S.
‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑃 ׬‬
𝑑𝑦
𝑒 + 𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑦𝑒 ‫𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
• Integrate both sides
2
• Example:
Solve

𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 𝑒𝑥
+ = 3 , 𝑦 1 =3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑦 = −3
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

3
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Solving DE of the form =𝑔
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
• Create a new variable 𝑣 = → 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑣𝑥) 𝑑𝑣
• 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 → = =𝑣 +𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
→ =𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

• Convert ODE into an ODE of new variable 𝑣.

• Solve new ODE.

4
• Example:
Solve
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥−𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦

5
Differential Equations as Mathematical Models
• The mathematical description of a system or a phenomenon is called
a mathematical model.
• The steps of the modeling process are repeated as shown in the
following figure.

6
Exponential Growth

(Population Dynamics)-
“What will the population of a certain country be in ten years?”
• This is commonly called the exponential model, that is, the rate of change
of the population is proportional to the existing population.
• if 𝑃(𝑡) measures the population, then we have

𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃
∝𝑃→ = 𝑘𝑃
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
where 𝑘 is a constant of proportionality.

7
• This is a linear differential equation which solves into
𝑃 𝑡 = 𝑃0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
where 𝑃0 is the initial population, i.e. 𝑃 0 = 𝑃0 .

• Therefore, we conclude the following


• if 𝑘 > 0 then the population grows and continues to expand to infinity.
• if 𝑘 < 0 then the population will shrink and tend to 0.

8
Example:
1) The rate of change of a culture of bacteria is proportional to the
population itself. When 𝑡 = 0, there are 100 bacteria. Two minutes
later, at 𝑡 = 2, there are 300 bacteria.
a) Find the constant of proportionality.
b) How many bacteria are there at 4 minutes?

2) Prove that, for a population with constant continuous growth rate


𝑘,the doubling time 𝑡 is given by
1
𝑇 = ln(2)
𝑘

9
Logistic Growth Model
Exponential growth is not quite accurate since the environmental
support system for a given species is likely not infinite.

Let 𝑀 be the maximum population, then


𝑑𝑃 𝑃
= 𝑘 (𝑀 − 𝑃)
𝑑𝑡 𝑀

This is a linear differential equation which solves into

𝑃0 𝑀𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑃 𝑡 =
(𝑀 − 𝑃0 ) + 𝑃0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
10
Example:
A population of rabbits in a meadow is observed to be 200 rabbits at
𝑡 = 0. After a month the rabbit population is observed to have
increased by 4. Using an initial population of 200 and a growth rate of
0.04 , with a carrying capacity of 750 rabbits, predict the population
after 1 year.

11

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