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Lab - 4 - Drives - G (8) - SEC (6) (HARMONICS)

This document discusses harmonics in electrical drive systems. It defines harmonics as multiples of the fundamental frequency in a complex waveform. Common sources of harmonics are industrial equipment, variable speed drives, and electronic devices. Key indicators for measuring harmonics include total harmonic distortion, harmonic distortion factor, and individual harmonic amplitudes. Harmonics can be measured using power quality analyzers, spectrum analysis, fast Fourier transforms, and computer simulations. The presence of harmonics can cause overheating, reduce equipment lifespan, and cause resonance issues. Various mitigation solutions are discussed, including passive filters, active filters, tuned passive filters, isolation transformers, and hybrid filters. Laboratory experiments test different filtering configurations.

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youssef essam
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32 views10 pages

Lab - 4 - Drives - G (8) - SEC (6) (HARMONICS)

This document discusses harmonics in electrical drive systems. It defines harmonics as multiples of the fundamental frequency in a complex waveform. Common sources of harmonics are industrial equipment, variable speed drives, and electronic devices. Key indicators for measuring harmonics include total harmonic distortion, harmonic distortion factor, and individual harmonic amplitudes. Harmonics can be measured using power quality analyzers, spectrum analysis, fast Fourier transforms, and computer simulations. The presence of harmonics can cause overheating, reduce equipment lifespan, and cause resonance issues. Various mitigation solutions are discussed, including passive filters, active filters, tuned passive filters, isolation transformers, and hybrid filters. Laboratory experiments test different filtering configurations.

Uploaded by

youssef essam
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Drives Systems

EPM 451s

Experiment # 4

HARMONICS
Group 8
Section 6

Student Name ID

Yasmin Adel Mohamed 1900617

Youssef Amgad Saleh 1900624

Youssef Samir Mahmoud 1901030

Youssef Essam Ali 1901041

Youssef Mohammed Saber 1901339

Mina Ragaey Samir 1900367


1. Objective:
• Defining harmonics and other origins
• Essential indicators of harmonics and measurements principles
• Learning the consequences of the presence of harmonics in distribution networks.
• Applying different harmonic mitigation solutions.

Definition: Harmonics refer to the multiples of the fundamental frequency in a complex waveform. In simpler
terms, when you produce a musical note or any sound, there is a primary frequency known as the fundamental
frequency. Harmonics are additional frequencies that occur at integer multiples of this fundamental frequency.
If the fundamental frequency is 100 Hz, the first harmonic would be 200 Hz, the second harmonic 300 Hz, and
so on. The lowest frequency produced by a vibrating object or sound source is called the fundamental
frequency. It is the primary pitch that is perceived by the human ear.
Harmonics is distort the supply voltage. Such loads are increasingly more abundant in all industrial,
commercial, and residential installations and their percentage of the total load is growing steadily such that :
• Industrial equipment (welders, induction motor, battery chargers, power supplies and UPS)
• Variable Speed Drives
• PCs, printers, servers, displays
• TVs, microwave ovens, fluorescent lighting, washing machines

The equation for the harmonic expansion of a periodic function y (t) is presented below:
ℎ=∞

𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑌𝑌0 + � 𝑌𝑌ℎ √2 sin(ℎ𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜑𝜑ℎ )


ℎ=1

Figure 1 : wave form of harmonic order


Essential Indicators of Harmonics:
• Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): THD measures the harmonic content in a signal by expressing the sum
of the powers of all harmonic components in relation to the power of the fundamental frequency , Lower THD
values indicate a cleaner, more pure signal with fewer harmonic distortions.
• Harmonic Distortion Factor (HDF): Similar to THD, HDF measures the level of harmonic distortion in a
signal but is calculated slightly differently. It provides information about the non-linearity of a system.
• Harmonic-to-Fundamental Ratio (H/F): H/F ratio represents the amplitude ratio of harmonic frequencies to
the fundamental frequency in a signal. A high H/F ratio indicates a higher level of harmonics relative to the
fundamental frequency.

• Individual Harmonic Distortion: Analyzing the amplitude of individual harmonics provides specific
information about the contribution of each harmonic component. Identifying and measuring specific
harmonics helps in pinpointing sources of distortion and addressing them.

Measurement Principles for Harmonics:

1. Power Quality Analyzers:


• Principle: Using specialized instruments like power quality analyzers to measure voltage and current
waveforms, and then analyzing the harmonic content.

2. Spectrum Analysis:
• Principle: Utilizing spectrum analyzers to decompose a signal into its frequency components,
revealing the amplitudes of harmonics.

3. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT):


• Principle: Employing FFT algorithms to convert a time-domain signal into its frequency-domain
representation, enabling the analysis of harmonic content.

4. Simulation and Modeling:


• Principle: Using computer simulations and mathematical models to predict and analyze harmonic
behavior in complex systems.

Learning the consequences of the presence of harmonics in distribution networks.

Overheating of transformers, motors, and cables, thermal tripping of protective devices, and logic faults in digital
devices are all caused by harmonic levels. Furthermore, operating temperatures shorten the life of many devices.
Because capacitive reactance decreases with frequency, capacitors are especially sensitive to harmonic components of
the supply voltage. This means that a small percentage of harmonic voltage can cause a large current to flow in the
capacitor circuit.
Because capacitors are linear reactive devices, they do not produce harmonics. However, the installation of capacitors
in a power system causes total or partial resonance at one of the harmonic frequencies. As a result of harmonics
Various harmonic mitigation solutions that can be applied:
1. Passive Harmonic Filters: Passive harmonic filters use passive components such as resistors, inductors, and
capacitors to create a tuned circuit that absorbs or diverts harmonic currents. Commonly used in low and
medium-voltage applications.

Figure 2: Passive Harmonic Filters

2. Active harmonic filters dynamically monitor the harmonic content of the system and inject equal and
opposite harmonic currents to cancel out undesired harmonics. Suitable for dynamic loads or systems with
varying harmonic loads.

Figure 3 Active Harmonic Filters:

3. Tuned Passive Filters: Tuned passive filters are designed to specifically target and eliminate a particular
harmonic frequency by resonance. Effective for mitigating dominant harmonics produced by specific loads.

4. Isolation Transformers: Isolation transformers decouple the harmonic-producing load from the power
source, preventing harmonics from affecting the broader power system. Useful in isolating sensitive
equipment from harmonic disturbances.
5. Hybrid Harmonic Filters: Hybrid solutions combine passive and active filtering technologies to provide
effective harmonic mitigation across a broader range of frequencies. Versatile solutions suitable for various
industrial and commercial applications.

Figure 4 Hybrid Harmonic Filters

6. Power Factor Correction Capacitors with Harmonic Filters: Combining power factor correction
capacitors with harmonic filters helps improve power factor while simultaneously mitigating harmonics.
Commonly used in industrial settings to enhance overall power system efficiency.
Testing in LAP:
By using harmonic filtering solutions:
• passive filters

• passive filters + series reactor with the line


• Active filter cap is ON + series reactor with the line:

• Active filter + series reactor with the line:


• Active filter + series reactor with the line:

• Active filter + series reactor + passive filter:

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