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DSTL Unit-5
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Unit: V GraphsGRAPH THEORY YEG = $B. B3 ECors fe, tyes, euresd ECW = 4 Gry ,C8.0,C002,,—), (693 The degree + sek Loop Ls - Degree Bf perex deg (we on detue> Acayea Maur A te even 4 (6) 23 venix & cs eda acer =2 vesux ¢ de eum Ms wap & acess Vea Po odd nae Bomoey “ef alge Xs Enefasat on ALB bed ean ARB om gadfaunt vertices - oo z deg (wy = to . fa : L£ deg (vcr = 2¢[eun [Hand shattig “theotire} 2 Suen ol degnesn * vertttes ts also ea “= Tebtiner edges of gpeph Havdanaciny ‘Theentm | tmproved = . The. nor of vetices dno graph th also een - WL Vea 1 Yeux hovtng zero deqree Bio tony eau t= Vex hast 4 duyue tan * Hand Shaking Theorem s Frese 7 — E dey Cw = ae | a Biatinek dys alt veutifea in a h Se satiate sah A Sat ean Tay ty Sy the (ie phe *% Theorems The number 4, votes, of odd iar a co an umdine ie naph + alos een & ph then Bi faeel er. Gtwer HO undinend pop iy * Handa axing Theory Eqoe fom 9 fe d odd vertices habs Yanda & ee ee aSuu Tsui = surg ee = even im tyen © Educve) = evn Lenom eqn Dj > Edeg (var = evtne evtn Sambursicn | > & deg (Nad = wen. ey a sfnce Sure Vo heguee Ventices a even . Then, no: of edd cuatas Mayen (O30 Oo hk wohtch has nvether sey, doop ne Bash ple Ganagh & grep ae ble hee i | anohiet eda Trene Se mone than 1 edge” ; Venkfees » a Bq. i 4 que, am paral cig "| 4 x Mus hf A qnaph uohEch, bain paratlee { tamoph FA Re Bea So Raa Ml per auch that aca): Dg ee eee ! AacQ=ez a Bde an edd veces amd bard & ane asfacent | Veutces i - D e » > a le. 8 LS © B € 8 pow ther ext a ak mpe gpeph utth S vertices of qiun Gage Th Rew doads such qerh ° YD Vera Wee By “Wid sharing, tmeomern: fideg (Qs Oe in odd es of Od veut? ces ina wet fps Aum ef dees i‘ even y a8. » ee ny 2 4M eta» Each suum abnng. csagoar egete 2. Bua AM give wOigg, no such graph * AaQue nes a poastbie of gf tn Anqunenee Os 1a2y2,3- caged = \artaas¥O = Be & 8 ic 196/157! @ Show Shak tht maximum pes of eclger dn a sPmple : graph with w vedios th natn) 7 Fe. Cymax = DEM? Ta. acer, t 2 da ts i iB, dey Oxt> = ae > eat £ aati a Be toga aes Hy thon au tn’ ventiiee then 'rt can be adifaueat to Haxtmum (ni) vedt cee fo, niv-8L maximum edges arsoctalsd wlth ene vorbr = (n-1) So, weak Total moxtmum edly st rent = neon) Se 9 2 ag vo = HD Js tn gr. i Emax ented @ chow shat Sak Ame venting ef an _ : | oe % hal dagrue K. Show V thox A eae SP fh Ba at rmutetple of &?, | are grec! ; aa we wind, eae Vents Le of a odd degree | — soire. snus bet fm evenyremel 2oy & i ar, \ ee . ei oc pn So ee 5 ee & 4 Cup > fe : ioe Tr = Anxk =Xe > open Vv, Grlo edog aepealaT nett * FTerminelo CB te . Paths ee (no vex oat ae ) 5 oA es © \lolk fT Aton from & ok a pore ven hok each edge precced ee Mi esas 7 fF 7 ” a dosed Want 8 es 7a _ Se : open oat w e ve Trew an rte ky pee Of sale *- : open WOK eo Nn Coord wedki EMR : cd . 8 : walk wlth ™m 7 8 © Tx otk > Troll Sa an opt oo S : en valk. wath ne Pash t= fash Om EH‘ F Faptalid ; dee oe . E 4 = te Tria owed wate sith neitnen edge nor f Seat * Some Spectal pe Govaph 2 = complete Graph 2 4 stmple graph Bs cated tompieis gra volte exauhy one edep dn poumerts Flue ewer pak She Be hs pak by Kins whens ‘my! an ne a vantices - . nD Cr mS p=) kL ppt R= Regutan Gnaph + te fo an aph whens Sinn te an _v x ta same T her {| bon den Se Dt ol ome tee spoph = naga graph —- > nequian graph Ae DI a © nequian” "graph - 3 : = mequior gregh Bb The anaph oes emely ae “potate d Venter ln e NU graph for ° cee ee ges vertion Dh canotd by Ne. iat <1) Po 8 4S “ E : ' i i fd to be . f i taney ht A aay hn GCVeD ay a 2 | r eee te acy Rte HL vertex ace Vi can be | F panttuten Into two att(otnt gotdecta Va and Vas Auch Hoes PL aan eager venga a an 4 MES Sues a | no Sees connects othen ‘hwo venice: Ab So, LY 2B coaned Bloat uh on ae ent an va a. ah va hea ‘ee ventions anc Va how noph i dinoted by Gsonplere bt partie _qrofr— fe: A bipanwle osoph fas 0 ~~ foop cpt Venttces then k 138/1572k BK X35 LA | 4 v= 44, 35,33 Nard awe dy. , s y ‘ Meus 2 ka wonnedich #9 2,4) veux g ja conned fo AM. ven S da conned $e 46,3 Non te tonnecktd 39° 2,6,% So, Sk how ee ph sin, shee Te e byes bk, BAT, SHRDY se, A Li not a completa bk poset cae {= B c >< a | Ve > 483. net cannetad 40 6. c not Connected 40 8 not lonneckd # 2 rok Connects +04 ORE i A > et ee ce on ee conn | a ae OM an connect do E - so, dd BY a comple —btpattte graph kag a 8 . ® Te fy not a Etpaxtta graph - a Because we ab Jotar Aga Ue , ebtafned bub Ver AG Na f E An connected fe each other + A a My = € Bch Yn = AA, DLE,ES, sub Gaophi- A graph 4 v'.e wh colled Sub-graph oY and’ & SE wow, ® . qine ty vie y bn ey, 6) Ja called = Supe: peck ‘ O ‘anopast 139/187sours eepres a oe anes damoxphic "4° graph G2 Cvs, G) shee dt @ jpn case [Er auch Shak + ¢ a [etfectivel Gone do om , onto). Sr he ab eval ee AF ‘oF E ex} yvoare Wy =a = ee Such 0 commapondence D called boo morphiam - eg. A : = ° . . mage cf Yt x ae re : > 7 Sink i se ky as eves ie Prak we hE fia e . : Home moaphic Gnaph * Two graph 4 Cv.8) ond aoe Ce oe be Momec Gent. 2 G* Can be obtained from G ! by oaaievenod edges - The bo Tha & ole heme menphic ayer mom phic graph * Directed Qaaph ce a qe ae 8 alas, e, Lnckdant hems. Andeqnee ey ta fnetdane 0 trdeg CY) rah) Oo fk odgaurt tod - wis cant froma « [osraeper) oo eee ouseegevd ) pb aa ke sorminad vein. oo ee a-te <4 atch RL 140/157a> (+ dre) Indegnee ia zoo ance cukgewe Ls eee. Fndeg nec a cuutdance 1 Totat egree= 2 SRE Sum of zndeyue = sum cfeuteyper = @ad-tv> = ga tty g bs] (nto of edops) ‘4 vee \ Ny OVE M3 Then axe equal ne of eye w Us y ea ce 7s vaeetise ‘ Srdedoeree of abt Custos - eqaogh - Gn Roa Ome 3 and eve sare, Hot) = vi fog © a) o Atco. feot {lune Wy = Bam fay te Aevusy © ea f jear, stun) flay ev, Se flo = vy a) (rus) € 8 9 1b COn, Fle Ways) € &2 Maes) ce > GhCud, fap] = Ws.) cfr > & & & ® B ” dcay = 4, dcer=a, aca 23, Ace? -3, Acc=s ACO 4, ACA acpryey, ale =3- daced =3 Th dt Gaoph G & Gr. Ore not dame- vy dee Sader x * Theale se: iy Sa wot Jromorphic :a Ne atvt) = 4 at(uo> = a (va ety dttuy=e \ d- (vp eo dtcva =F : a ao Cue, at Cuyy OL Tetot € a-cviy © £ akCVED saat = e dtvy = até se atew = 143 =a, atv d= type AV Oua) = 4D acy) = dts) + AS CV3) = ox 3 =3 mde Cun AT (VQ BA S | A Cvuy liv ced’ gray * Pendant Vi phi- Vaux whose setal _ degree wit »y adding Indeqree and ousduyys): be zeap tn cuddsgner Jo L Fags. eae » SE MYL ag 5 | Buk both Trdignet- x euk degnte ak Same dfme not & equol to 4 + * Repserentabton Qaraph:- + Undine led tinaph* There oe methods to represent undiivcted graph. (vertex - Votex ad faceney ( Vou Page Incident mabe © Advacen. a Matrix) © metdent : te = Lacy nen [ac 1 tp oP asifacent ef U | [erates] we fave fe Meret’ 7 8 < oa a. 8 i _ a Pe ¢ y 00 A > 6 1 0° Ta Gnoph has M vertices then the onder of adfocenry modatx will be men. and adjocency mecktin Sh Se peraes on whet, age fo) th vt Bb adjacent & et a eae pr we can get clegree le Voie -a~o3| eo. =» A=({to © t Ass = ac} Povo) fea A Adzaan Mabix Ja ae b + apie Jdd rows o} woibise f comspondlitng verter - 142/157€ dnecdence Matix ot ¢ » Orhewoter Tmodint on Ui 7 add now maint then we can get degree 4} : mata, : on ow column Shes dr only on eae! ‘woo one’. Vacant Se 7 ae cot F tp oveux bb frolatd then 4 ho At cere in Se 5 °, = Cdarespondiing sows Column. egentng Mer ge ert foe i e: oo. - Cee » os 1 ete ! & © CONT woos Direckd Graph: wae © NdTorenc : Wataix + ap =eaT} : when, [ag = 8 c ae 5 5 p ° ° elo © : a e Bis so + io + X Te Ba not symmebie- | BW The Aum of ements yaw giv the oukduyee Of 4a connusfonaing oc | St The Aum of ele > mens Of Column yive ah Endagree Bu cosmerfon ding Vous» ye 1a 157,* Incidence Matalxt Bry = Ler ]{ «shew. wt 4 unde aenminad vou "a € eis {* 1 fy vi & inivias veo of edge poe oe ©» cthowstae j : 8 — an i EE 2 . eo & > i : | eo OS on Bae pat once anol Prarie Or 2- Consider a —eonneetedk grroph: : = er 2 =~ Connect & xoph Posy Conne cbhurey an bnalirucled tr raph i An undirecte Jey said fo be eonnevad Af Hhent eB nina & ext a path dbf wi! ain of aatinet verre AB Graph Penton n feeb cect ecenee ate ee eae va e a i. } e y vy fe i bY — ‘ va fonneced aa vs Ye, Re tented moph nen Cogn er = ee dia conned graph tonedim tue or mone CONT gr and each of the conned d qrorh wen Ire Coenponeats * ds cated (compe! FE) of, Ala conn® qrnarh- X fee % Theosum & A gregh ‘or cithouk paral Ager Te . wate im? nodes on ~~ ae oe’ aumoak (nap ENrEsY eck a eo 5 Rawet Lee 1 No oh yudtes Sv L* component PE TE 5 Kya net OF Soe . Bont en. Tet a eo ae a 144 (157Pew Sb yyoree wom nog +3! saure ats a@-fua-i 7 r+ yoy e DES DRE KS MEME RUN oe et 2 2 awe NE tH Fey he ’ a as /157146/157Ine know that the maxtme ges v mM Nor MH e an the | ih component 5 = prtaen ke, Tokat ne oh edges of ‘see qicorh Bp meet cank bance = 9] = bp neat -ante ane] LY (ryt teed] € y Cn-¥ at x PuUtonee And Di ameberi- Conafder a connected peaph Gi the catonwe | bw ee u Kv denobd 4g hay, de ménimune Me gn ble VOUleees ord VO : Te oe %, Gaaph 'O" dinobd .by laCa) or “ecur mat (ee maton. akivtance “bf any Hes? vertcces - 147/187Aviv = 1 Ac, Vay22 acy vue t A (vis Ved duyy vee! A (Uae. Cv va) Atva,Vs) 1 Buy Ny der 4 (vas ¥r) dev) = 1 AC Nas vs> AC ¥3,%6) aACvyvy) = 2 ACV2 VO 3 acy divi. VD e2- ACvs,ve = Aove,sM ea ta=al A (ve, Y= %® Cut-Potn “and Batolge - kek 'G) bea Connected on he Venter oo acuk - point a a-V hh we panectict : ere comme = 8. I'D and eda '& pe cotleh & Bni dae oie dSconnedea : A b > AA : S 8 ce eee ee Cand 0 one sak pein’ fp bo cus potat Ac Dy ae a Bntdoe. sme Da net Bt age a . A Ap : « & MB Aur, DA b> - ee eer Sea 2 & a rn ie * Plandsc Eroph =: Airmaph om a mult’ 2 which. noe ae Can be Soision In the pldrne S$ Shak de edges do't Crna “each other Sa pata te be planan = Tre planon os mene ager utube Ingenta Z\* era |=) har only @ negcen 0 7 ivictes on pagfoms the. seg’ plane inte Hee vohent! — oy fhe pant tchick gree nw A Faye. t 148/157* Eulevs Theonem i- Consclr any Connected Graph ‘Gl v,0)°% votth 'R’ regi "V venti K 'E' ody then- [v+e-e=2/] Pool by Mathematttel Induciton_ 1) Induction Bawd @ E>! ee On. Vy R-€ =2 > ltacl =2. 2) Pom le ik ds tue VaR- Bez] bh sure: wr UFR =o 3) Poa kw) Be CIncducktve Rypomed. (ay VEVel.R BEL. — Forepen Gsarh WirX aR -BeX er Vi tR=-&) =2] Tt dh due - (oer Fon Cvacd Crank [ay Re ®t Ee = Gi) i vtR- fer pais ees =a © = a conneckad planar gnaph “GQ? hy for | : ‘ : e fora me Me ed ae 3 o 1 shen y By-f2C6 plan ona, \ SGennected — planan graph (47 has v vetter AE edkyes | ~F ee _ One ie)
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planan Graph thas Fe vert’ees ech +2 Beteamfne the no- ° meen inte which Hs Grnaph com be apltGed oad Vi = 30 OU Tea 4G Gee dui =3 beer ~~ dtvdd eMplete bipartla Gragt 2 mn Ja planar ty, mes | 'Ro oe pene ee e= «Cn-2) iS eal then pout Bek | => Soluifon next pax i 2 | | * Non - Plana Qscaph tA graph ‘oy th dotd so ben : Planar grape By be can ret Me that ey? onsen * Gaaph Coloming t Suppose thot G CVE) with ede ba VOLLX Coloring G aastanmnent of celouss entices Oh tA whe adie Vewtes hom | cepeunt celodna, RB mq wlowrable +4 thou wat @ coleunting i drawn kn a plane $0 Mm colours - | cotourting th erties Auch a ag aoe thot ‘a vertices faye game co 2 Colded péype~ : ne eB amed temprinpen Coleurery she min’mum nur ® Cmomakic Numb 4 Graphs * BL folo uns nee dhe #0 hn tq: B_talled produce a gper colouring of a Or Le Cpeommalite Ce at 'O on ip b envied by [XX Cad). eg . mes ial oa a a Beta =e a Algo siukhen lon naph Colouring 2 Curgteh ancl ech “fia fowell gawr’ af gostthm for He celousting ‘ok "OQ ace He ay. verbs th. Crnaph “ decreasing Jeqnte . Skepas AAst at gotoun As te dhe {Sut voysx are than QsaX Ay + each «verter eh ee oes eeaten 1 rasfous VOU mR, bo! a wo ee era peal da’ 4g Mentiar Gkelew Step 52 Repeat Sup % wtth Becond Colour Aa ain a 4 non - coloured erctices ~ 7 : i” step 4: Reopeas sep a wlth a ted tae Oe ! euch ae Ry and 40 0" crtit alk veaices fane. coloured - he : Mi EN : ee Y, News vy Ve vi Vs Vl R ve" > Sot ee @nrow Asatgn cou & to the veuex Ms 7 Vg. Mow, the Vorix vj Ja nok adyface ra So we adatqm eatour fy wa devote, 190/157@ now watgn sewnd colour Ar to vewkx Ue and Ny da net adfatent voy Veurx Vy. So ut anten toloun As do LUutx | V4 wa welts 3) new arate xhind colour Az to vosx . a vac and Now Ve uh not GAfacent fo - “s VEAWA Vs. So Wwe anetan colour Ag to vertex “Yar vs as mew a te verter au colewued | a . The chnemoadie no oh thik oprah da ak Xt = 3} @ Fine the chromate no: of thle on. at A, vention Cb oe ‘ 4 Peguce ee . VY Mew wAtgra Colour. A, te the t Leux ‘a! Now, “djs not adiacent oe twloux A, do verex ‘A’ Fe vetex ta’ co, we aratgn 2) Rieu oaafemm gecond colour Aa to the voutx "bY Nous aed and ‘ec’? ane not adjacent to unten ‘Bl So We Gunton coleux fr to vertex ' Gand’! fo vertax /e’ Now doy ee anatan 3 we anfgn third colour 7 wekx “hi am not adfacere to vnkex €- Kolows Az to Seater: '§T : ae 2 * Bewemale vattia ade aN. | 2 mer fue st Cee | ela = 4\ <7 aa | edges dreversect | * Deqnec of Reqfon® fh a planan gnapht- The no- T. 4 Te sp a ood tee ose | Magien Auch khok i Voken ap the nagton bd ™ % cae — arovenek ts cled i Alaa : aun 23 Seagred Te = Re i he = aK . . tat be Ser cthth that segten da dated ‘ ces in coord “wart gy Hts my AL Ger cays tno ented, cleaned “est bh oR ‘hail Go be ea ee 4 fe OY 151/157 ASL OEE ieeeaa ' | i ! 2 Es gene Cera KR SRE » eo ae =2 ve are apny ag — fee © one ab-eE TK =e GN K ¢a-n) re). = £Ca- 8) = ee * Bichrornatic No - of daph ie itl In planar txagh” suqion + Corouat ng ky ac cere YH AL Ry Cele 3 AL Aa clew fen dens KE adgaccat my rh Ame calout ee + qo Gaoph ‘GR Bhen era a a Ax cule Asian omatte agh. 7 S pant tn Ba lotehnornalte ° + aN Bveny wpontite gat ‘ : x gun Heor aque sgn = oeeglic re alse res ao nie of uetider En OHO ee EP hen . Chrno CES nom Gt a Aubaragh o& e : cs (Po a x cheeeme he ef compete Sed ame me ow §, Sor Maul cinagn 8 no” oh > * Buber inaph > Tater Path 2 A path oy qnoph ie mee O enarky o Destuuten Get P28 cap % Yaterian Gaaph? seria Gacy peo ty . . Tig Vy va va Va v3 os ve A conned eae “s f ae cf gre LR emagh Cony’ ga | tuteuer pn drotuder each 2492 fa? whtd path cated Sulerton jonich Enetucdes cach Ge Sxackty NCE + Katsing futer ede & fr on t eee: Gurtes Of euen t fe conta an buter rt 182/187Te 0 Thus Ss no Euler path & Gala CReue - because each vertex ts of ender 3B whith Snodd and alo shure Sh rom Shon tuso veation 4 odd ongnee, * @ Then is Ful path becawe A and B Yat Jo yoy eden 3 And Shee GA ely hos sede “ which hat odd degree AC BoE =A aD>8 Thee da me Guten rok — be Gane Hoo vata ALS i oA onde @. te-odd-. i & 8 : Trae do ne Sule, path broane trou Js bd: Ro SK wantch daP oh ode dleypee- s : ae ® a The b tala drut CR —= RCH B- E-F- fo, dd Re bute graph . Y *® Hamiltontan Gaaph - Hamflientan soph Se Ramed after. Totkeht mathematican Six WhiLam Hamiltonian A WomPtonian Chui fn @ apagh. 'G? Lo cloned path Yok vist euny ventx dn ‘or! exautty once except Fhe tnd vestes . d 4 . ® Goagh to dy catied Hondittonfan enaph yh St contain Oo. Familtontan oheulk - Wok a Hamtltontan tans ph R-d-c~ Homt ce enaph. Hrrmittentan Ruth S The path obtafwd. by samoutn, . ne Sane erm a eduee. newth As tailed Hamiltontan parh . Maméitontah fase a He n eee rt tad gregh no, ae, Cacde« The Aengkn a ae Le nkan an O tonne Me cewtes “EE Gog ay le rent 153/187| we be Oo) Sa 1 pee » 8 ~ 2 @ NAA book, hava Kibtfognapties - Kr A tab, Cord Wb 4 (eddy Cbsbd Se Aneel J ee 2 Compu Ros & S08 * Ros = (Qe). Cee ate b> Koo KAY soR = ACAD, rb, lard. Bosrek = {COW} Gordes = {Ge Ko, Cavs Rete) 8 ocee S= fg Caan t Bee | Ros = £ @i dat: aeery PoR= | Ga, 4a) } RGR = (+ Ca, 24074 Re bo k* 4 Ca, 903) 3 rae 4, ee he oe fren we con fue A os mulation ork: 26 ayramett nA srotal syrnmetule nstodiom. = 2 4 p2Ona 4, BET OS Prdyay , ned Peay femy = 4b. 4h, 423, 4233. meine muti ek Mt - ee en bg ee atotete ty 7H cy cnn, C4 Fe By R= KON HD, HY, O82)? = ar. peas equivalence iso Te Sr equivotente 0% ee tavay ER, TOER Casey ERA CHER » B cthamatttues Gab ER Est 4 te th nok mupeave a4, 6.38 plese mend nggtifen, B, stowed Gnd xdxy ~ 256. b> Ne Cop Cnteg PF Cougunc? ve Momma fer) ‘ Mokmak Meseam) (Foz> fom : NM oN vet cme c coming’ aaa ny tye 700 = a+] a kr MS. wy cay tA ek Ay Reptex Pe Ly Sainmnetnic w abc eh quan Pox) 1 AAO da a book nastng be Elke pre8 YY = ((As) + Al+nmsy’ MNS oleasicly +atsico+t Aste bl = Ate! 2 Asa, Bue 7 akb NY a Bo fader of be Ee fen, char, C692, CMD 5 C29,0264), C89, CHMDD- Rata maey. Ree Lr are €ts2y s C97 CU MIC ED » (2429, CAD, C2567, 639391 8,05, CHD, (OOS RUZ) = The sek of thone elemens which one ritapd to2 In R Romer es.sy . Leet. SCC ~ $05 ROMs RO URDU REED (ewes UC US Led a tobuaad pat? : Aa su And rutatton & A drew te Uogaph sapantated | muitoabion R AP a Maralo tis 2 C129, CLW), 0229, 620, aR, cay, BOL! ] Lag wl 1 eoo iP 2: Lio 7 «oo iy 2s trot too 2 . ys 3}o 001 0 ijos soe s}o ooelod sie oo ee SLi 5 oA 9 mses Ref cred, Cazr, C2439 ,03§9, 0, CUD, OF 404 Be AFsnanys Re { Chay, C39, C49, C222 092, THe, (880,098 Red Curd Care cand, (2,295 8,99, CSM) > OH9, CUM aA Ceey- YT be Lextve (aay eR C Eve ebemnant fe cher Shu, e147) ER, C29 ER, CR3BVER, CH) ER® AD Net tr nepertve % RB. Lignek F CADER mmekate: chu, We . 3) ay Ee Aypmmetss eee CHER ee CD ER.S) Tannst tel eropenli, fe £6119, C1, C20 Coad, O89, CUNT & Not Zt Be (2a 6 Re Dp te a Bnnpertve THER 63,9 ER, CHIEF Net aot i de 127 ER CAIDER WD Transitive mot iareR KRUWIER @ COMER: SD Rk Arb aug oor ‘% dhe avt neal Nove Auch thot 4 bh R kw Mahlon on AY A 1 ee ee ae Ref
f tenylety, 2 4 8" equivatence Dd Retertver Labret lel 9 2 <\ yer: ow ER a> Symmestsce UaQay ER qo ek ya-yr et 3B \- Cyl ot i = lgader. 2 Lyme ©® yet . 2) tramitur le Gay ERX cy ef vxe-yh <1 yet <\ Tey nek a drontttee moely e “Lt a? ranyl
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