8 G

Summary Sheets

The physical properties of metals

Metals Non-metals
good conductors of heat and electricity poor conductors of heat and electricity
shiny dull
solids with a high melting point (except for mercury) most are low melting point solids or gases
ductile and malleable brittle (break easily instead of bending)

The chemical properties of metals

The chemical properties of metals refer to their reactions with other substances.
For example, metals can react with many non-metals:
e.g. calcium + chlorine → calcium chloride
(Note: When naming a compound the ending of the non-metal is changed to -ide.)
Metals can also react with air (oxygen), water and acids. Some metals react very quickly; they are
reactive. Calcium is a reactive metal. Other metals do not react quickly; they are unreactive.
Gold is a very unreactive metal.

Uses of metals
Metals have many uses depending on their different properties.
For example, copper is used in electrical wires as it is ductile and a very
good conductor of electricity. It is also used for roof sheets and water
pipes because it is malleable and doesn’t react quickly with oxygen or
water.

Metals as catalysts
Some metals act as catalysts – they speed up chemical reactions without being used up.
Catalysts have many uses, for example, platinum is used in catalytic converters in cars.

Corrosion and oxidation of metals

The reaction of metals with oxygen forms metal oxides:

metal + oxygen → metal oxide

e.g. word equation: calcium + oxygen → calcium oxide

This is called corrosion, which is an example of an oxidation reaction.
Some metals like sodium react quickly with water and oxidise immediately when scratched. Other
metals do not react easily, for example silver changes colour very slowly as it reacts with oxygen.

Rusting
The corrosion of iron is called rusting. It destroys iron and steel structures because rust is weak
and crumbly. Water and oxygen must be present for iron to rust.

iron + water + oxygen → iron hydroxide

Coating the iron with paint, plastic, etc. acts as a barrier to oxygen and water and stops iron
rusting. Another method is galvanising, in which iron is coated with zinc. The zinc layer protects
the iron and corrodes instead of the iron (giving protection even if the coating is scratched).

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for

purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. Page 1 of 2
 8 G
Summary Sheets

Metals and water Reactivity series

Some metals can react with cold water.
The reactions of metals with
oxygen, water and acids
allows us to put the metals
in order of reactivity:
Potassium D
e
Sodium
c
Lithium r
e
All the metals that react with water form a metal hydroxide Calcium a
(an alkaline solution) and hydrogen gas. s
Magnesium i
metal + water  metal hydroxide + hydrogen n
Aluminium
g
For example: Zinc
r
sodium + water  sodium hydroxide + hydrogen Iron e
2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2 a
Tin c
The test for hydrogen gas is that it burns with a ‘squeaky pop’. t
Lead i
Metals and acids v
Copper
The metals that react with water react very quickly with acids. i
Some metals that don’t react with water do react with acids. Mercury t
When metals react with acids, they produce hydrogen and a salt. y
Silver
metal + acid  salt + hydrogen
Gold
The name of the salt formed depends on the name of the acid. The reactivity of metals can
So, hydrochloric acid forms chlorides, sulfuric acid forms sulfates be linked to their uses.
and nitric acid forms nitrates, e.g.
For example, metals used
magnesium + sulfuric acid → magnesium sulfate + hydrogen for building need to have a
Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2 low reactivity, otherwise
they will corrode away.
In a formula, the small numbers show the ratio of the elements in the compound. In MgSO 4, for
every one magnesium atom, there is one sulfur atom and four oxygen atoms.

Alloys
Alloys are mixtures of metals with one or more other elements. Alloys have different properties
from the pure metal and so can be more useful.
For example, steel, an alloy of iron, is stronger and does not rust as quickly.
Pure metals have a fixed, exact melting point whereas
alloys have a lower melting point and melt over a range of
temperatures. Melting points can therefore be used to
identify pure metals.
Alloys are usually also harder than pure metals because
the different sized atoms disrupt the regular structure
making it harder for the layers of atoms to slip over each
other.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2019. Copying permitted for

purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. Page 2 of 2