EOMETRY Chapter t —R Sr re Ss POINTS, LINES, AND PLANES a ee Geometry is the branch of mathematics that is the study of shapes. lines. angles. and space and the relationship between them. An example of geometry is the calculation of © quodrilateral's angles. Here are some key concepts and basic terms used in geometry: TERM AND DEFINITION SYMBOL EXAMPLE ‘POINT indicates | The name of the a location point. For example, # LINE: 0 straight # horizontal arrow path extending above two points oe infinitely in on the line. opposite directions B Be, CB, — or £LIN€ SEGMENT: # horizontal bar part of a line with +wo endpoints A B —— ENDPOINT ENDPOINT RAY: part of a line that starts at a 6 H point and extends infinitely in one ae direction VERTEX: the point of intersection of two or more line segments, rays, or lines ANGLE formed by two rays with the ZA, ZBAC, same endpoint, the or ZCAB A vertexVERTEX B AARC (or TRIANGLE: shape with three sides Asymbot followed s %, : qa ond three vertices | PY any combination 4 of the letters Fy, Bona C) CAE Ti PARALLEL LINES: lines that are ~———_——_, always the same m ; —_—__ OC distance apart. They NEVER meet. PERPENDICULAR LINES: lines that intersect to form four right angles Hitt oo-_£2LINES & LINE js straight. has no width, and extends infinitely in Opposite directions. It is ONE-DIMENSIONAL, or flat. Name a line by listing: mm any two points on the line with a double-sided arrow above them; or gf using the lowercase italicized letter next to the arrow (if it has one). COLLINEAR points lie on the same line. ve sharing line Points 4, I, and J ‘are collinear . 1 d H Points D, €. and F r (The points ore not on the same line. # line is straight) These are a two rays.PLANES Plane geometry deals with "fate shapes such os squares and triangles. Flat shapes are TWO-DIMENSIONAL, or 2-D. A PLANE is a flat surface (two-dimensional) that extends infinitely in all directions. To name o plane, AL use a capital letter on the plane; or '2. any three points on the ) 45 long as the points do plane (in any order) not form @ straight line, This plane can be named PSG, PAS, SPA, SAP, APS, ASP, or plane N (capitol letter with no point). ‘COPLANAR points lie on the same plane. Points P, Q,.and R are coplanar. They lie on the horizontal Z| A577 Point S is not coplanar to P. Q. and R, because it lies on a different (vertical) plane.INTERSECTION OF LINES AND PLANES Two lines INTERSECT ot Two planes intersect along a line. # plane and a line intersect at © point. The cube shows six planes. The intersection of plane ABD. and plane DHG is DCPOSTULATES AND THEOREMS Proofs are used to communicate mathematical ideas. They are logical reasons used to confirm an idea. Postulates and theorems are used to support proofs. & POSTULATE is o statement that is accepted as fact, without proof. A THEOREM is o statement that has been proven to be true using other theorems, definitions, or postulates. LINE SEGMENT POSTULATE = AC A B c k-—— ac ——4 Add the lengths of the smaller segments te find the length of the entire segment.“ ea [be Tag name of the line segment [ne ber) ap length of the line segment The length of AB: AB=Sin. a [examrie: Tf Ris between Gand S, R= i4,and RS = 11, | | find the length of @S. } I 7 I | io . Ss ! | S i | as-an-as : OS =14411=31 t t a a aaTf Vis between T and V, TV = 21. TU = 2x, and the value of x. UV = 15, i SINCE 2x AND 15 — 2) ADD To 21, I CAN SET e UP AN EQUATION. T 2x °° —— U Is ° 5 TU + UV = TV. 2x+15 = 21 Substitute. Lx. +5 - = Z1=15. Subtract 15 from both sides. 2x=6 os. Divide both sides by 2. x=3 Congruent Line Segments Two line segments are CONGRUENT ic iney 9 1 in. have the same length. A B > s c ed AB is congruent to CD.Use a CONGRUENCE STATEMENT to show that line segments ore congruent: TICK MARKS (i) are sometimes used to show that line segments are congruent. The same number of tick marks shows which segments are congruent to each other.Which of the line seqments are congruent in N the figure? This figure is made of four line segments: MWV, NO, OF. and PM. The tick marks on MN and NO show that they are congruent. Length MP is equal to length PO, so MP is congruent to PO. Therefore, MN = NO and MP® PO. SEGMENT BISECTORS The MIDPOINT of a line segment is the halfway point, it divides the line seqment into two congruent segments. mae midpoint of AC. ein. Sin. NU isthe midpoint of PR.& SEGMENT BISECTOR is 0 line, ray, segment, or plane that passes through Q segment at its midpoint (bisects if). Examples of segment bisectors of FG: fan Line £ F Roy 85 Line Segment JF Plane N Line j is not a segment bisector of FG because it does not bisect FG at its midpoint. eGP CHECK our KWOWLEDEE For questions 1-4, use this figure. “ th Name three collinear points. /¥.) Name ¢hree coplanar points e Gg Name the intersection of line 4€ and plane F Whot are the other six names for plane F? For questions 5 and 6, use this figure. g ‘Ss er N nd P How many planes are shown in the figure? What is the intersection of plane MPT and plane MINR? 1. Whot is the Segment Addition Postulate?8 Find the length of segment GL. 2\ se, 6 H 4 a Find the value of x, —— 32. ——— sR 9 . Write a congruence statement for the congruent seqments in the figure below. n_'tem_o tom Scm ™ Tem nm Write congruence statements for the congruent segments in the figure below. a, Rk ot t Whot is 0 segment bisector? Samswens“4, Planes BCD, BDC, CDB, CBD, DC, DCB Si six 6. Line Ma 1. Tf Bis between Aand C then AB + BC = AC, (8, GI=51 SAL DL Oe + HL, 32. = 2x6 3419, 32 = 2x0 22; 2x2 10, x25 10. Mii NG “M, QS % RT ond ARs ST @ 4 segment bisector is a line, ray, seqment, or plane that passes through a segment at its midpoint.