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L15 - Template Report CDIO

The document describes a laboratory experiment on PWM control using NE555 timer circuits in LT Spice simulation. It includes: 1) Design of an astable multivibrator circuit with NPN transistors and calculation of its time period and frequency. 2) Creation of an LT Spice model for PWM control using a single NE555 timer with a variable duty cycle. 3) Creation of an LT Spice model for PWM control using two NE555 timers, with one in astable mode for a fixed frequency and the other in monostable mode to vary the pulse width. Calculations are shown for determining component values.

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32 views6 pages

L15 - Template Report CDIO

The document describes a laboratory experiment on PWM control using NE555 timer circuits in LT Spice simulation. It includes: 1) Design of an astable multivibrator circuit with NPN transistors and calculation of its time period and frequency. 2) Creation of an LT Spice model for PWM control using a single NE555 timer with a variable duty cycle. 3) Creation of an LT Spice model for PWM control using two NE555 timers, with one in astable mode for a fixed frequency and the other in monostable mode to vary the pulse width. Calculations are shown for determining component values.

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689xt586jg
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FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

Introductory CDIO Project, PG_00049763

Exercise name:
PWM control by NE555 timer - LT Spice simulation

Report TEMPLATE

Anonymous Student
ID Number
Experiment done: 26.3.2021
Report submitted: 16.4.2021
Instructor: dr hab. inż. Marek Adamowicz
1. Abstract – What is the essence of the experiment?
The abstract is a miniature version of the lab report. Its purpose is to present
the nature and scope of the report:
– The purpose of the work
– The experiments that were performed
– The main results
– The most important conclusions drawn from the results
Warning:
Abstract does not include general background information or references to the literature
A good length for the abstract is about 0.5 page.
Think of what is really essential in your work

2. Results and their explanation


Report is a key word here because Results should not contain any explanations of the
experimental findings or in any other way interpret or draw conclusions about the data.
Results should stick to the facts as they have been observed

2.1. Astable multivibrator


2.1.1. Design the astable multivibrator shown in Fig. 1 and check its operation.

Fig. 1. Astable multivibrator


T1 and T2 are NPN transistors type BC547C.
For given paraeters:
C1 = C2 = 100 uF
R2 = R3 = 10 kΩ
R1 = R4 = 100 Ω
find the time period and frequency

2.1.2. Draw the voltage waveforms on the NPN transistors and capacitors

2.2. Create LT Spice model of PWM control using NE555 with possibility
of duty factor variations using one NE555

2.3. Create LT Spice model of PWM control using NE555 with possibility
of duty factor variations using two NE555 [1]

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) using two 555 timer ICs is an ideal and easy way to
control a motor which could be inside a drill. The theory is that when you need pulses of a
precise fixed frequency, yet variable width, then two 555 timer ICs are required. The first
555 IC is usually in an astable multivibrator configuration, behaving as an oscillator
producing a continuous train of clock pulses of the desired frequency. Its output feeds the
trigger pin of the second 555 IC in a monostable multivibrator configuration. This second
stage adjusts the pulse width according to the "Speed Control" variable resistor. This way,
the circuit produces width-modulated pulses but at a fixed frequency determined by the
first IC.

Fig. 2. System of two 555 timers


The principle to understand here is that it is possible to feed the output pulses from the first
555 timer IC, to the trigger pin of the second timer IC. The astable and monostable stages
are standard configurations without any changes.

Fig. 3. Exemplary waveforms of the output signal from a system of two 555 timers

In the example from Fig. 3, let us assume that the drill motor requires a fixed pulse rate of
10 Hz. In this case, the period 1/f, is 0.1 sec. In this design, we have decided that when
varying the width of the pulse, the maximum value of the width would approach 0.1 sec,
but it can never be greater than or equal to 0.1 sec. If it were to become greater, then
frequency can no longer be a constant! The minimum width can be very small approaching
zero, but can never be equal to zero or less than zero because that too would introduce
instability, and practically the motor will not start.

2.3.1. ASTABLE Calculations - Finding C


Given Frequency of 10 Hz, RA=1000 Ω, and RB=100,000 Ω, calculate C1.

This is the standard formula for 555 astable circuit.

We transpose the formula for C1, which is the timing capacitor in the circuit diagram.
Using this standard formula, we get the period T, given the frequency 10 Hz.

We plug all the values into this formula to find C.

This is the intermediate stage working.

2.3.2. MONOSTABLE Calculations - Finding R

Given timing capacitor C=150 nF, and T=0.1 seconds, find R.

This is the standard formula for 555 monostable circuit.

We transpose it to find the value of R.

We plug all the values into the formula.

2.3.4. Considerations
When the potentiometer wiper (speed control) is at the extreme end, it poses zero ohms,
which is an undesirable condition. In the internal circuit of the 555 chip, pin 7 is the
discharge pin, which is an open collector of transistor Q14. The emitter of this transistor
goes to ground, therefore if pin 7 were to connect directly to the positive voltage rail; it
would short the power supply through the potentiometer wiper and in addition destroy the
carbon track of the potentiometer. Hence, a 1 kΩ resistor prevents pin 7 from shorting to
the positive rail.
Considering the monostable circuit formula T=1.1×R×C, mathematically, we can see that
when R=zero ohms, the period T would become zero seconds, and since the frequency
1/T, becomes infinity, this brings instability within the circuit. The 1 kΩ resistor also
prevents this condition.

3. Discussion
4. Answers to questions
5. References
[1] https://www.petervis.com/dictionary-of-digital-terms/pwm-using-555-timer-ic/pwm-
using-555-timer-ic.html
More references are available in eNauczanie / Instructions for the course

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