DJM20053 THERMOFLUIDS

CHAPTER 5:
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Prepared By:
Nurul Shahida Binti Zulkifly
Pensyarah
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, PUO
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

These processes cannot occur even though

they are not in violation of the first law.
PROCESS occur in a certain direction
and not in reverse direction
Work can always be converted to heat directly and completely, but the
reverse is not true.
 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
 Identify the direction of process (example: Heat can only
spontaneously transfer from a hot object to a cold object).
 Asserts that energy has quality as well as quantity.
The first law characterizes the balance of energy which
defines the quantity of energy.
The Second Law defines the direction which the process can
take place and its quality.
 Used also to determine the theoretical limits for the performance of
commonly used engineering systems such as heat engine and refrigerator
(example: A Carnot engine is theoretically the most efficient heat engine;
its performance can be used as a standard for other practical engines)
 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics, which is also a
natural law, indicates that;
Although the net heat supplied in a cycle is equal to the net work
done, the gross heat supplied must be greater than the work done;
some heat must always be rejected by the system…The Second Law
of Thermodynamics

 In symbols, Q1 – Q2 = W
Q1 > W
Q2 = heat energy which rejected from the
system.
 THERMAL ENERGY RESERVOIR
 A hypothetical body with relatively large thermal energy capacity
(mass x specific heat) that can supply or absorb finite amounts of heat
without undergoing any change in temperature is called a thermal
energy reservoir or just a reservoir.
 In practice, large bodies of water such as oceans, lakes and rivers as
well as the atmospheric air can be modelled accurately as thermal
energy reservoirs because of their large thermal energy storage
capabilities or thermal masses.
 HEAT ENGINE
 Is a system operating in a complete cycle and developing
net work from a supply of heat.
 Heat engines differ considerably from one another, but all can be
characterised by the following:
They receive heat from a high-temperature source (for
example solar energy, oil furnace, nuclear reactor, steam
boiler, etc.)
They convert part of this heat to work (usually in the form of a
rotating shaft, for example gas turbine, steam turbine, etc.)
They reject the remaining waste heat to a low- temperature
sink (for example the atmosphere, rivers, condenser, etc.)
They operate on a cycle.
 HEAT ENGINE

A source supplies energy in

the form of heat and a sink
Part of the heat received by a heat absorbs it.
engine is converted to work, while the
rest is rejected to a sink.
 HEAT ENGINE
 The equation of heat engine is :
W = QH – QL where
QH = The heat supplied from the source.
W = The net work done.
QL = The heat rejected.
 By the second law, the gross heat supplied must be greater
than the net work done, QH > W

 Examples of heat engine:

a) Steam power plant
b) Internal fuel combustion in gas turbine
HEAT ENGINE

Note:
QH = The heat supplied
from the source.
W = The net work
done.
QL = The heat rejected.
 STEAM POWER PLANT

Basic component of a steam power plant system and typical

operating conditions.
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
HEAT ENGINE
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Example 1
Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at rate of
80 MW. If the rate of waste heat rejection to a nearby river
is 45 MW, determine the net work done and the thermal
efficiency for this heat engine.
Example 2
A steam power plant produces 50 MW of net work while
burning fuel to produce 150 MW of heat energy at the high
temperature. Determine the cycle thermal efficiency and the
heat rejected by the cycle to the surroundings.
Example 3
A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a
high-temperature heat reservoir at 652C and rejects heat to a
low-temperature heat reservoir at 30C.
Determine
(a) The thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine.
(b)The amount of heat rejected to the low-temperature heat
reservoir.
Example 4:
An inventor claims to have invented a heat engine that
develops a thermal efficiency of 80% when operating between
two heat reservoirs at 1000 K and 300 K. Evaluate his claim.
 REVERSED HEAT ENGINE
 Also known as heat pump or refrigerator.
 A heat pump is defined as a device that transfers heat from a low-
temperature source to a high-temperature (Example: a heat pump is used
to extract energy from outside cold outdoor air into the warm indoors).
 A refrigerator performs the same function; but differ in their
objectives.
HEAT PUMP REFRIGERATOR
Maintain a heated space at a high Maintain the refrigerated space
temperature. Achieved by at a low temperature by
absorbing heat from low temperature removing heat from it.
source.
 The example of heat pump:
a) refrigerator
b) air-conditioning
REVERSED HEAT ENGINE

Wnet,in = QH – QL

where
QL - is supplied from the cold reservoir
QH - is rejected to the hot reservoir
 In the second law, the work input is essential for heat to be
transferred from the cold to the hot reservoir, W > 0
 The following figure illustrates a refrigerator as a heat pump
operating in a thermodynamic cycle.

Basic component of a refrigeration system and typical operating

conditions
 COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE, COP
 The efficiency of a refrigerator and heat pump.
 The ratio of desired result to required input.
 The equation of COP :
Desired Result
COP =
Required Input

 For the refrigerator the desired result is the heat supplied at the low
temperature and the required input is the net work into the device
to make the cycle operate.
 For the heat pump the desired result is the heat at high
temperature and the required input is the net work into the device
to make the cycle operate.
 COP REFRIGERATOR

The objective of refrigerator is to

remove QL from the cooled space.
 COP HEAT PUMP

The objective of a heat pump is

to supply heat QH into the
warmer space.
COP
Example 5
A household refrigerator maintains the refrigerated space at
3⁰C by removing heat from it at the rate of 4 kW. The power
required to run the refrigerators is 1.8kW. Determine the
COP of the refrigerator.
Example 6
The temperature of a room is being maintained at 25⁰C by a
heat pump. The room loses heat at the rate of 1.5 kJ/s when
the outside temperature is 0⁰C.Under the given conditions if
the COP of the heat pump is 2.22, determine the power input
to the heat pump.
Example 7:
An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that
maintains the refrigerated space at 2oC while operating in a
room where the temperature is 25 oC and has a COP of 13.5. Is
there any truth to his claim?
THE SECOND LAW LIMITATION
 REVERSIBLE PROCESS
 Is a process while a system change from one state to
another state.
 It is occurred when initial state and final state have same
characteristic.
 In reversible process, both the system and surrounding can be
returned to their initial state.
P
1
Reversible process

v
ENTROPY
ENTROPY CHANGE
 ENTROPY CHANGE AND ISENTROPIC
PROCESSES

* Isentropic process – During the process, no heat is transferred to or from

the fluid, so the entropy remain constant.
ENTROPY CHANGE AND ISENTROPIC
PROCESSES
 CARNOT CYCLE
 Idealized cycles that employs all reversible processes is proposed
in 1824 by Sadi Carnot.
 Is a efficiency cycle in heat engine.
 Composed of four reversible processes, two isothermal and two
adiabatic.
 Schematic diagram of Carnot cycle:
CARNOT CYCLE
 CARNOT CYCLE

PROCESS DESCRIPTION
4-1 Reversible isothermal heat addition at high
temperature
1–2 Reversible adiabatic expansion from high
temperature to low temperature
2–3 Reversible isothermal heat rejection at low
temperature
3–4 Reversible adiabatic compression from low
temperature to high temperature
 CARNOT CYCLE
 Q41 = h1- h4

 W12 = h1 - h2

 Q23 = h2 – h3

 W34 = h4 – h3

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑇1− 𝑇2
 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 =
𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑇1
𝑊 12 −𝑊 34
=
𝑄41
 CARNOT CYCLE
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
 Work ratio, 𝑟 𝑤 =
𝑊𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠

= 𝑊 12 −𝑊 34
𝑊 12
ℎ 1 −ℎ 2 − ℎ 4 −ℎ 3
=
ℎ 1 −ℎ 2
3600
 Specific steam consumption, ssc =
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
3600
=
𝑊 12 −𝑊 34
3600
=
ℎ 1 −ℎ 2 − ℎ 4 −ℎ 3
Example 8:
A steam power plant operates between a boiler pressure
of 40 bar and a condenser pressure 0.045 bar. Calculate
for Carnot cycle the:
a) Cycle efficiency

b) Work ratio

c) Specific steam consumption

P1 = 40 bar, T1 = 250.3 ⁰C = 523.3K
P2 = 0.045 bar, T2 = 31⁰C = 304 K
Exercise:
A steam power plant operates between a boiler pressure
of 100 bar and a condenser pressure 0.035 bar. Calculate
for these limit of Carnot cycle:
a) Sketch the T-s diagram

b) Cycle efficiency

c) Work ratio

d) Specific steam consumption

P1 = 100 bar, T1 = 311.0 ⁰C = 584K
P2 = 0.035 bar, T2 = 26.7⁰C = 299.7 K
 RANKINE CYCLE
 In Rankine cycle, the exhaust steam is completely
condensed into water in the condenser.
 Is the ideal cycle for vapour power plant does not
involve any internal irreversibility and consists of
following process:
4,5,1 : Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
1 to 2 : Isentropic expansion taking place in the turbine
engine
2 to 3 : Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser
3 to 4 : Isentropic compression of water in the feed pump
 RANKINE CYCLE

Block diagram of Rankine cycle

T-s diagram of Rankine cycle

 RANKINE CYCLE
 Q451 = h1- h4

 W12 = h1 - h2

 Q23 = h2 – h3

 W34 = h4 – h3 .
where 𝑉 = 0 001 m3/kg
𝑓
= 𝑉𝑓 𝑃4− 𝑃3

= 𝑉𝑓 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 × 102 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
 RANKINE CYCLE
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
 Thermal efficiency, Rankine =
𝑄𝑖𝑛
= 𝑊 12 −𝑊 34
𝑄451

ℎ 1 −ℎ 2 − 𝑉𝑓 𝑃1−𝑃2
=
ℎ 1 −ℎ 4
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
 Work ratio, 𝑟𝑤 =
𝑊𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠

= 𝑊 12 −𝑊 34
𝑊 12
ℎ 1 −ℎ 2 − 𝑉𝑓 𝑃1−𝑃2
=
ℎ 1 −ℎ 2
 RANKINE CYCLE
3600
 Specific steam consumption, ssc =
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
3600
=
𝑊 12 −𝑊 34

3600
=
ℎ 1 −ℎ 2 −𝑉𝑓 𝑃1−𝑃2

= unit: kg/kWhr
Example 9:
A steam power plant operates between a boiler pressure of 42
bar and a condenser pressure 0.035 bar. Calculate for these
limits the cycle efficiency, the work ratio and the specific steam
consumption for a Rankine cycle with dry saturated steam at
entry to the turbine.
P1= 42 bar, T1 = 253.2 ⁰C = 526.2K
P2 = 0.035 bar, T2 = 26.7⁰C = 299.7 K
Exercise:
A steam power plant operates between a boiler
pressure of 40 bar and a condenser pressure 0.04 bar.
Calculate for these limit of Rankine cycle:
a) Sketch the T-s diagram

b) Cycle efficiency

c) Work ratio

d) Specific steam consumption

P1 40 bar, T1 = 250.3 ⁰C
P2 0.04 bar, T2 = 29 ⁰C
😉
I MUST UNDERSTAND THE
SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS…