Energy Management

for
Lighting Systems
Why energy management for lighting
systems?
 It is an essential service to all industries
 Opportunities for lighting retrofits are very
common and generally offer an attractive
return on investment
 Lighting retrofits can also improve the
visual environment and worker
productivity
Why do we need artificial lighting?

 We need appropriate illumination to carry

out tasks to a required standard
 The illumination needs to be of the correct
intensity (quantity) and of the correct
quality
Identifying necessary light quantity
and quality
 Lighting Quantity
– amount of light provided to a room
– Easy to measure and describe
 Lighting Quality
– Subjective issue but must be addressed
because it can be extremely important
– Can have a dramatic influence on the attitude
and performance of occupants
Lighting Quantity
Units used to define light quantity
1. Watts – amount of electricity a light bulb uses
to produce light
2. Lumens – amount of light given off by a lamp
3. Foot-candles or Lux – shows how much light
is actually reaching the workplane (or task)

Lamp efficacy - efficiency with which electrical power

consumed is converted into light (lumens/watt), i.e.
measure of a lamps efficiency
 Luminous Efficacy of Various Lamps

Type of Lamp Initial Luminous Efficacy

Incandescent (10-100W) 15 – 25 lumens/watt
Fluorescent (10-40W) 55 – 100 lumens/watt
Mercury Vapor (50-2000W) 32 – 63 lumens/watt
Metal Halide (up to 10000W) 80 – 125 lumens/watt
High-pressure Sodium 80 – 130 lumens/watt
(50-100W)
Low-pressure Sodium 100 – 180 lumens/watt
(20-200W)
Source: Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings, DOE
 Recommended Light Levels
Task Minimum Maximum Application
(lux) (lux)
Lighting for 50 150 Circulation areas and
frequently used corridors
areas 100 200 Stairs, escalators
100 200 Bedrooms, lavatories
Lighting for 200 300 Infrequent reading and writing
working interiors 300 750 General offices, typing and
computing
300 750 Conference rooms
500 1000 Deep-plan general offices
Localized 500 500 Proofreading
lighting for 1000 1000 Drawing Offices
exacting work
500 500 Designing architecture and
machine engineering
1000 1000 Detailed and precise work
*"Guidelines for Energy Conserving Design of Buildings and Utility Systems" by Department
of Energy
Light Quality
 Uniformity - describes how evenly light spreads
over an area
 Glare - sensation caused by relatively bright
objects in a person‟s field of view
 Color - light sources have two different color
properties related to the spectral composition of
the emission:
 Color Rendering Index (CRI)
 Coordinated Color Temperature (CCT)
Color Rendering Index
 CRI provides an evaluation of how colors appear under a
given light source,
 Scale of 0 to 100
– CRI > 75, excellent color rendition
– CRI<55, poor color rendition
 Color rendering indices of various lamps
Type of Lamp CRI
Incandescent (10-100W) 100
Fluorescent (10-40W) 52 - 86
Mercury Vapor (50-2000W) 20 - 45
Metal Halide (up to 10000W) 70
High-pressure Sodium (50-100W) -
Low-pressure Sodium (20-200W) 25
Coordinated Color Temperature
 describes the color of the light source
 the higher the CCT, the cooler the appearance of
the light source
Color Appearance Color Appearance Correlated color
Group temperature, K
1 Warm < 3300
2 Intermediate 3300 < 5300
3 Cold > 5300

For reference:
• CCT of incandescent lamps = 2,800 K
•CCT of fluorescent lamps = 6,000 K
 Lighting System
MAIN COMPONENTS OF LIGHTING
SYSTEMS

Ballast
Reflector
Lamp
Lens and Louvers
Controls
Lamps
 Lamp choice determines the light quantity,
CRI, CCT, relamping time interval and
operational costs of the lighting system
 Types of lamps
– incandescent bulb
– fluorescent lamps
– high intensity discharge lamps
• mercury vapor
• metal halide
• high-pressure sodium
• low-pressure sodium
Incandescent Bulb
 Oldest lighting
technology
 Low initial cost but
with low efficacy
 Produces light by
passing a current
through a tungsten
filament causing it to
become hot and glow
 Fluorescent Lamps

T8 T5 T2 T12 Circular U-Shape Endura

 Most common light source for commercial

interiors
 Relatively efficient, have long lamp lives, and
are available in a wide variety of styles (tubular,
circular, CFLs)
 Produces light by passing an electric arc
through a tube filled with gases
High Intensity Discharge Lamps
 Works similarly to fluorescent lamps but
generates much more light, heat and pressure
within the arc tube, thus the title „high intensity”
discharge
 Physically small light sources (point sources)
 Originally developed for outdoor and industrial
applications
 Require time to warm up and should not be
turned on and off for short intervals
 Have relatively high efficacies and long lamp
lives
High Intensity Discharge Lamps
 Mercury Vapor
– “first generation” HIDs
– Today, they are relatively inefficient, provide poor
CRI and have the most rapid lumen depreciation
 Metal Halide
– Similar to mercury but contain slightly different
metals in the arc tube
– Provides more lumens per watt, improved color
rendition and improved lumen maintenance
– Current best choice for lighting large areas that
need good color rendition
– Can be used to replace mercury vapor
 High Intensity Discharge Lamps
 High Pressure Sodium
– Have a higher efficacy than metal halide lamps
– Popular for most outdoor or industrial
applications that does not require good color
rendition (e.g. parking lots)
 Low Pressure Sodium
– Highest efficacy but produces the poorest
color rendition of all lamp types
– Applications are limited to security or street
lighting
 Lamp Characteristics
High Low
Compact Mercury
Incandescent Fluorescent Metal Halide Pressure Pressure
Fluorescent Vapor
Sodium Sodium
Wattages 15 – 1500 15 - 219 4 – 40 40 – 1000 175 – 1000 (Improved 35 – 180
(Lamp only) Color)

Life (hr) 750–12,000 7,500–24,000 10,000- 6,000-15,000 1,500-15,000 70 – 1000 18,000

20,000

Efficacy 15 – 25 55 – 100 50 - 80 50 - 60 80 – 100 24,000 Up to 180

(lumens/W)

Lumen Fair to Fair to Fair Very good Good (10,000) Excellent

Maintenance excellent excellent

Color Excellent Good to Good to Poor to Very Good 75 – 140 Poor

rendition Excellent excellent excellent

Comparative Low Moderate Moderate Higher than Generally Excellent High

fixture cost fluorescent higher than
mercury
Comparative High Lower than Lower than Lower than Lower than Fair Low
Operating incandescent incandescent incandescent mercury
Cost
Applications Homes, Offices, Hotels, General Display, flood High Roadways,
restaurants, shops, shops, lighting in lighting, tunnels,
general & hospitals, homes, factories, stadium, canals &
emergency homes offices garages, car construction street lighting
lighting parking, flood area
lighting
Energy Labels for Lamps
 Ballast
 Controls the voltage and current supplied
to lamps, in case of fluorescent lamps, it
aids the initial voltage build-up, required
for starting
 2 types of ballasts for fluorescent lamps
 Magnetic ballast
 Electronic ballast - converts the standard 60
Hz input frequency to a higher frequency,
usually 25,000 to 40,000 Hz
 Electromagnetic Ballast Loss

Lamp Rating, watts

Type of Ballast
18/20 watts 36/40 watts

Standard 10-12 watts 12-20 watts

Low Loss 6-8 watts 6-8 watts

 The Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Energy Label

Indicates the maximum loss

that the ballast would consume.
Lower ballast loss means lower
power consumption.

BA
LL
7.0
Refers to the Ballast Classification
with respect to the power

AS
consumed by the ballast.

T
CLASS “A” Validation control number issued

DTI-BPS/DOE
by DOE-FATL

CB00-00000000

Standard Classification of Ballast Power Loss

Preheat Ballast Power Loss Rapid Start Ballast Power Loss

BALLAST RATING CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D BALLAST RATING CLASS A CLASS B CLASS C CLASS D

1 x 18/20 watts Above 12 watts Above 13 watts Above 15 watts

1 x 18/20 watts Above 7 watts Above 8 watts Above 10 watts
Up to 7 watts Up to 12 watts up to 13 watts up to 15 watts up to 18 watts
up to 8 watts up to 10 watts up to 12 watts
1 X 36/40 watts 1 X 36/40 watts

Up to 17 watts Above 17 watts Above 18 watts Above 20 watts

2 X 36/40 watts
up to 18 watts up to 20 watts up to 30 watts
 Reflectors
 Reflects the light leaving the lamp off the
interior of the luminaire onto the surface to
be illuminated
 reflector materials available
– highly reflective white paint
– silver film laminate
– anodized aluminum
Shielding & Diffusion
 Shielding & Diffusion
Use for
 Reduce light emitted toward the user‟s eyes
(glare)
 Redirect sunlight
 Concentrate light
 Widen the light pattern
 Smooth out the light pattern
 Filter out heat or Ultraviolet or Radio
Frequencies
 Provide protection to resist breakage
 Controls
 Offer the ability for systems to be turned
on and off or dimmed either manually or
automatically
 Types of controls
– switches
– time clocks
– photocells
– occupancy sensors or motion sensor
– Light dimmer
Lighting Energy Audit
 Lighting Audit
- A lighting audit is a detailed, systematic
evaluation of the existing conditions of
lighted spaces and the performance of
lighting systems
- The audit is characterized by detailed
data collection, measurements, and an in-
depth analysis of the data
 Lighting Audit
The main purpose of a lighting audit is:

(a) To gather information concerning the characteristics

and the current condition of lighting systems and the
lighted environment.
(b) To quantify the potential monetary savings and benefits
for the owner/occupants.
(c) To determine if lighting upgrade is possible within the
constraints (time and budget) imposed by the building
establishment owner or operator.
 Lighting Audit
4 Steps in Lighting Audit:

1. Inventory and measurement of existing

lighting system

2. Identifying Opportunities for Improvements

3. Calculating Savings and Potential Payback

4. Preparation of the Lighting Audit Report

 Lighting Audit
 Materials needed:
Light Meter
Lighting Survey Form
Lighting Layout
Floor Plan
Tape measure
 Room lighting checklist
 Determination of Minimum
Number of Measurement Points
Room Index (RI) = (L x W) / (Hm (L + W))

Where:
L = length of interior
W = width of interior
Hm = mounting height above the working plane
Note:
0.75m – above floor of offices
0.85m – above floor of manufacturing areas
* Units does not matter as long as the same is used throughout
 Determination of Measurement
Points
Minimum number of
Room Index
measurement points
Below 1 9

1 and below 2 16

2 and below 3 25

3 and above 36
Source: Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Calculate Room Index
To obtain an approximately “square array”, i.e. the spacing between the
points on each axis to be approximately the same, it may be
necessary to increase the number of points.

For example, the dimensions of an interior are:

Length = 9m,
Width = 5m,
Height of luminaires above working plane (Hm) = 2m

Calculate RI = (9 x 5)/(2(9+5)) = 1.61

From table, the minimum number of measurement points is 16 . As it is

not possible to approximate a “square array” of 16 points within such
a rectangle it is necessary to increase the number of points to say 18,
i.e. 6 x 3.
These should be spaced as
shown below:
 Calculate Room Index
Therefore in this example the spacing between points along rows along
the length of the interior = 9 ÷ 6 = 1.5m and the distance of the 'end'
points from the wall = 1.5 ÷ 2 = 0.75m.

Similarly the distance between points across the width of the interior = 5
÷ 3 = 1.67m with half this value, 0.83m, between the 'end' points and
the walls.

Note: If the grid of the measurement points coincides with that of the
lighting fittings, large errors are possible and the number of
measurement points should be increased to avoid such an occurrence.
 2 Ways to reduce energy
consumption for lighting
 Reduce wattage
– use energy efficient lamps
– reduce number of lamps if area is over
illuminated
 Reduce hours of operation
– turn off lights that are not in use or are
not needed
 Fixture Relamping
 Fixture relamping is the replacement of an
existing lamp with a new more efficient light
source
 Examples of relamping
– Shift from incandescent lamps to CFLs
– Shift from 40-watt fluorescent lamps to 36-watt or 32-
watt fluorescent lamps
GLS and CFL relamping guides
Incandescent Watts CFL Watt range Lumen Range
60 13 - 18 890
75 18 – 22 1210
100 23 – 28 1750
150 30 – 38 2780
 Fixture Delamping
 Removing lamps in a uniform pattern
throughout specific areas to reduce
overall lighting
– Remove selected lights that do not
contribute to task.
– Remove redundant lighting fixtures
 Switch Off Unnecessary Lights
 Switch off lights in unoccupied areas,
and in areas where daylight provides
adequate lighting levels.
– provide light switches at strategic points.
– Install automatic controls such as photo
cells, occupation sensors and time
switches.
– perhaps the cheapest solution is to
delegate the responsibility for switching off
lights to operating and security staff.
Preventive Maintenance/Housekeeping
 disconnect ballasts without lamps, as well as
flickering and busted lamps, because they still
consume electricity
 clean lighting fixtures regularly, dirt reduces lamp
output by as much as 50%
 use diffusers and reflectors
 use light colors on the walls, floors and ceilings to
increase reflectance and decrease lighting needs
 utilize daylighting or maximize sunlight use through
transparent roof sheets
 Sample Computation (w/o investment)
 Turning off fluorescent lights during a 1 hour
break
– number of lamps = 1,000 unit of 40W FL
– hours of operation = 10 hrs/day, 250 days/yr
– lamp wattage (with ballast) = 53W
 Power Savings
=1 hr/d x 250 d/yr x 1,000 lamps x 53 W/lamp x
1kW/1000W
= 13,250 kWhr/yr
 Cost Savings
= 13,250 kWhr/yr x PhP 6.00/kWh = PhP 79,500 / yr
Sample Computation (w/investment)
 About 500 fittings of GLS 75W will be replaced by 18
CFL. The cost of GLS 75 is PhP 50.00 while CFL 18W is
PhP 350.00. The lamp life of GLS 75W is 1,000 hours
while that of CFL 18W is 6000 hours. Assume 8,760
burning hours/year

Energy saved per year = (75 W - 18 W) x 8760 hours x 500

= 249,660 kWh
Cost of energy saved = 249,660 x PhP 6.00/kWh
= PhP 1,497,960
 With investment, cont‟d….
No. of lamps to be purchased
GLS 75W = 8760/1000 = 8.76 ~ 9
= 9 x 500 = 4,500 lamps
CFL 18W = 8760/6000 = 1.46 ~ 2
= 2 x 500 = 1,000 lamps
Total Cost
GLS 75W = 4,500 lamps x PhP 50.00/lamp = PhP 225,000
CFL 18W = 1,000 lamps x PhP 350.00 = PhP 350,000
Cost Difference = PhP 350,000 - PhP 225,000 = PhP 125,000
Savings incurred = PhP (1,497,960 - 125,000)
= PhP 1,372,960
 Cost Analysis of Replacing 2x40W
Fluorescent Lamps
Existing Replacement Replacement
2x40 w FL 2x 36 2 x 32

No. of Fixtures Considered 115 115 115

Total Lamp and Ballast Wattage 96 88 74
Total Lighting Load (kW) 11.04 10.12 8.51
Annual Energy Consumption
@ 15 hrs/day for 288 days/yr 47,692.80 43,718.40 36,763.20
Annual Monetary Savings @ P6.00/kwh 23,846.40 65,577.60
Investment Cost
P 70 /pc of 36 w FL 16,100.00
P 120 /pc of 32 w FL 27,600.00
P 700 /pc of electronic ballast 80,500.00
Total Investment Cost 16,100.00 108,100.00

Payback period (years) 0.68 1.65

 Future Trends
 LED‟s
– A diode is the simplest sort of semiconductor
device
– They are illuminated solely by the movement of
electrons in a semiconductor material, and they last
just as long as a standard transistor
 Future Trends
 Applications
– Visual signal application e.g. traffic lights, exit signs,
emergency
– Illumination e.g. street lights, architectural lights, LCD
displays
– Non-visual applications e.g. optical fiber, free space optics,
opto-isolators, optical computer mice, pulse oximeters, UV
curing, LED printers, movement sensors, infra red, touch
sensor, bar code scanners, grow lights, etc.
 LED Advantages
 LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent
bulbs
 LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the
use of color filters
 LEDs light up very quickly and are ideal for use in
applications that are subject to frequent on-off cycling
 LEDs radiate very little heat
 LEDs can have a relatively long useful life and are
difficult to damage with external shock
 LEDs do not contain mercury
 LED Disadvantages
– LEDs are currently more expensive than
most conventional lighting technologies

– LED performance largely depends on the

ambient temperature of the operating
environment