Cambridge IGCSE™

* 4 2 1 2 9 1 8 0 3 8 *

CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/41

Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2023

2 hours

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 120.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 28 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (PQ/JG) 320884/4
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1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a pedigree diagram for the inheritance of a genetic condition called cystic fibrosis.

The allele for cystic fibrosis is recessive a.

The allele for no cystic fibrosis is dominant A.

P Q

key

female with cystic fibrosis male with cystic fibrosis

female without cystic fibrosis male without cystic fibrosis

Fig. 1.1

(i) Use Fig. 1.1 to state:

the number of people with the genotype aa ...........................

the number of people with the sex chromosomes XY. ...........................

[2]

(ii) State the term that is used to describe the genotype aa.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The couple labelled P and Q in Fig. 1.1 decide to have another child.

Complete the genetic diagram in Fig. 1.2 to calculate the percentage likelihood of this
child having cystic fibrosis.

parent P gametes

parent Q
gametes

percentage likelihood of child having cystic fibrosis. ...........................

Fig. 1.2
[3]

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(b) Cystic fibrosis causes mucus produced by cells lining the airways to become very thick and
sticky.

(i) State the name of the cells in the airways that produce mucus.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why people with cystic fibrosis are more likely to have frequent lung infections.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Lung cancer is another disease that affects the lungs.

State the major cause of lung cancer.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 10]

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2 Crude oil contains hydrocarbon molecules.

(a) State what is meant by a hydrocarbon.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Alkanes are hydrocarbon molecules.

(i) State the type of bond found in alkane molecules.

Tick (3) one box.

double covalent

intermolecular

ionic

single covalent
[1]

(ii) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.

State which molecule is a saturated hydrocarbon.

Tick (3) one box.

C2H2

C2H4

C3H8

C4H8
[1]

(c) Larger alkanes are cracked to form smaller alkanes and another type of hydrocarbon
molecule.

(i) State the name of this other type of hydrocarbon molecule.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the conditions needed for cracking.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(iii) The equation shows the cracking of C24H50.

Balance the equation.

C24H50 C10H22 + .............. C6H12 + .............. [2]

(d) Hydrocarbon molecules are used as fuels.

Burning fuels produce pollutants in the air. These pollutants cause problems.

Draw one line from each pollutant to the problem it causes.

pollutant problem

acid rain

carbon monoxide

particulates turn
buildings black

global warming

sulfur dioxide

poisoning of living
organisms

[2]

[Total: 10]

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3 Nuclear power stations use nuclear fission to generate electricity.

The nuclear fission of uranium releases thermal energy.

The thermal energy produced is used to convert water into steam which drives the turbines that
generate electricity.

(a) State one advantage of generating electricity from nuclear fission.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Barium-141 ( 141

56Ba) is produced by the nuclear fission of uranium.

Barium-141 decays by emitting a beta-particle.

(i) Use the correct nuclide notation to show the decay of barium-141.

141 .............. ..............

56Ba ..............
La + ..............
β
[2]

(ii) A 160 g sample of barium-141 has a half-life of 18 minutes.

Calculate the time it will take for the mass of barium-141 in the sample to decrease to 10 g.

time = ........................................... minutes [2]

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(c) Fig. 3.1 shows a simple turbine, similar to those used in a nuclear power station.

blade A
high-pressure
steam

direction of
rotation

Fig. 3.1

(i) The high-pressure steam is at a pressure of 1.8 × 107 Pa.

Blade A has a surface area of 0.12 m2.

Show that the force acting on blade A is 2.2 × 106 N.

[1]

(ii) The moment of the force, from the high-pressure steam acting on blade A, is 1.35 × 106 N m.

Calculate the distance d, from the centre of blade A to the pivot of the turbine.

distance d = ..................................................... m [2]

(iii) When the turbine spins, blade A moves with a constant speed but a changing velocity.

Explain why the velocity of blade A changes.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

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4 (a) A student investigates the effect of different types of sugar on the anaerobic respiration in
yeast.

She mixes yeast with five different types of sugar solutions of the same concentration and
measures the volume of gas produced after 2 hours.

Table 4.1 shows the results.

Table 4.1

sugar volume of gas produced in 2 hours / cm3

A 9

B 16

C 82

D 3

E 65

(i) Identify the sugar in Table 4.1 that produces the largest volume of gas.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the rate of anaerobic respiration for sugar A in Table 4.1.

rate of anaerobic respiration for sugar A = ........................................... cm3 / min [2]

(iii) State the name of the gas produced in this investigation.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) State one practical use for the anaerobic respiration of yeast.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) Describe three ways that aerobic respiration is different from anaerobic respiration in
humans.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Respiration is one of the characteristics of living organisms.

State one other characteristic.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 9]

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5 (a) The pH of a solution describes how acidic or alkaline it is.

State which of these values shows the pH of a strong acid.

Tick (3) one box.

14

1
[1]

(b) Complete the sentences about dilute hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Choose words from the list. Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.

acceptor catalyst donor an electron a proton

Dilute hydrochloric acid is defined as an acid because it is .................. .................. .

Aqueous sodium hydroxide is defined as a base because it is .................. .................. .

[3]

(c) (i) Hydrochloric acid, HCl , reacts with copper carbonate, CuCO3.

Copper chloride, CuCl 2, water and carbon dioxide are made.

Construct the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe the test for carbon dioxide and its positive result.

test ....................................................................................................................................

positive result ....................................................................................................................

[2]

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(d) 2.45 g of sulfuric acid reacts with 1.60 g of copper oxide.

Copper sulfate, CuSO4, is made.

H2SO4 + CuO CuSO4 + H2O

Calculate the number of moles of sulfuric acid and the number of moles of copper oxide.

Use your answers to determine the limiting reactant in this reaction.

Show your working.

[Ar: H, 1; Cu, 64; O, 16; S, 32]

limiting reactant = ......................................................... [4]

[Total: 12]

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6 Fig. 6.1 shows a bee collecting pollen from a flower.

Fig. 6.1

(a) The maximum speed of a bee is 5.8 m / s.

(i) Calculate the maximum distance a bee can travel in 60 seconds.

maximum distance = ..................................................... m [2]

(ii) The mass of the bee is 0.20 g.

Calculate the kinetic energy of the bee when it is moving at 5.8 m / s.

kinetic energy = ...................................................... J [3]

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(b) The flower uses brightly coloured petals to attract the bee. The petals reflect ultraviolet light
and visible light, both of which are part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

State one similarity and one difference between visible light and ultraviolet light.

similarity ....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

difference ..................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) The bee becomes positively charged as it flies through the air.

Suggest how this charge is produced.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) When suspended in water, the pollen from the flower can be used to study Brownian motion.

Describe how Brownian motion provides evidence for the kinetic molecular model of matter.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 13]

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7 (a) A scientist measures the activity of the enzyme amylase at different temperatures.

Fig. 7.1 shows a graph of the results.

120

100

80
enzyme activity
/ arbitrary units 60

40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
temperature / °C

Fig. 7.1

Complete the sentences to describe and explain the results in Fig. 7.1.

Amylase breaks down the substrate ................................................. into smaller molecules of

................................................. .

As temperature increases, the activity of amylase increases until it reaches its optimum

temperature of ................................................. °C.

As the temperature increases, the amylase particles gain ................................................. energy.

This results in more frequent successful collisions between amylase and its substrate.

At temperatures above 75 °C, all of the amylase has become ................................................. .

This means the ................................................. of amylase has changed shape and is no

longer complementary to the substrate.

[6]

(b) State two parts of the alimentary canal which secrete amylase.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(c) Enzymes are proteins.

(i) List the chemical elements present in all proteins.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State the name of the chemical test for the presence of proteins.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 11]

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8 Non-metallic elements exist as simple molecules with covalent bonds.

Non-metallic elements can also exist as giant covalent structures.

(a) Oxygen is a simple molecule with covalent bonds.

Table 8.1 gives some properties of four substances, A, B, C and D.

Table 8.1

conducts electricity
melting point / °C boiling point / °C
in liquid state?
A 1538 2862 yes

B 780 1420 yes

C –91 98 no

D –218 –183 no

State the most likely set of properties for oxygen.

Choose from A, B, C or D.

answer ......................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Iron reacts with oxygen to make hydrated iron oxide (rust).

4Fe + 3O2 + 6H2O 4Fe(OH)3

224 g of oxygen reacts with iron to make 1 kg of rust.

Calculate the volume occupied by 224 g of oxygen gas.

The molar gas volume at room temperature and pressure is 24 dm3.

[Ar: O, 16]

volume of oxygen gas = .................................................. dm3 [3]

(ii) Chromium is added to iron to form the alloy stainless steel.

Describe how the properties of iron are changed by adding chromium.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(c) Ammonia, NH3, is also a simple molecule with covalent bonds.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 8.1 to show the covalent bonding in ammonia.

Only show the outer shell electrons.

H N H

Fig. 8.1
[2]

(d) Graphite and diamond are giant covalent structures.

Fig. 8.2 shows the structures of graphite and diamond.

graphite diamond

Fig. 8.2

Explain why graphite is used as an electrical conductor but diamond is not.

Use ideas about structure and bonding.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]

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9 A student is investigating electromagnetic induction by dropping a magnet through a coil of wire.

The coil of wire is connected to a device which measures the electromotive force (e.m.f.) induced
in the coil.

Fig. 9.1 shows the equipment used by the student.

N
direction of
motion of magnet

S
to device to
measure
e.m.f.

coil of wire

Fig. 9.1

(a) Fig. 9.2 shows the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) measured as the magnet falls through
the coil of wire.

Fig. 9.2 shows two peaks, X and Y.

+0.6
peak X
+0.4

+0.2
induced e.m.f . / V 0.0 time / s
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
–0.2
–0.4

–0.6
peak Y

Fig. 9.2

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(i) Explain why:

peak X is positive and peak Y is negative

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

peak Y has a larger magnitude than peak X.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) The data in Fig. 9.2 was obtained using a coil made of 800 turns of wire.

On Fig. 9.2, sketch the data which would be obtained if a coil containing 400 turns was
used with the same magnet. [2]

(b) When writing up the results, the student is not sure whether to write about the induced
potential difference or the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.).

Place ticks in Table 9.1 against each statement that is correct for potential difference and for
electromotive force (e.m.f.).

You may place one or two ticks in each row. The first row has been done for you.

Table 9.1

electromotive potential
force (e.m.f.) difference
is measured in volts 3 3

is equal to work done per unit charge

relates to the energy supplied by the source

relates to the energy transferred by a circuit component

[2]

(c) The coil of wire used in the investigation is made of copper. Copper is a solid.

Complete the sentences to describe the arrangement of atoms in a solid and the properties of
a solid.

In a solid, the arrangement of atoms is ........................... .

The forces between atoms are ........................... which allows the atoms to ...........................

but keeps them in a ........................... position.

[2]

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(d) Copper is a good thermal conductor.

Describe how thermal energy is transferred in copper.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 11]

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10 Fig. 10.1 shows aerial photographs of the same area taken at different times.

Photograph A was taken in 1985.

Photograph B was taken in 2000.

Areas of forest are darker in the photograph and areas that have been cleared of trees are lighter.

darker forest areas

area cleared of trees

Fig. 10.1

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(a) The change shown in Fig. 10.1, between 1985 and 2000, affected the environment.

(i) Explain why this change affected the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe the effects of this change on animal species in the area.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) The area in Fig. 10.1 can be described as an ecosystem.

Define the term ecosystem.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) State the principal source of energy input into the ecosystem.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Asexual reproduction can be useful to plants in the wild.

State two advantages of asexual reproduction.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 10]

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11 (a) Molten lead(II) bromide conducts electricity.

(i) When molten lead(II) bromide is electrolysed, lead is made at the cathode.

State the product at the anode.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why molten lead(II) bromide conducts electricity.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Aqueous copper(II) sulfate can be electrolysed using carbon electrodes.

Copper is formed at the cathode.

Construct the ionic half-equation for the formation of copper.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) A student electrolyses aqueous copper(II) sulfate using copper electrodes.

The student weighs the electrodes before the experiment to find their mass.

After the electrolysis, the student washes and dries the electrodes and then weighs the
electrodes again to find their mass.

Table 11.1 shows the results.

Table 11.1

mass of electrode mass of electrode after change in mass of

before electrolysis / g electrolysis / g electrode / g
anode 2.63 2.01 –0.62

cathode 2.46

(i) The student forgot to record the mass of the cathode after the electrolysis.

Suggest the change in mass of the cathode in grams.

Write your answer in Table 11.1. [1]

(ii) The anode loses mass.

Explain why the anode loses mass.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]
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12 Fig. 12.1 shows a ray of light refracted as it enters a glass block.

glass block

31°
53°

Fig. 12.1

(a) Use Fig. 12.1 to calculate the refractive index of the glass block.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

refractive index = ......................................................... [2]

(b) Fig. 12.2 shows how the refractive index of glass varies with the wavelength of light used.

1.58

1.57

1.56
refractive index
1.55

1.54

1.53

1.52
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
violet red
wavelength of light / × 10–7 m

Fig. 12.2
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(i) Use Fig. 12.2 to determine the wavelength of light used in Fig. 12.1.

wavelength = ..................................................... m [1]

(ii) Violet light has a wavelength of 4.0 × 10–7 m.

Red light has a wavelength of 7.0 × 10–7 m.

Describe how Fig. 12.2 shows that red light travels faster through glass than violet light.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Fig. 12.3 shows the dimensions of the glass block.

2.0 cm 6.0 cm

12.0 cm

Fig. 12.3

The density of glass is 2.80 g / cm3.

Use Fig. 12.3 to calculate the mass of the glass block.

mass = ...................................................... g [3]

[Total: 7]

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 The Periodic Table of Elements

© UCLES 2023
Group
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
28

85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

0654/41/O/N/23
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
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