Introduction to Statistics  Organization and Presentation of Data There are different ways to classifying data.

What is Statistics? - refers to the systematic way of organizing According to Nature

data. It involves
- Statistics is the science that deals with the  Quantitative or Numerical Data
collection, organization and presentation, analysis (a) collecting,
(b) classifying and arraying, and - are those obtained from variables which
and interpretation of all kinds of data pertinent to
(c) presenting data gathered in preparation to its are in the form of numbers. Ex. Age, height, and
the study being considered, so that meaningful
analysis. weight amount.
conclusion can be drawn.
 Qualitative or Categorical Data
The field of Statistics is normally divided into two:  Analysis of Data
- are those obtained from the variables
Descriptive Statistics - refers to extracting relevant information
which are in the form of categories, characteristics,
from the data at hand. It involves
- is a group statistical measurements that names or labels. Ex. Gender, Socio-economic status,
aims to provide the basic characteristics of a data (a) comparison and contrast, Civil Status.
set through tables and graphs and other descriptive (b) description and
According to Source
measures such as measure of central tendency, (c) statistical measurements to come up with
measures of position, and measures of variation. numerical values and qualitative summary as a  Primary Data
resulting conclusion.
Inferential Statistics - are first hand information. Ex. Data
 Interpretation of Data gathered from a survey, where the person who
- aims to infer or to make interpretations by
collected the data is the one using it.
making a concluding statement about the popular - refers to the drawing of logical statement
based on the result derived from a data set. from the analyzed information. It involves, (a)  Secondary Data
Measures commonly used in inferential statistics generalizing, (b) forecasting, (c) recommending
include analysis of variance, t-test, chi-square test, - are second information. Ex. Information
solutions and interventions about the study.
correlation and regression analysis. from newspapers or journals, economic indicators.
Data – is a body of information or observations The data being used are collected by another
Four essential processes in statistics are as follows: being considered by the researcher. When data is person or organization.
processed information, which is the basis for
 Collection of data According to Arrangement
decision making is produced.
- refers to the gathering of related  Ungrouped Data
Variable – is used to define certain observable
information such as
values or characteristics. It is called variable since - are the data without any specific order or
(a) what is useful and needed, the characteristics vary from one another. The arrangement. They are referred to as raw data.
(b) where to get information, and values of the variable are the possible observation
(c) how to get information. values or characteristics of the variable. These
values are the data to be presented.
  Grouped Data

- are data arranged or tabulated and  Interval Scale

presented in an organized manner.
- has the all properties of the ordinal scale.
Quantitative data can be further classified The intervals between values in a set of interval
according to measurement. data are consistent and meaningful, but it does not
involve a true zero point. Furthermore, since they Sample Variance
 Discrete Data
are real numbers, all calculations can be performed.
- s², is used to calculate how varied the
- are those obtained from counting process sample is. A sample is a select number of items
 Ratio Scale
where data are whole numbers. Ex. Household size taken from a population.
number of cans of sardines produced. - has all the properties of the interval
scales. In this level, there is a true zero point (an Sample Standard Deviation
 Continuous Data
absolute value of zero) and multiplication and
- is a numerical value used to indicate how
- are those obtained through the measuring division of measurements can be performed.
widely individuals in a group vary. If individual
process where data are values that may be observation vary greatly from the group mean, the
Interval and ratio scale belong to the highest level
decimals or fractions. Ex. Inflation rate, weight in standard deviation is big, and vice versa.
of data measurement because all calculations
kilograms.
involving the data set are valid.
There are four scales of data measurement also
referred to as level of data. They are as follows:

 Nominal Scale

- is the lowest level of data measurement

where the values for the variable are used for
identification purposes only and it does not signify
only quantitative value. To record nominal data,
numbers are arbitrarily assigned to each category.

 Ordinary Scale

- has all the properties of the nominal scale,

but the numbers obtained also give the order of the
values. Hence, it is used only on variables that
involves ranking process.
 total number of observations N. Thus, we get 7/20.
This is also known as the probability of occurrence.

Probability Distribution of Discrete Random

Variables

Suppose you roll a die twenty times. There are

twenty possible outcomes. Let’s record!

Discrete Probability Distribution

Def: is a distribution that defines probabilities that

are associated with discrete random variables
1. What is the chance that when a die is
rolled, the number 2 will appear? The
number 5?

2. How can we show graphically the

probability of the occurrence of an event?

Since the die is rolled 20 times, the total number of EXAMPLE #1

occurrences (N) in the experiment is 20
observations [N = 20] A laboratory supervisor in a type III hospital is
investigating number of reported on-the-job
From the table, the number of times the possible training accidents over a period of 1 month. Based
outcome “2” (x = 2) has occurred [(x):n] is 7 or on past records, she has derived the following
[(2):7] probability distribution for x; where x is the number
The chance that a “2” will appear when a die is of reported accidents per month.
rolled is the quotient of dividing the number of To determine the variance and standard deviation:
occurrences associated to the value [(x):n] by the